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INSPECTION PROCEDURE BY
PHASED ARRAY ULTRASOUND FOR WELDED JOINTS
A TOPE

STATE OF REVIEW AND MODIFICATIONS

VERSION DATE DESCRIPTION OF THE MODIFICATION

0 28/02/11 INITIAL ISSUE

1 16/01/13 UPDATE

2 11/02/13 CORRECTION OBSERVATIONS

3 03/04/13 CORRECTION NEW OBSERVATIONS

CORRECTION OBJECTIVE AND DOCUMENTS OF
4 29/04/13 REFERENCIA

VERSION ELABORADO POR REVIEWED BY APPROVED BY

NIDIA M. GIRADO
PEDRO ANDRES JUAN CARLOS PRADA
TAJAN
ALFONSO

DATE 29/04/13 30/04/13 03/05/2013

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1. OBJECTIVE

This procedure establishes the necessary steps and technical conditions to

to carry out a Phased Array Ultrasonic inspection on butt welded joints
in accordance with the provisions of the ASME Code Section V, VIII and B 31.3; in order to
identify the presence of internal discontinuities (linear and rounded) in
ferrous and non-ferrous metals, ensuring the internal health of the weld and its
thermally affected zone (TAZ).

2. SCOPE

The scope of this procedure will be the search for discontinuities such as
cracks, porosities, inclusions and others generated during manufacturing within the joints
welding steels made of carbon or low-alloyed steel (P No 1, 3, 4, 5A to 5C and 15A
up to 15F), in pipes and sheets, with thicknesses greater than 6 mm and in pipes with
diameters greater than 3".

3. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

ASME Section V, Article 4–Ultrasonic Examination Methods for Weld.

ASME E-2491–Standard Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics
of Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Systems.
ASTM E 114–Ultrasonic straight beam examination.
ASTM E 164 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Contact Examination of
Weldments.
ASTM E-587 - Ultrasonic angle beam contact testing.
ASTM E-2700–Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds Using
Phased Arrays.
ASME B 31.3–Process Piping.
ASME Section VIII–Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels.
CODE CASE ASME BPVC 2541.
CODE CASE ASEM BPVC 2557.
Written Practice for Qualification and Certification of Personnel in Non-Destructive Testing at Insercor
Ltd.
ASNT TC 1A–Recommended Practice for Personal Qualification and
certification in Non-Destructive Testing.

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4. PERSONAL

The personnel who carry out the ultrasonic inspection and interpret the results for
certification must be certified and qualified as Level II Inspector or Inspector Level
I (as long as this is supervised by a Level II) according to the ASNT standard
TC 1A. The inspector must have received training in Phased Array with a minimum
of 80 hours intensity according to the written practice of INSERCOR LTDA and must be
properly trained in the handling of the equipment used for inspection through
from the technique described in this procedure, in addition to having participated in the
demonstration of the same.

The inspection data can only be interpreted by the Level II Inspector or

Level III in order to properly apply the established acceptance criteria by
the different reference codes.

5. DEFINITIONS

Ultrasound: sound of frequency in the range of 0.5 - 10 MHz. not audible to the
human ear.
Frequency: the number of times a wave cycle repeats in one second.
Decibel (dB): unit of measurement of sound intensity.
Attenuation: loss of energy of the sound wave that travels through a
medium.
DAC Curve: Distance Amplitude Correction. Graph that expresses the losses of
ultrasonic energy due to attenuation during the wave's propagation.
TCG Curve: Time Correction Gain. Graph that corrects the amplitude of reflectors
of equal sizes at different distances. Therefore, reflectors of sizes
equal, they will have the same amplitude on the screen regardless of the distance at which
are located from the starting point of the beam.
Sensitivity: the ability of the sonic beam to distinguish various indications.
close together on a single screen.
Indication: ultrasonic signal reflector that is reflected on the LCD screen.
Relevant: indication that due to its size and extent it must be evaluated.
Defect: relevant indication that exceeds the limits regarding criteria of
acceptance.
Transducer: element that generates and/or receives the ultrasonic signal.
Zapata: Plastic piece attached to the probe and with a certain angle of
refraction.

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Encoder: Electromechanical position sensor used to determine the position

linear of a point with respect to another reference point (0).
Linear Sweep: A sweep that is done on only one side of the weld, so that
The inspection is done with a single angle and a series of transducer elements.
Sectorial Sweeping: Allows for ultrasound-like visualization, with a
sweeping done from one side of the joint, and with a range of angles.
Azimuthal scanning: It is a type of sector scanning that is done with a shoe of
zero degrees, and it is carried out from the top of the area to be inspected.
TVG: Time Varied Gain, correction of the attenuation that brings the peaks of the
screen up to 80% of the height of the LCD screen.
Gain: power of the ultrasonic signal measured in dB.

