15-06-2025

1001CPA404022250001 PF

SCIENCE

SA (2 Marks)

1) Explain the following:

(a) In solar furnaces, concave mirrors are used.
(b) An incident ray on the pole and its reflected ray make equal angles with the principal axis.

2) A solution of a substance 'X' is used for whitewashing.

(a) Name the substance 'X' and write its formula.
(b) Write the reaction of the substance 'X' with water.

3) What is the brown coloured gas evolved when lead nitrate crystals are heated in a test tube?
Write the balance chemical equation also.

4) Draw a well-labelled diagram to show the open and closed states of stomata.

5) How aerobic respiration is different from anaerobic respiration? (Any four)

SA (3 Marks)

1) Size of image of an object by a mirror having a focal length of +20 cm is observed to be reduced
to 1/3rd of its size. At what distance the object has been placed from the mirror? What is the nature
of the image and the mirror? Draw ray diagram to show image formation for the above situation.

CB/LA (4 Marks)

1) Draw ray diagrams showing the image formation by a concave mirror when an object is placed at
given following position. Also mention nature of image for all the given conditions.
(a) Between focus and centre of curvature of the mirror
(b) At centre of curvature of the mirror
(c) A little beyond centre of curvature of the mirror
(d) At infinity

2) Corrosion is the phenomenon of deterioration of surface of metal in presence of air and moisture.
It is a natural process and in the presence of moist atmosphere, chemically active metals get
corroded. The main circumstance of corrosion occurs with iron because it is a structural material in
construction, bridges, buildings, rail transport, ships, etc. Aluminium is also an important structural
metal, but even aluminium undergoes oxidation reactions. However, aluminium doesn’t corrode or
oxidize as rapidly as its reactivity suggests, Copper (Cu) corrodes and forms a green colour coating.
(a) What is rusting? (1M)
(b) Which two metals do not corrode easily? (1M)
(c) Write the chemical name, chemical formula and colour of the compound formed on corrosion of
silver. (2M) OR (c) Write the chemical name, chemical formula and colour of the compound formed
on corrosion of copper metal.

3) (a) Which enzyme is present in human saliva? What type of food does it act upon? (½+½M)
(b) Give reasons-
(i) Villi are richly supplied with blood. (1M)
(ii) The small intestine in herbivores is longer than in carnivores. (1M)
(iii) Desert plants open their stomata at night.

MATHEMATICS

SA (2 Marks)

1) Check whether 4n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.

2) Solve : 11x – 8y = 27, 3x + 5y = –7 by elimination method

SA (3 Marks)

1) Seven times a two-digit number is equal to four times the number obtained by reversing the order
of its digits. If the difference between the digits is 3, find the number.

2) A lending library has a fixed charge for the first three days and an additional charge for each day
thereafter and Saritha paid Rs.27 for a book which she kept for seven days, while Susy paid Rs.21
for the book which she kept for five days. Find the fixed charge and the charge for each extra day.
OR Points A and B are 90 km apart from each other on a highway. A car starts from A and another
from B at the same time. If they go in the same direction they meet in 9 hours and if they go in

opposite direction they meet in hours. What are the speeds of two cars ?

3) Find the largest number which divides 70 and 125 leaving remainder 5 and 8 respectively.

4) (i) Explain, why 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 3 is a composite number.

(ii) Prove that is irrational, it is given that is irrational.

CB (4 Marks)

1) Khushi wants to organize her birthday party. Being health conscious, she decided to serve only
fruits in her birthday party. She bought 36 apples and 60 bananas and decided to distribute same

combination of fruits equally among all. Based on the above

information, answer the following questions :
(i) How many guests Khushi can invite at the most. (1) (ii) How many apples and bananas will each
guest get if Khushi will invite maximum guest she can. (1) (iii) If Khushi decides to add 42 mangoes,
how many guests Khushi can invite at the most? (2) OR If the cost of 1 dozen of bananas is Rs.60,
the cost of 1 apple is Rs.15 and cost of 1 mango is Rs.20, find the total amount spent on 60 bananas,
36 apples and 42 mangoes. (2)

LA ( 5 Marks)

1) Solve graphically the system of linear equations :

4x – 3y + 4 = 0
4x + 3y – 20 = 0.
Find the area bounded by these lines and x-axis.

