A.T.F.

P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

CHAPTER
IDENTIFICATION
FEATURES
I MOTOR VEHICLES

To successfully pass a vehicle inspection, you must first correctly identify its make.
son modèle, son année, la cylindrée de son moteur et ses dimensions.

I. THE BRAND:
The brand is the manufacturing factory: Peugeot, Renault, Ford, Toyota, etc.
It is good to remember that large manufacturing companies have divisions in
the inside of their trademark. Here are a few examples.
Ford: Ford, Lincoln, Mercury
Chrysler: Chrysler, Plymouth, Dodge, etc.

Note: The names given above as examples can be considered as

car brands.

II. THE MODEL:

The model is the specific name of each car: Clio, 406, Corolla,
Golf, Escort, etc.

It is the name of the model that you find written on the car.

III. THE YEAR AND THE CYLINDRICAL:

To identify the year and the engine displacement of the vehicle, nothing is better than the
vehicle identification number, often referred to as the serial number.

Note: The acronym VIN (Vehicle Identification Number) is often used to refer to
this code.

IV. DIMENSIONS OF A CAR:

A :_______________________________________________________________________________
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B :_______________________________________________________________________________
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C :_______________________________________________________________________________
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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

D :_______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
E :_______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
F :____ ____
_______ ____
_______ ____
_______ ____
_______ ____
_______ ____
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G :_______________________________________________________________________________
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H :_______________________________________________________________________________
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I:________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

V. THE PARTS OF A CAR:

Every automobile consists of four main parts:
The engine
The transmission
The ground connection
The bodywork

CHAPTER

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Formateur :DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

THE ENGINE

VI. DEFINITION :
The engine is a set of components
mechanics that transform energy
calorific value of a fuel in energy
mechanics.

The engine is the source of energy, of

power that allows the vehicle to
move. The piston engine is the most
used.

VII. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS:

Global function: level A-0

Manufacturer data

Driver information

Outdoor environment

Energy
mechanics
Energy Transform energy
chemical chemical into energy Energy
mechanics. calorific

Energy
electric
A-0 Residues of
combustion

Gasoline engine

For this main function to be ensured by the motorization, the intervention

several subsystems, each performing a service function, is necessary:
Chapter 1: Identification of characteristics Module M 02: Introduction to automobiles
A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

Associated subsystems Service functions

Transform the translational motion
alternative in continuous rotational motion.
The connecting rod

r
Manage the opening and closing of
The distribution valves thus the inlet and outlet of gases.

Storage, supply, and prepare the

The systems fuel air mixture + gasoline.
of nutrition and
of carburation

Lubricate the moving parts

The circuit of and contribute to the cooling of the
greasing engine.

Evacuate the non- calories into the atmosphere

The circuit of transformed into mechanical energy.
cooling

Ignite the admitted gases

The system
by spark.
ignition

The circuit Start the engine

electric of
startup

The circuits Recharge the battery, which is a

electric of electricity reservoir.
charge

VIII. FUNCTIONAL STUDY OF THE 4-STROKE ENGINE:

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

1. THE GAS ENGINE:

a-Operating principle:
No. OPERATIONS FUNCTIONING ORGAN(S)
1
Preparation of the air + fuel mixture Carburetor or injection system
Piston (aspiration) and valve
Admission of the mixture into the cylinder
of admission
Compression of the mixture to increase Piston
3
the temperature and the homogeneity
Spark produced by the system
Ignition. Inflammation
of ignition
Transformation of linear motion Piston-Crankshaft-Connecting Rod Assembly
5 alternatives to the moving piston
circular of the engine tree.

6Regulation of motor movement Flywheel

Evacuation of burnt gases Conduit and exhaust valve

Opening and closing of valves Distribution organs

Engine lubrication An oil circuit

10 Engine cooling A water or air circuit

b- Theoretical 4-stroke cycle:

Name of the time Position

Movement
valves Operations
Piston Crankshaft Enter- Escape-

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

sion spice
Descend of Admission of the mixture
0° - 180° Open closed.
Admission PMH to PMB in the cylinder
Compression of the mixture
Mount of to increase the
180° - 360° closed. closed.
Compression PMB to PMH. temperature and
homogeneity
A candle produces a
spark that ignites the
Explosion Descend from
360° - 520° closed. closed. mix. This one explodes.
Détente PMH to PMB
This explosion causes
the descent of the piston.
Mount of
Evacuation of burnt gases
Exhaust PMB to PMH. 520° - 720° closed. Open