6. PHASED ARRAY ULTRASOUND TEST.

Unlike conventional ultrasound, Phased Array is a technique in which the

The palpator uses a series of elements (piezoelectric crystals) connected with
individual cables that can be programmed with a time delay
between pulses that allow controlling the ultrasonic beam over a range or aperture of
angles, forming a beam that allows for a larger inspection area. The delay of
time between the pulses of the crystal array allows for varying parameters such as the
angles, focal length, and beam shape.

In all cases, the ultrasonic phased array technique to be used will be

pulse echo Phased Array technique with angular incidence, located from one side of the
welding to be analyzed. Depending on the specific case, sweeping will be used.
sectorial (allows for inspection of the complete weld) or linear (focused on a)
only sector, for example the root of the weld or the surface) or both, if applicable,
depending on the analysis achieved with the ES BeamTool.

The Phased Array technique allows for different scanning shapes as described in
continuation:

[Link] SCAN OR E-SCAN

The focal law of the palpator is developed when a series of elements are oriented in
a single fixed angle. This technique is equivalent to conventional ultrasound beam.

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Figure 1. E-Scan or Linear Scan

[Link] SCAN O S-SCAN

The focal law of a series of elements in the probe emits sonic beams with
different angles, forming a conical trajectory of the beam. This allows for the observation of the
cross-sectional area inspected in 2D.

Figure 2. S-Scan or Sectorial Scan.

6.3. C-SCAN

The C-SCAN is a scan that is performed parallel to the axial axis of the weld bead.
configurado para almacenar datos que permite observar la vista de planta del área
inspected in a permanent image. Before starting the scan, it must be given

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compliance with the recommendations of ASME BPVC 2541, BPVC 2557, BPVC 2558
BPVC 2599 and BPVC 2600.

Figure 3. C Scan or Top View of the Cord. C Scan image or top view of the
welding wire.

7. SURFACE PREPARATION

For all inspection cases, the material to be inspected must be at

ambient temperature, without coating or paint, without welding spatter and
totally free from any type of material that could interfere with the truthfulness of the
Inspection results. The clean surface must extend at least 10
centimeters from the center line of the weld, on both sides of it.

8. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

8.1. ULTRASONIC UNIT

According to ASTM E 2700 code case, the equipment to be used must generate
frequencies between 1 and 10 MHz, this must have a gain control of 1 dB as
minimum, using the ultrasound method in the echo pulse technique, the equipment must
be able to generate and display B scan and S scan representation images. The
the system must have a storage medium to archive the information of the
scan (Flash Card, USB, memory stick). The Phased Array system must be
standardized annually at a minimum for amplitude and height linearity
agreement with the ASTM E 2491 practice.

The instrument must be capable of digitizing the A-scans at a minimum speed of 5

sometimes the frequency of the used probe. The amplitude must be digitized to a
resolution of at least 8 bit (256 levels).

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The equipment that will be used for the application of this procedure is the Omniscan
MX (With its different modules) or a similar equipment. This equipment has the
required features such as multichannel modules, law generation software
lenses, external storage devices (USB flash), in addition to the equipment
allows to see various types of Scan at once. In this way we have A-Scan, S-Scan, and C
Scan during the inspection according to the necessary requirements.

8.2. SENSORS

The probes to be used must operate at frequencies in a range from 1 to 10.

MHz and with a different number of elements; in addition they have angular pads and
Normal values suitable for the type of sensor and the application required.

For this procedure, compatible probes with the Ultrasonic unit are used.
used, with 16, 32, or 64 elements (they must not exceed the capacity in elements of the
Ultrasonic unit used) with its respective pads both normal and angled.
The probes to be used may have interchangeable pads, accessories
of direct coupling and others that guarantee the stability of the signal, for the diameters
contoured shoes should be used that fit the curvature of the
pipe.

According to ASTM E–2491 annex A 1.2.6, the resolution along the axis of
displacement will be a function of the size of the step of the electronic sweep, if it
uses Encoder (an instrument that allows for linear scanning of the area
inspected, storing the permanent data in a C-Scan image) the
The resolution will depend on the size of the step of the Encoder used for the test.

[Link]

Tape measure.
Metal marker.
Personal protective equipment for inspectors.
Magnetic love.
Coupler.

[Link]

According to ASME code section V Article 4 numeral T–433, the medium

the coupler used between the scanning unit and the surface to be inspected must
ensure the passage of the wave into the interior of the material, which requires that
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be free of impurities or bubble formation, and it must also be ensured that it does not
present chemical elements that can cause deterioration of the material under study.
[Link] BLOCKS

8.5.1. Block IIW Type 1 and Type 2. These blocks are used for verification of the
sound path, angle, and point of exit of the ultrasonic beam, is also used.
for the calibration of the speed and delay of sound in the probes.