ENGLISH

SEC-1 (READING)

Common Content for Question No. 1 to 2

Read the passage carefully.
Time is one of the most precious and irreplaceable resources we have. Unlike money, gold, or any
material possession, time cannot be earned, saved, or stored for future use. Once a moment passes,
it is gone forever. This fleeting nature of time makes it extremely unique and valuable.
Understanding the true worth of time is a mark of wisdom and maturity, and those who use their
time wisely often lead more meaningful, productive, and successful lives.
If we look closely, every person who has achieved greatness—be it a scientist like Albert Einstein, an
entrepreneur like Elon Musk, an artist, a teacher, or even a student—has had one important quality
in common: respect for time. They organise their day, set clear goals, avoid procrastination, and
focus on tasks that truly matter. On the other hand, people who ignore the importance of time often
fall behind in life, struggling to complete their work and meet their goals.
Time management is an essential life skill that everyone should develop from an early age. It
involves careful planning, setting priorities, creating schedules, and sticking to deadlines. Good time
management helps people handle even the most difficult tasks efficiently and calmly. It not only
improves productivity but also allows for personal time, helping individuals maintain a healthy work-
life balance.
Furthermore, valuing time reflects one’s discipline and character. Punctual people are often seen as
reliable, responsible, and respectful of others. In contrast, wasting others’ time may be seen as a
sign of carelessness or selfishness.
In today’s fast-moving world, managing time effectively is more important than ever. As the famous
proverb says, “Time and tide wait for none.” Those who understand this truth are the ones who
make the most of their lives.
Based on the reading of the above passage, answer the questions given below. (7 × 1 = 7
Marks)

1) What makes time different from other resources like money or gold?

(1) It can be stored for future use.

(2) It can be bought and sold.
(3) It is precious and irreplaceable.
(4) It is less important than material things.

2) What can be inferred about the relationship between time and character from the passage?

(1) Time only affects external achievements, not personal character.

(2) Respect for time is unrelated to personal discipline.
(3) A person’s time habits often reflect their values and discipline.
(4) Character is determined by how wealthy or famous a person becomes.

3) Complete the sentence using information from the given passage.

Wisdom and maturity are seen in a person when he understands the true value of _______.

4)

State whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE.

Good time management is a key to handling the most difficult tasks efficiently and calmly.

5)

Find out the words from the given passage.

(i) Antonym of ‘permanent’ (para 1)
(ii) Find a word for the expression ‘the time by which something must be done or completed’ (para
3)

6) How does proper time management contribute to success?

7) Suppose you are a punctual person. How would your friend and people in society describe you?
Answer based on the reading of the given passage.

SEC-II (WRITING)

1) You are Meena/Manav, a student of Class 10 living at Flat No. 21, Gladden Apartments, Jaipur.
Write a letter to the Editor of The Times of India expressing concern over the rising cases of road
accidents and reckless driving by teenagers. Suggest how road safety awareness can be promoted
among youth.

2) You are Deepak/Deepa, living in Devika Duplex, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad. The condition of
your local park has deteriorated due to lack of maintenance. Write a letter to the Editor of The
Deccan Chronicle highlighting the issue and requesting action by the local municipality.

SEC-III (GRAMMAR-1)

1) Read the following short passage and fill in the blanks to complete it. (3 × ½ = 1½
Marks)
If you work sincerely for the next two months, you __(a)___ (see) a significant improvement in your
overall grades. Hard work, when ___(b)___ (combine) with proper planning and focus, always yields
positive results. You must dedicate time each day to revise your subjects, solve sample papers, and
___(c)___ (clarify) your doubts without delay.

SEC-IV (GRAMMAR-2)

1) Complete the following sentence by choosing the correct option.

They had been working on the science exhibition model for weeks when they finally _______ (present)
it in front of the judges.

(1) presented
(2) presenting
(3) had presented
(4) will present

2) Complete the following sentence by choosing the correct option.