Figure 4. Calibration block IIW Type 1.

The verification and calibration of both the equipment and the probes will be done with the
certified blocks IIW type I and/or type II in the mentioned parameters with
anteriority.

The sensitivity verification and the preparation of the DAC curve must be carried out.
with the calibration block according to the diameter and thickness of the pipe that is
they are going to inspect, according to ASME Code Section V Art IV (numbers T 434.2.1 and
T434.3; FIGURES T-434.2.1 and T-434.3 CALIBRATION BLOCKS FOR PLATINUM
and PIPE respectively).

For pipes with diameters larger than 20”, a basic flat block will be used.
Calibration (scheme in ASME Section V, Article IV Fig. T 434.2.1.), for piping of
For diameters smaller than 20", curved blocks will be used in a range of 0.9 or 1.5 times the
required diameter.

The material and finish on the wiping surface of the block must be
representative of the surface finish of the sweeping over the material to be
examined. When two or more thicknesses make up the same weld joint,
"t" must correspond to the thinnest one. The blocks must be free of
defects that interfere with the calibration of the reference curves.

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8.5.2. Calibration block for pipe with an outer diameter greater than 20".
purposes of the ASME Section V Art. 5, T534 paragraph, The calibration blocks
They must be constructed of the same material or similar to that which is going to be inspected.
For this case, materials from group P No 1, 3 are considered similar materials.
4, 5A to 5C and from 15A to 15F, or materials under API 5L specification.

Table 1. Dimensions of calibration blocks for angular beam examination.

Espesor nominal Espesor del bloque Diámetro del agujero Profundidad
of the material (t) in. calibration (t), in. (d), ± 1/32 in (± 0.79 minimum (d), in.
(mm) mm mm) (mm)
≤ 1 (25) 1 (25) or t 3/32 (2,4) 1 1/2 (40)

NOTE:
The tolerance for the diameter of the holes must be ±1/32 in.
For each increase in thickness of 2" (50 mm), the diameter of the hole must
increase by 1/16" (1.6mm).

Figure 5. Illustration of dimensions of the calibration standard block

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GENERAL NOTES:

The holes are drilled 1.5 inches (38 mm) deep minimum
essentially parallel to the surface being examined.
(B) For components equal to or less than 20 inches (500 mm) in diameter, the
Calibration diameter of the block must meet the requirements of T-[Link]. Two
calibration reflector sets (holes, notches) oriented at 90 degrees
one of the other. Alternatively, two curved calibration blocks can be used.
The diameter tolerance of the hole will be ± 1/32 of an inch (0.8 mm).
tolerance for the hole location through the thickness of the calibration block
(that is, the distance from the examined surface) must be ± 1/8 inches (3
mm).
For blocks less than 3/4 inch (19 mm) thick, only the hole
taladrado lateral de 1/2T y unas muescas superficiales son necesarios. Calibraciones
in the 1/4T and 1/2T and 3/4T depths.
The notch depth will be a minimum of 1.6% of T to a maximum thickness of 2.2%.
(G) The maximum width of the notch is not critical. The notches can be made by
EDM or with strawberry.

NOTE:

For each increase in welding thickness of 2 inches (50 mm) or fraction of

more than 4 inches (100 mm), the diameter of the hole will increase by 1/16 inch (1.5
mm).

[Link] Block For Pipe. The curved calibration blocks

they are built according to the stipulations in ASME Section V, Article IV Fig. T 434.3. The
the thickness that can be calibrated in these blocks is 25% of the nominal thickness of
equipment to inspect. As specified in ASME Section V, Article IV T-434.3.

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Figure 6. Illustration of pattern calibration block dimensions for piping.

GENERAL NOTES:

The minimum block calibration length (L) will be 8 inches (200 mm) or 8T,
the one who is older.
(b) For OD (Outside Diameter) of 4 inches (100 mm) or less, the arc length
the minimum will be 270 degrees. For an outside diameter greater than 4 inches (100 mm), the
The minimum arc length will be 8 inches (200 mm) or 3T, whichever is greater.
The depth of the notches will be a minimum of 8% and a maximum of 11% of the thickness.
When there is coating present, the depth of the flies on the side of
The block covering should be increased by the thickness of the covering, CT
(for example, 8% of the thickness + minimum CT or 11% of the thickness + maximum CT). The width
the notches will be 1/4 inch (6.35 mm) at maximum. The length of the
Notches must be at least 1 inch (25 mm).
(d) The maximum width of the notch is not critical. The notches can be made with
EDM or with strawberries up to 1/4 inch (6 mm) in diameter.
The length of the notch must be sufficient to provide calibration with
a minimum signal-to-noise ratio of 3 to 1.
Source: ASME Section V, Article IV. Fig. T-[Link].

Table 2. Calibration Blocks Standard Schedule Pipe.

Diameter Longitud Profundidad
Diámetro Espesor Longitude of
del of the from The
Tube Nominal of the Arch The Engraving
Block Entalla Entalla
3 inches5.49 mm 3 inches 270º 25 mm 6 mm 0.6 mm
4” 6.02 mm 6 inches 270º 25 mm 6 mm 0.7 mm
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6 inches7.11 mm 6 inches 200 mm 25 mm 6 mm 0.8 mm

8 inches8.18 mm 6 inches 200 mm 25 mm 6 mm 0.9 mm
10” 9.27 mm 12" 200 mm 25 mm 6 mm 1 mm
12 inches9.53 mm 12” 200 mm 25 mm 6 mm 1.1 mm
14 inches9.53 mm 12 inches200 mm 25 mm 6 mm 1.1 mm
16 inches9.53 mm 18 inches200 mm 25 mm 6 mm 1.1 mm
18 inches9.53 mm 18 inches200 mm 25 mm 6 mm 1.1 mm
<20" N.A PLAN N.A 25 mm 6 mm 1.5 mm

8.6. SIMULATION TOOL IS BEAMTOOL

ES BeamTool is a computer design program for inspection simulation.

through Phased Array Ultrasound. This application allows designing and simulating
easily an inspection and generate the complete documentation regarding a plan of
inspection allows the calculation of the focal laws that ensure coverage
complete inspection area by manipulating some variables
required during the equipment calibration (Focal Law, Index offset, etc.).

Figure 7. Inspection map produced by the simulation with ES BeamTool.

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Figure 8. Required parameters to configure the Focal Law.

9. METHODOLOGY OF THE INSPECTION

9.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BOARD

The technical specifications and geometry of the joints that will be inspected
must be provided by the client, among others the following must be known:

Material Base.
Pipe diameter.
Nominal thickness of the joint.
Design of the joint bezel.

Although the relevant data from the board will also be verified in the field, including the
thickness, width, and length of the cord, among others, before selecting the memory
previously calibrated on the equipment, which will be used in the inspection.

[Link] IS BEAMTOOL

After knowing the dimensions and geometry of the welded joint, it is necessary to carry out the
simulation using the specialized software ES BeamTool (different versions),
starting with a sector sweep, in which the range of angles to be used is configured and
the distance from the axial axis of the weld to the front of the probe (Focal Law)
seeking to achieve a 100% coverage of the joint and the HAZ, this
The last one must be determined according to the recommendations of the ASME code case.
2235 numeral (a). If such coverage is not achieved, another sweep can be carried out either
sectorial or linear with angle to seek 100% coverage of the joint.

The program prints a format with all the calibration data which will be attached.
to the inspection report.
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[Link] CALIBRATION

9.3.1. With the data collected from ES BeamTool, it is configured in the Omniscan:

Focal law configuration: this configuration is based on the data provided.

for the simulation of the ES BeamTool. In this step, the equipment is introduced to the
data provided by the program: maximum angle, minimum angle, step between
angles, index Offset, which allows the team to configure the sonic beam that
it should be used for a specific welded joint.

9.3.2. It must be verified and calibrated:

Verification of the linearity of the screen height according to ASTM E 2491.

a) With the Phased Array equipment connected to a transducer (longitudinal or

transversal) and coupled to a block that will produce two signals as shown
In figure 10, the probe must be adjusted so that the amplitude of the two
signals are at 80% and 40% of the height of the displayed screen. If the equipment is
Phased Array is designed to address a single probe.
element in pulse echo mode then the two flat-bottom holes with
adjustable acoustic impedance inserts in the traditional linearity block
they are shown in figure 9 and provide these signals.

Figure 9. Traditional linearity blocks for the evaluation of equipment and probes
Phased Array.

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Figure 10. Linearity of the screen height.

b) The gain must be increased by adjusting the receiver gain

to obtain 100% of the full screen height (FSH) of the echo more
large. The height of the lowest echo is recorded in this gain adjustment as
a percentage of the full screen height.

c) The height of the largest echo decreases in steps of 10% until it reaches 10% of
the height of the full screen and the height of the second response must
register for each step.

d) Then the largest echo signal should be returned to 80% to ensure that the
the signal of the smallest echo has not deviated from its original level of 40% due to
to the variation of coupling. Repeat the test if the variation of the second
signal is greater than 41% or less than 39% of the full screen height
FSH.

e) For an acceptable tolerance, the responses of the two reflectors must have
a 2-to-1 ratio within ± 3% of the full screen height throughout
range of 10% to 100% (99% if it is 100% saturation) of screen height
complete.

f) The results must be recorded in a format of the equipment's linearity.