She reads newspapers every morning before going to school to stay _______ (inform) about current
affairs and ______ (improve) her vocabulary.

(1) informing, improving

(2) informed, improve
(3) informed, improved
(4) informing, improved

3) Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct option.

At this time tomorrow, we _______ (attend) the special seminar on career guidance organized by our
school.

(1) attended
(2) would attend
(3) will be attending
(4) had attended

SEC-V (LITERATURE-1)
Common Content for Question No. 1 to 2
Read the following extract and answer the questions given below. (3 × 1 = 3 Marks)
But if it had to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
To say that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice. (Fire and Ice)

1) In the given extract, what does the poet imply by “perish twice”?

(1) A metaphorical rebirth and death of the soul

(2) A philosophical reflection on the cyclic nature of life and destruction
(3) The possibility of the world ending in more than one catastrophic way
(4) The poet’s belief in reincarnation

2) What does the poet mean when he says, “I know enough of hate?”

3)

How does the mention of “hate” influence the reader’s interpretation of “ice”?

(1) It reinforces the notion that hate is a subtle yet equally powerful force of destruction.
(2) It presents hate as a weak emotion compared to desire.
(3) It emphasizes that emotional coldness is harmless compared to fiery passion.
(4) It suggests that hate leads to internal strength and control.

SEC-VI (LITERATURE-2)

1) “Now we’re really going to get some water woman.” Is Lencho sure that it is going to rain? Give a
reason for your answer. (A Letter to God)

2) Describe the loss caused by the heavy fall of hailstones in general and to Lencho in particular. (A
Letter to God)

3) What was Mr. Herriot’s strict advice? Did Mrs. Pumphrey heed his advice? What excuses did she
make? (A Triumph of Surgery)

4) What does the poet want to convey through the poem ‘Dust of Snow’? (Dust of Snow)

SEC-VII (LITERATURE-3)

1) Why did Dr James Herriot say that he was tempted to keep Tricki on as a permanent guest? Give a
reasoned answer. (A Triumph of Surgery)
2) Dr James Herriot was a competent veterinary surgeon. His practical approach and common sense
helped in the rapid recovery of Tricki. Comment. (A Triumph of Surgery)

3) Why did the postmaster and his employees decide to help Lencho? Was their effort appreciated by
the receiver of that help? (A Letter to God)

4) Both “Dust of Snow” and “Fire and Ice” revolve around strong emotions and their impact on
human behaviour. Compare and contrast how Robert Frost presents the transformative power of
nature and destructive human emotions in the two poems. (Fire and Ice)

SOCIAL SCIENCE

MCQ (1 Mark)

1) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh and Maharashtra?

(1) Intensive cultivation

(2) Deforestation
(3) Over irrigation
(4) Overgrazing

2) Which soil is useful for growing tea, coffee and cashewnut?

(1) Alluvial soil

(2) Black soil
(3) Laterite soil
(4) Red soil

3) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?

(1) Joint Forest Management

(2) Beej Bachao Andolan
(3) Chipko Movement
(4) Demarcation of Wildlife Sanctuaries

4) Match the column :

Column-I Column-II
Sariska Wildlife Madhya
(i) (a)
Sanctuary Pradesh
Periyar Tiger
(ii) (b) Assam
Reserve
Manas Tiger
(iii) (c) Rajasthan
Reserve
 Bandhavgarh
(iv) (d) Kerala
National Park
(1) (i)-d, (ii)-b, (iii)-a, (iv)-c
(2) (i)-c, (ii)-d, (iii)-b, (iv)-a
(3) (i)-c, (ii)-b, (iii)-a, (iv)-d
(4) (i)-b, (ii)-c, (iii)-d, (iv)-a

VSA ( 2 Marks)

1) Define the following terms :

(i) Other than current fallow land
(ii) Gross cropped area

2) What are permanent forests? Which state has largest area under it?

3) What do you mean by Sustainable development?

SA (3 Marks)

1) What are the three categories of forests classified by the government? Explain.

2) Which is the most important and widely spread soil in India? Mention its two features.