Linearity and Amplitude Control according to ASTM E 2491.

a) A Phased Array 16/64 equipment has 16 emitters and receivers that are used
to accommodate a maximum of 64 elements. Each of the components
the sender-receiver is tested to determine the linearity of the
amplification capabilities of the instrument.

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b) A Phased Array probe with a flat linear array must be selected.

(normal incidence) that has at least as many elements as the team of
Phased Array ultrasound has pulsers.

c) Using this probe, configure the Ultrasonic Phased Array equipment to

to have a raster electronic scanning. Each focal law will consist of one element and the
sweeping will start at element number 1 and end at number
element that corresponds to the number of emitters in the Phased Array equipment.

d) The probe must be coupled to a suitable surface to obtain a

response of pulse echo of each focal law. The echoes from the back wall of the
thickness of 25mm of the IIW block or the bottom wall thickness of 20mm
of the traditional linearity block shown in figure 9, can offer
appropriate objectives.

e) Select channel 1 of the emitter receivers of the Phased Array equipment.

Using the A-scan screen, the target response must be monitored.
selected. Adjust the gain to bring the signal height to 40% of the
screen. This is illustrated in figure 11.

Figure 11. A-scan screen of the echo from the back wall in channel 1 of the equipment
Phased Array.

f) Add to the receiver gain increments of 1 dB, then 2 dB, then 4 dB and
finally 6 dB. Remove the added gain after each increase to
ensure that the signal has returned to 40% of the screen height. Record the
current height of the signal as a percentage of the screen height.

g) Adjust the signal to 100% of the screen height, remove 6 dB of gain and
register the current height of the signal as a percentage of the screen height.

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h) The signal amplitudes must be within a range of ± 3% of the height.

from the required screen within the allowed height range of Table 3.

Table 3. Linearity verification report format.

i) The steps of numbers e, f, and g must be repeated for all other channels.
emitters receivers.

Base-Time Linearity (Horizontal Linearity) according to ASTM E 2491.

a) The Phased Array equipment must be configured to visualize a presentation.

A-scan display.

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b) Select a longitudinal wave probe and configure the Phased equipment.

Array to show an appropriate range and thus obtain at least 10 reflections
multiples of the base of a block of known thickness. The wall thickness of 25
The mm of the IIW block is a convenient option for this test.

c) Adjust the Phased Array team from analog to digital at a conversion rate
of at least 80 MHz.

d) With the probe attached to the block and the 10 multiples clearly defined as
It is shown in the A-scan of figure 12, the screen software must be used.
to evaluate the interval between the signals of the adjacent rear wall.

Figure 12. Horizontal Linearity A-scan.

e) The acoustic velocity in the test block, determined according to the methods
described in E 494, is introduced into the display software and is configured the
screen for reading at a distance (thickness).

f) Using the reference and measurement cursors, the interval between is determined
each multiple and records the interval of the first 10 multiples.

g) An acceptable linearity can be established by a tolerance-based error

in the conversion rate from analog to digital, converted to a distance
equivalent. For example, at 100 MHz each time base sample is 10ns.
For steel at 5900 m/s each sample along the time base (10ns) in mode
pulse-echo represents 30µm. It should be taken into account that for the determination
the speed error can be (~ 1%). Typically, errors in multiples
They should not exceed ± 0.5 mm for each steel plate.

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[Link]. Calibration of the probe with standard shoe. According to the code.
ASME section V article 4 number T 472 requires a straight beam sweep to be performed in the
volume of the base material through which the angular beams will travel in order to
locate reflectors (laminations) that may limit the capacity of the angular beam that
It will examine the volume of the weld. To carry out this sweep, it must be done.
calibration in the following way:

Place a probe with a previously selected normal shoe on the face of the
material, so that the horizontal distance (sweep on the screen) must
adjust to a calibration distance that represents the equivalent in two
thicknesses.

Table 4. Normal calibrator calibration.

SCALE FACTOR K PATH

POSITION
ECO NO OF THE SOUND (mm /SCALE
(GRADATION SCALE)
SI (MM) GRAD.)
1 25 10 2.5
2 50 10 5.0
3 75 10 7.5
4 100 10 10.0

Figure 13. Calibration of the equipment with normal shoe.

The sensitivity must be adjusted for the free indication of the first echo of reflection.
background, corresponding to the far side of the plate and will be between 50% to 80% of the
total screen height.

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Figure 14. Calibration of the equipment sensitivity with normal shoe.

[Link]. Calibration of the Equipment and Palpator with Angular Pad

Calibration in distance and speed.

For distance calibration, IIW type 1 or IIW type 2 blocks can be used.
placing the probe with the angular shoe at any angle in the position (see
Fig. No 15) and locate the distance signals (radii of curvature) of the block on
the divisions of the baseline selected at the appropriate scale for the distances
to test according to the welding and the thickness, for which it is taken as
reference nodes I and II of the beam path of the distances of the radii of
agreement to block IIW (type 1: 100mm and 225mm; type 2: 25mm and 100mm), as
position one and position two respectively.