CB (4 Marks)

1) Read the extract and answer the questions that follows:-

In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first International
Earth Summit. The Summit was convened for addressing urgent problems of environmental
protection and socio-economic development at the global [Link] assembled leaders signed the
Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity. The Rio Convention endorsed the
global Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st
century.
Agenda 21
It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It aims at
achieving global sustainable development. It is an agenda to combat environmental damage,
poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared
responsibilities. One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its
own local Agenda 21. 10.1 In which country was the Earth Summit of 1992 held?
10.2 What was one of the declarations signed during the Earth Summit 1992?
10.3 Explain any two key features of Agenda 21.

LA (5 Marks)
1) Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India.
 ANSWER KEYS

SCIENCE

SA (2 Marks)

Q. 1 2 3 4 5
A.

SA (3 Marks)

Q. 6
A.

CB/LA (4 Marks)

Q. 7 8 9
A.

MATHEMATICS

SA (2 Marks)

Q. 10 11
A.

SA (3 Marks)

Q. 12 13 14 15
A.

CB (4 Marks)

Q. 16
A.

LA ( 5 Marks)

Q. 17
A.

ENGLISH

SEC-1 (READING)

Q. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
A. 3 3
 SEC-II (WRITING)

Q. 25 26
A.

SEC-III (GRAMMAR-1)

Q. 27
A.

SEC-IV (GRAMMAR-2)

Q. 28 29 30
A. 1 2 3

SEC-V (LITERATURE-1)

Q. 31 32 33
A. 3 1

SEC-VI (LITERATURE-2)

Q. 34 35 36 37
A.

SEC-VII (LITERATURE-3)

Q. 38 39 40 41
A.

SOCIAL SCIENCE

MCQ (1 Mark)

Q. 42 43 44 45
A. 4 3 4 2

VSA ( 2 Marks)

Q. 46 47 48
A.

SA (3 Marks)

Q. 49 50
A.

CB (4 Marks)

Q. 51
A.

LA (5 Marks)

Q. 52
A.
 SOLUTIONS

SCIENCE

1) (a) Concave mirrors are used in solar furnaces as they converge sunrays at a single point F,
due to which temp. at that point increases.
(b) When the ray is incident at the poles, the principle axis serves as the normal at that point.
Hence, the incident ray and reflected ray make equal angles with the principal axis.

2) (a) Substance X = Calcium oxide (CaO)

(b) CaO(s) + H2O(ℓ) → Ca(OH)2(aq)

3) NO2 - Brown coloured gas

2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

4)

5)
6) (1)
f = +20 cm (Convex mirror)

and m = (virtual, erect and diminished image) (1)

∵ m=

∴
⇒ 20 – u = 60
⇒ u = – 40 cm (1)

7) (a)
Image is real, inverted and enlarged

(b)
Image is real, inverted and same size as of object.

(c)
Image is real, inverted and diminished

(d)
 Image is real, inverted and point size

8) (a) Iron corrodes easily when exposed to moisture and gets covered with a brown flake
substance. It is called as rusting of iron.
(b) Gold (Au), Platinum (Pt)
(c) Silver sulphide (Ag2S), Black in colour OR (c) Basic copper carbonate [CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2],
Green in colour.

9)

(a) The enzyme present in saliva is amylase, and its function is to break down starch into
sugars.
(b) (i) The villi in the small intestine are richly supplied with blood vessels to facilitate the
absorption and transport of nutrients.
(ii) Digestion of cellulose takes a longer time. Hence herbivores eating grass need a longer
small intestine to allow complete digestion of cellulose.
(c) Desert plants open their stomata (pores on leaves) at night to minimize water loss during
the day.

MATHEMATICS

10)

4n = (22)n = 22n
So, the only primes in the factorisation of 4n is 2.
For 4n to end with digit 0, it must have 5 as a prime factor.
But by fundamental theorem of arithmetic, it cannot have 5 as prime factor.
Hence, 4n cannot end with digit 0.

11)

Given equations
11x – 8y = 27 …...(1)
3x + 5y = –7 ……(2)
Multiplying equation (1) by 3 and (2) by 11 and subtracting
33x – 24y = 81
33x + 55y = – 77
– – +
__________________
–79y = 158
y = –2
Put y = –2 in equation (1)
11x – 8(–2) = 27
11x = 27 – 16
11x = 11
x=1
x = 1, y = –2
12)

Let the ten’s and unit's digits of the required number be x and y respectively.
Then, the number = (10x + y).
The number obtained by reversing the digits = (10y + x).
∴ 7(10x + y) = 4(10y + x)
70x + 7y = 40y + 4x
⇒ 66x – 33y = 0
⇒ 33(2x – y) = 0
⇒ 2x – y = 0 Þ y = 2x ... (1)
Thus, unit's digit = 2 times the ten´s digit.
(unit's digit ) > (ten's digit) and so y > x.
⇒ ATQ,
∴y–x=3 …..(2)
Using (1) in (2), we get (2x – x) = 3 ⇒ x = 3.
On substituting x = 3 in (1), we get y = 2 × 3 = 6.
Hence, the required number is 36.

13)

Let the fixed charge for the first three days be x and additional charge for each day there after
=y
According to question
x + 4y = 27 ....(1)
x + 2y = 21 ....(2)
Eq.(1) – Eq.(2)
2y = 6
y=3
Put y = 3 in eq.(1)
x + 12 = 27
x = 15
Thus, fixed charge = Rs.15
Charge for each extra day = Rs.3
OR

Let speed of car starting from A be xkm/hr

and speed of car starting from B be ykm/hr
9x – 9y = 90
⇒ x – y = 10 ...(1)

x + y = 70 ....(2)
Add. Eq.(1) and Eq.(2)
2x = 80
⇒ x = 40
Put, x = 40 in Eq.(1) 40 – y = 10
⇒ y = 30
Thus, speed of two cars be 40 km/hr and 30 km/hr.
14)

Largest number = HCF(70 – 5, 125 – 8)

= HCF(65, 117)

65 = 5 × 13
117 = 3 × 3 × 13
⇒ HCF = 13
Thus, largest number is 13.

15)

(i) 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 3
= 3(5 × 4 × 2 × 1 + 1)
= 3(41)
= 3 × 41 = 123
Since, 123 has more than 2 factor i.e.
1, 3, 41, 123
Hence, it is a composite number.
(ii) Let be a rational number say x

….(1)
Squaring both sides of eq.(1)
x2 = 5 +

As, x, 5 and 2 are rationals.

= rational

Which contradicts the fact that is irrational

Hence, our assumption is wrong.
is irrational.

16)

Khushi has 36 apples and 60 bananas

(i) Khushi can invite guests = HCF(36, 60) = 12
So, she can invite at most 12 guests.

(ii) Each guest get bananas = = 5 bananas

Each guest get apples = = 3 apples

(iii) If Kushi add 42 mangoes
 She can invite guests = HCF(36, 60, 42) = 6
OR
Total amount spent = 5 × (60) + 15 × (36) + (42) × (20)
= 300 + 540 + 840
= Rs.1680

17)

We draw the graph of these linear equations as follows :

4x – 3y + 4 = 0
⇒ 3y = 4x + 4

We put the different values of x in this equation, then we get different values of y and we
prepare the table of x, y for equation
4x – 3y + 4 = 0

x 2 5 –1
y 4 8 0

and 4x + 3y – 20 = 0
⇒ 3y = 20 – 4x

We put the different values of x in this equation, then we get different values of y and we
prepare the table of x, y for equation
4x + 3y – 20 = 0

x 2 –1 5
y 4 8 0

Now, we plot the points (2, 4),(5, 8) and (–1, 0) on the graph paper and we draw the graph
which passes through these points.
∴ We get a graph of linear equation
4x – 3y + 4 = 0.
 Again, we plot the points (2, 4), (–1, 8) and (5, 0) on the graph paper and we draw a graph
which passes through these points.
∴ We got a graph of linear equation
4x + 3y – 20 = 0
We observe that the graphs of linear equations 4x – 3y + 4 = 0 and 4x + 3y – 20 = 0 intersect
each other at point (2, 4). Hence, x = 2, y = 4 is the solution of the given equations. The
graphs of these equations meet the x-axis at points B(–1, 0) and C(5, 0).
∴ We obtain a triangle ABC. We draw
AD ⊥ BC.
∴ BC = 6 units
AD = 4 units

Area of ΔABC = × base × height

= × BC × AD

= ×6×4
= 12 square units.
Hence, x = 2, y = 4, Area = 12 square units.