Figure 15. Sound travel calibration.

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Figure 16. Calibration in distance and speed.

Reflector 1 Reflector 2

The horizontal sound path on the device's screen (LCD) needs to be adjusted to
that represents the path of sound, using the IIW-1 or IIW-V2 or alternative block.

The calibration distance will be defined using a scale from 0" (0 mm) to 10" (254
mm) on the horizontal of the LCD and/or any that is appropriate and not less than the
configuration or thickness anticipated for its total examination or for the inspection of the
welds, and/or in any case, scales of 4" to 20" will be used if they are
required.

Calibration Delay of the wedge.

The calibration of the shoe's delay allows defining the face of the shoe in contact.
with the piece under test and establish the zero position of the entry zone of the
signal in the piece for all focal laws. This calibration is carried out through
a reference reflector at a known distance over the block IIW Type I, making
that the reflector signal matches the amplitude for all elements of the law
focused configured.

This calibration can be performed using a reflector as the radius of curvature.

from block IIW type 1 or type 2, the 1/16" hole of the block can also be used
IIW type 1, in any of these cases it is important that the calibration range of
the baseline adjusts to the wave travel until it reaches the reflector in all
focal laws in the equipment.

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Figure 17. Calibration of the shoe delay.

Enveloping del
reflector of
reference
entering in the
area of interest.

Calibration of sensitivity.

At this stage, the gain of all focal laws is normalized so that they produce
a signal of similar amplitude for the reference reflector. This calibration is performed
through a reflector known in block IIW Type 1, the gain of the
team making the signal reach the amplitude of the selected screen
(sensitivity) for all angles of the beam.

In this calibration, a reflector of +/-1/16” is used and all focal laws must
recognize this spotlight with a tolerance of no more than 5% of the selected amplitude
(between 50 and 80%) on the device screen.

Figure 18. Sensitivity calibration.

Envelope of the first

reference reflector.

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DAC (Distance Amplitude Correction) or TCG (Time Calibration Curve)

Correction Gain).

The calibration of the DAC and TCG reference curves will be carried out through
reference blocks provided in ASME V, Art. 4 Fig. T-434.2.1 and Fig. T-434.3. for the
The curve construction must take at least three reference points at different locations.
distances. The basic calibration reflectors must be used to establish
the primary reference level of the equipment.

The curve calibration will be performed by locating the probe on the reflector.
close and takes the profit up to 80% of the full height of the screen, with
that reference gain, the other points are located, and the curve is drawn taking
at least three reference points increasing the distance of the sound wave travel.

When any part of the testing system is changed, a check in the

Reflectors used for calibration must be performed to verify the calibration.
of the field and the correction values of the amplitude. If a point of the DAC has been
moved on the horizontal axis more than 10% of its reading or more than 5% of the field, the one that
If it is major, the calibration must be corrected and recorded in the reports. If a point
from the DAC decreases by 20% or 2dB in its amplitude, all calibration must be canceled
a new calibration must be performed if the point increases by 20% or 2 dB
the entire exam since the last calibration check must be repeated.

Encoder calibration

According to ASME Section V Article 4 Mandatory Appendix V, a must be carried out.

Calibration review at intervals not exceeding one month or before the first
and from then on, moving the encoder a minimum distance of 20 inches
(500 mm), the difference in distance should not vary by more than 1%. According to ASTM E
2491 annex A1.2.6 the resolution will depend on the step size of the encoder used
for the inspection.

Inspection variable check:

The verification of the equipment inspection variables will be carried out by one of
the blocks specified in the ASME V code, Art. 4 T-434.2.1 and T-434.3.; or
through the IIW type 1 block. In any case, at the beginning of the work, it must always
carry out the verification of the ultrasonic instrument according to the guidelines of
ASME code section V, article 4, annexes I and II. To verify the sensitivity of
team, the guidelines given by the ASME code section V are taken into account,
Article 4 T464.1.2. In any case, the calibration of the equipment will be verified in each shift.
of work and after every 10 consecutively inspected meetings.

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10. SCANNING SPECIFICATION

10.1 INSPECTION SURFACES

The inspection surface will always be the external one whenever possible, referencing
cada lado por separado por ejemplo: Cara A y Cara B (ver Fig. 19).

Figure 19. Inspection surfaces.

Mark 0°

Brand
Sense

10.2. SCANNING

The scanning is carried out starting from a starting point (0) on the weld and
moving the probe parallel to the cord and at a fixed distance from it
axial axis with position register or Encoder (distance measurement device),
achieving that all points of the scan are recorded in the equipment. It is marked
the starting point of the welding and the sweeping always begins in the direction of the
clock hands. If the weld is of a considerable size, it is possible to perform
several sweeps in the same direction, always leaving a record and marking in the
same starting point. It is recommended to repeat the scanning at the points where
relevant indications are found, with the aim of determining whether those
indications must be classified as defects.

The scanning on a carbon steel joint must be done on both sides.

In cases where geometry does not allow it, it should be inspected from one side only.
welding, which must be recorded in the inspection report), for the
Field marking of the meeting must record the following data: date of
inspección, nombre de la junta, punto inicial y sentido del escaneo, defectos
found (projected, length and depth), and final evaluation (accepted or
rejected)

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Figure 20. Location of discontinuities.

Once this is done, any discontinuities are checked for and evaluated accordingly.
the criteria of the ASME section VIII and ASME B 31.3 standards.

If necessary, the sweep is repeated from another position and the others are repeated.
steps of the procedure. Whenever possible, the sweep will be carried out by
both sides of the weld.

The scanning is done manually with an encoder, the direction and scanning technique are
they will comply with the provisions of ASME Section V, Art. 4 paragraph T-470 and the
the scanning extension will cover the entire surface to be inspected, of
According to ASTM E 2700, guiding mechanisms such as
support frames of the probe or magnetic strips to ensure that the
The probing device moves a fixed distance from the center line of the weld.

The different types of sweeping will meet the specified requirements.

continuation:

10.2.1. Linear Scanning (Fixed Angle). In the case of performing a linear sweep
(fixed angle), or called linear scan or E-scan, will take into account the requirements.
consigned in Case ASME BPVC 2541 and ASME BPVC 2558 in addition to
Article 4 of the ASME Code, Section V such as:

The linearity control of the amplitude must be checked.

The same focal law used during calibration will be used during the
examination.
In addition to this, the following variables are considered essential:
Type of probe, size and quantity of the elements, dimensions of
opening and emptiness.
Focusing range.
Inspection angle used for the inspection.
Likewise, the following data will be recorded.
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Type of probe, size and quantity of the elements, dimensions of

opening and void.
Focal law data, including angle, focusing depth and
used elements.
Sweeping pattern to ensure coverage.
Name the Case Code 2541.

10.2.2. Sector Scan (variable angle). In the case of performing a sweep

with a variable or sectorial angle, also called sectorial scan or S-Scan, it will have in
count the requirements stated in the ASME BPVC Case 2557
addition to article 4 of the ASME Code Section V, such as:

The linearity control of the amplitude must be checked.

The calibration of each of the beams used during the
examination, this must include corrections for speed, attenuation, and delay
through the shoe.
This calibration can be performed with allowed calibration blocks in
other codes.
The same focal law used during the calibration will be used during the
examination.
In addition to that, the following variables are considered essential:
Type of probe, size and quantity of the elements, dimensions of
opening and void.
Focusing range.
Virtual opening (number of elements used)
Angular range of the S-Scan
Documentation on the maximum allowed angular aperture by the
manufacturer.
Calibration documentation, TCG and angular compensation.
Sweeping pattern to ensure coverage.
Name the case code in the report.

11. CRITERIA FOR THE REGISTRATION AND EVALUATION OF INDICATIONS.

11.1. IDENTIFICATION OF WELDINGS

The inspected welds will be identified with a metal marker,

agreement with the nomenclature of document W09 Piping Class. In the case where
find an indication, the area where it is located will be indicated with

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metal marker also, indicating the depth at which it has been found
same.

11.2. DATA ACQUISITION

The data acquisition in the sweep will be done manually with a sensor
position (encoder), keeping a record of 100% of the welding to be analyzed one
once the scanning is finished.

11.3. GEOMETRIC DISCRIMINATION METHODS FOR INDICATION OF

DISCONTINUITIES

The relevant indications found will be geometrically discriminated according to

to the steps described in ASME V, Art.4 T-481.

The indications produced by the Ultrasound test are not necessarily

defects. Changes in the geometry of the weld due to the joints at the end
from the pipe, changes in root reinforcement and several passes, to the internal bevel, and the mode
of conversion of an ultrasound wave caused by similar indications to those of
their own geometry that can be mistaken for a defect but are not
relevant to its acceptability.

The following steps must be considered to classify an indication as

geometric

a) Interpret the area where the reflector is contained according to the procedure
of inspection.
b) Measure and verify the coordinates of the reflector. Prepare the visualization of the
cross-section showing the position of the reflector as
discontinuities that are between the root and the presentation of the joint.
c) Review the welding preparation parameters.