ENGLISH

18) (3) It is precious and irreplaceable.

19) (3) A person’s time habits often reflect their values and discipline.

20) time

21) TRUE

22) (i) fleeting (ii) deadline

23) Proper time management helps individuals set goals, stay focused, complete tasks
efficiently, and avoid stress. It leads to increased productivity and allows time for personal
well-being and relationships.

24)

The people in society and my friends will describe me as reliable, responsible, and respectful
of others because valuing time reflects one’s discipline and character.

25) Answer may vary.

26) Answer may vary.

27) (a) will see
(b) combined
(c) clarify

28) (1) presented

29) (2) informed, improve

30)

(3) will be attending

31) (3) The possibility of the world ending in more than one catastrophic way

32) The poet tries to indicate his experiences with the hatred which are perhaps not good. He
says that he has also experienced the damaging effects of hatred.

33) (1) It reinforces the notion that hate is a subtle yet equally powerful force of destruction.

34) Yes. Lencho is sure that it is going to rain. He needs rain for his crops. He has been gazing
at the sky in the north east direction since morning. He has perhaps seen some signs of
coming rain in the form of the huge mountains of clouds. True to his prediction. It soon starts
raining.

35) For an hour, the hailstones rained on the house, the garden, the hillside, and the cornfield.
Actually, the whole valley was covered with them. Leaves and flowers were destroyed.
Lencho’s fields were covered with a white layer. The corn was totally destroyed. The hail had
left practically nothing. There was no chance of any corn that year for Lencho.

36) Mr. Herriot’s strict advice was to cut down on sweet things and to give him plenty of
exercises. But Mrs. Pumphrey did not heed (pay attention) to this advice. She thought Tricki
was weak. So, she was giving him cream cakes and chocolates. Tricki had very little exercise
because the gardener Hodgkin was unwell.

37) In the poem ‘Dust of Snow’, the poet wants to convey that sometimes certain moments or
actions which are simple have larger significance. They can change the mood or life of a
person. The way a crow shakes down dust of snow on the poet inspires and gives him the idea
to shake off his depressive thoughts, become cheerful and do something useful.

38) Dr. James Herriot, a skilled and wise veterinary surgeon, treated the sick dog Tricki
without medicine—just by giving him water and no food for a few days. Tricki soon recovered,
becoming active and healthy. He informed Mrs. Pumphrey about his recovery and she started
sending two dozen eggs at a time, bottle of wine and brandy. He did not give these things to
Tricki, but enjoyed them with his partners. Thus, breakfast included eggs, lunch became grand
 with wine, and evenings ended with brandy by the fire. Dr. Herriot and his colleagues enjoyed
this pampered lifestyle. The idea of keeping Tricki as a permanent guest was tempting, as he
was enjoying the best of both worlds—successful treatment and luxurious living.

39) Dr. James Herriot was a competent and sensible veterinary surgeon. He recognised that
Tricki’s main problem was his greed for food, which had made him fat and inactive. Herriot
advised Mrs. Pumphrey to put Tricki on a strict diet, give him regular exercise, and cut down
on sweets. Eventually, he suggested hospitalising Tricki for two weeks under his care.
Being practical, Dr. Herriot avoided medical treatment. Instead, he gave the dog plenty of
water and no food. This approach worked well. Tricki’s health improved rapidly, and he
became an active, hard-muscled dog. Soon, he was handed back to his grateful mistress, who
called it “A Triumph of Surgery.”
During Tricki’s stay, Dr. Herriot and his friends enjoyed luxurious meals sent by Mrs.
Pumphrey, including eggs, wine, and brandy. He was clever enough to enjoy both professional
success and personal comfort.