In any case, the C-Scan and S-Scan sweep graphs are used in order to
geometrically approach the morphology of the defects found

11.4. DIMENSIONING OF INDICATIONS

The size and length of the indications found will be evaluated according to the
data thrown from the analysis of the images obtained by the team, since for this
Finally, a positioning system (Encoder) will be used, which records the value of
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scanning route in mm. The length of the indications is evaluated with the criterion
of approximately ± 6 dB, that is, looking for the greatest amplitude of the echo of the indication, and
looking to the right and left of the screen of the device, when the amplitude of
it is reduced by half.

After establishing the approximate geometry of the relevant indication, there

determine if it is a defect or not, according to the acceptance criteria set by the
applicable code.

11.5. ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION CRITERIA.

After the scan has been performed and the results interpreted, it is necessary to proceed to
evaluate the relevant indications found to determine whether they are or not
considered as defects.
This evaluation must be based on the acceptance and rejection criteria of the
the rule that will apply.

11.5.1. Acceptance and Rejection Criteria According to ASME Section VIII,

Appendix 12.

The indications that reflect a width greater than 20% of the height of the screen are
will be considered as relevant indications and must be evaluated to determine their
shape, location, and size.
Indications such as cracks, lack of fusion, and lack of penetration will be
rejected regardless of their length.
Indications that exceed 20% of the height of the screen are rejected if
its length exceeds:
¼" (6 mm) for thicknesses (t) up to ¾" (19 mm).
1/3t for thicknesses (t) from ¾" (19 mm) to 2 ¼" (57 mm).
¾" (19 mm) for thicknesses greater than 2 ¼" (57 mm).

"t" refers to the thickness of the joint (without overlap). For a joint of pieces
with different thicknesses, t is considered the minimum thickness. If a penetration joint
complete it has a fillet weld, it must also include the thickness of the
filet mignon throat.

11.5.2. Acceptance and Rejection Criteria According to ASME B31.3 Number

[Link]

A linear discontinuity is considered defective if it exceeds the following lengths:

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¼" (6 mm) for thicknesses (t) up to ¾" (19 mm).

1/3"t for thicknesses (t) ranging from ¾" (19 mm) to 2 ¼" (57 mm).
¾” (19 mm) for thicknesses greater than 2 ¼” (57 mm).

[Link]

The report of the ultrasonic evaluations meets the requirements of the code.
ASME section V, article 4 T-492 and annex IV-492. The registration format F-PR-UD-08,
It is the one indicated for the preparation of the inspection report for each joint. Within the
The report will include the complete C-scan images, S-Scan, and A-Scan generated.
for the team. In case of finding discontinuities, it will be marked with the cursor
zone of discontinuity with the greatest amplitude, to visualize the A-Scan and S-Scan
respective.

Repairs: The joints to be repaired must be inspected by the same technique as

the ones they were detected, in our case the joints to be repaired must be re-
inspected by UT Phased Array. It is advisable that the joint be
re-inspected along its entire length.

13. HSE CONTEMPLATIONS

Before starting work, the respective work permit must be filled out.
The personnel conducting the inspection must use protective equipment.
suitable and will keep the equipment and facilities in proper conditions of
order and cleanliness to carry out the inspection.

In addition, the leader of the inspection group will be responsible for giving daily talks.
with the aim of raising awareness and motivating the other members of the group about the
risks of the work and the best way to minimize them. The job analysis is attached.
insurance that covers the risks of the work and the respective controls established.

13.1. RISK ANALYSIS

Before carrying out any activity, the permit must be filled out and verified.
work required according to the area and conditions.
Personal protective equipment should be used.
Inspection of tools and equipment to be used.
Realizar la charla de cinco minutos diaria.
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Table 4. Risk analysis for inspection by Phased Array

Task Danger Consequences Controls
Inadequate Permanent use of PPE.
Preparation
manipulation of
o of Beats y Check good condition of
teams y
tool bumps. equipment and tools.
conditions
as y Falls. Suspension of activities
substandard of
teams. in case of emergency.
tools.
Situations Authorization authorities.
Harassment, fire
adverse of Wait for improvement of
crossed.
public order. the situation.
Accidents due to bad Use of safe route.
Displace state of the roads Comply with traffic regulations.
I lie to the Situations
access to the site of Permanent report of
site of climatic
work. climate.
work y adverse.
Delays in the Wait of better
recognize me
programming. conditions.
into del
same. Inspection technician-
Absence of
mechanics.
technical control
Accidents. Verify communications.
mechanical or bad
Do not go to the site without
communication.
authorization.
System alteration
cardiovascular. Permanent use of PPE.
Situations
Sunstroke, Health talk
climatic
skin burns and occupational.
adverse.
diseases Sun protection.
Inspection respiratory.
is for Hits, fractures,
Phased dislocations o Permanent use of PPE.
Array Displacements traumas Maintain concentration.
and maneuvers or muscular Attention in first
acciones produced for aids.
insecure falls, hits in Incident report and
stairs, smooth floors, medical attention.
etc.

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ANNEXES

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