40) Lencho, a simple-hearted farmer with deep faith in God, faced ruin when hailstones
destroyed his corn. Believing only God could help, he wrote a letter asking for hundred pesos
to survive and plant new crops. The postmaster, initially amused, was moved by Lencho’s
unwavering faith. Wanting to support him, he collected money from his employees and
contributed part of his own salary. They managed to gather seventy pesos, which the
postmaster sent to Lencho, signing the letter as ‘God’. Ironically, Lencho was not grateful.
Believing God had sent the full amount; he assumed the post office workers had stolen the
remaining thirty pesos. In his second letter, he asked God not to send the rest through the
post, calling the employees “a bunch of crooks,” unaware of their generosity.

41) In “Dust of Snow”, Frost highlights nature’s gentle ability to transform a negative mood
through a simple act—a crow shaking snow onto the speaker—which leads to a change in his
day. It reflects the healing and redemptive power of nature.
In “Fire and Ice”, however, Frost presents intense human emotions—desire and hatred—as
destructive forces that could end the world. Here, the tone is philosophical and foreboding.
The contrast lies in one poem showing nature as a source of hope, while the other shows
emotions as forces of doom. Both poems, however, urge reflection on human thoughts and
feelings.

SOCIAL SCIENCE

42) (4) Overgrazing

43) (3) Laterite soil

44) (4) Demarcation of Wildlife Sanctuaries

45) (i)-c, (ii)-d, (iii)-b, (iv)-a

46) (i) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
(ii) Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross
cropped area.

47) Reserved and protected forests are also referred to as permanent forest estates
maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest produce, and for protective
reasons. Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests.

48) Sustainable development - Sustainable economic development means ‘development should

take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not
compromise with the needs of the future generations.’

49) The government has classified forests into three categories:

• Reserved forests : More than half of the total forest land, are regarded as the most valuable
as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned.
• Protected forests : Protected Forests: Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected
forest, as declared by the Forest Department. This forest land are protected from any further
depletion.
• Unclassed forests : These are other forests and wastelands belonging to both government
and private individuals and communities.

50) Alluvial soils

• This is the most widely spread and important soil. The entire northern plains are made of
alluvial soil. These have been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems- the
Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat
through a narrow corridor. Alluvial soil is also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly
in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers. The alluvial soil
consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. As we move inlands towards the river
valleys, soil particles appear some what bigger in size. In the upper reaches of the river valley
i.e. near the place of the break of slope, the soils are coarse. Such soils are more common in
piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai.
• Apart from the size of their grains or components, soils are also described on the basis of
their age. According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and
new alluvial (Khadar). The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules than the
Khadar. It has more fine particles and is more fertile than the bangar.
• Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile. Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of
potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat
and other cereal and pulse crops.
• Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely
populated. Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper
treatment and irrigation.

51) 10.1 The Earth Summit of 1992 was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
10.2 The Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity was signed.
10.3 1. Agenda 21 aims to combat environmental problems, poverty, and diseases through
global cooperation.
2. One of its major objectives is that every local government should prepare its own local
Agenda 21 to address environmental, social, and economic issues.
52) Community and conservation
Forests are also home to some of the traditional communities. In some areas of India, local
communities are struggling to conserve these habitats along with government officials.
• In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the
Wildlife Protection Act. In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and
explicitly rejecting government involvement.
• The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1,200
hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri', declaring their own set of rules and
regulations which do not allow hunting, and are protecting the wildlife against any outside
encroachments.
• The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has not only successfully resisted
deforestation in several areas but has also shown that community afforestation with
indigenous species can be enormously successful. Attempts to revive the traditional
conservation methods or developing new methods of ecological farming are now widespread.
• Farmers and citizen's groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have
shown that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic
chemicals are possible and economically viable.
• In India Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme furnishes a good example for involving
local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests.
The programme has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state of Odisha passed the
first resolution for joint forest [Link] depends on the formation of local (village)
institutions that undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by
the forest department.