2. COMPARISON OF DIESEL ENGINE AND GASOLINE ENGINE:

Functions ensured Organs Assured functions Organs
Time of
in in in in
cycle
the diesel engine operation the gasoline engine operation
Air aspiration Valves Aspiration of a Valves
of admission air-fuel mixture of admission
1. prepared and dosed by Carburetor or
Admission a carburetor or a injectors
injection system
essence
Very high compression Compression of
air 20 to 30 bars mix 8 to 12 bars
2. where heating at where warming up to
Compression 600ºC approximately. Around 300°C.
Volumetric ratio Volumetric ratio
from 16/1 to 24/1 from May 1 to November 1

Injection under high Pump Ignition of the mixture Igniter or

In the end
pressure (100 to 300 injection by spark magneto and
course
fuel rods Injector candle-powered electricity candles
of
who ignites ignition
compression
spontaneously upon contact
heated air
3. Combustion and expansion Combustion and
Combustion relaxation
or explosion

Gas evacuation Valves Evacuation of gases Valves

4.
burned exhaust burned exhaust
Exhaust

ADVANTAGES OF DIESEL ENGINE COMPARED TO

GAS ENGINE:
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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

• Best performance: thanks to the increase in the volumetric ratio

combustion is more complete and specific consumption is reduced (on average
200 g/kW/h compared to 330 g/kW/h for the gasoline engine.
The engine torque is more important and it remains significantly constant for the
low speeds.
The fuel used is cheaper.
The fire risks are lower because the flash point of diesel is higher.
higher than that of gasoline.
Exhaust gases are less toxic because they contain less oxide of
carbon.

4. DISADVANTAGES:
Mechanical components must be oversized.
The operating noise is high.
The temperature in the combustion chambers is high which implies a
more efficient cooling.
The cold start capability is worse than that of a spark-ignited engine.
ordered.

IX. CONSTITUTION OF THE 4-STROKE ENGINE

1. FIXED ORGANS:
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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

Task requested: Color and name the parts of the following figure.

2. THE MOVABLE ORGANS:

a- The connecting rod:

Requested work: Color and name the parts of the following figures.

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

b- The distribution:
Requested work: Color and name the parts of the following figures.

c- Application :
Requested work: Name the parts of the following figure.

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

CHAPTER
THE TRANSMISSION
III
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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

X. CONTEXTUALIZATION:

The transmission includes all the parts that transmit power from the
engine to the vehicle's wheels.

XI. FONCTION GLOBALE:

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Formateur :DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

XII. THE CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS OF TRANSMISSION:

Main function Service functions Associated subsystems

Clutch

Gearbox

Bridge

Tree of
transmission

XIII. CINEMATIC CHAIN:

5. FOR A SO-CALLED 'CLASSIC' REAR PROPULSION:

the clutch;
the gearbox;
3. the transmission tree;
4. the rear bridge.

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

6. FOR A FRONT OR REAR DRIVE SAID ALL

AT THE FRONT" OR "ALL AT THE BACK":

the clutch
the box bridge;
3. the transmission trees.

XIV. DISPOSITION VARIANTS:

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

CHAPTER
THE GROUND CONNECTION
IV

XV. DEFINITION :
The running gear usually includes the steering system,
braking system, the components of the front and rear suspensions, the wheels and the
tires.

XVI. THE STEERING SYSTEM:

1. DEFINITION :
The steering system allows a car to be directed along the trajectory
imposed by the driver.

2. OPERATING PRINCIPLE:
A traditional two-steering wheel direction includes:

the steering wheel and the steering shaft (or steering column),
the steering box responsible for converting a rotational motion of the
wing in translational movement,
the control and coupling arm which can be a rack,
the links ensuring the connection between the suspended part and the non-suspended part
suspended from the train director,

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

the steering wheel hubs that rotate around a nearby axis

from the vertical.
XVII. THE BRAKING SYSTEM:
1. DEFINITION :
A brake is a system that allows to slow down or even immobilize the parts in
movement of avehiclein the process of moving.

In a vehicle, the driver exerts effort on a control (pedalin

le cas d'une automobile, leverin the case of a two-wheeler and in the old ones
cars, etc.), and this effort istransmissionat the brake. This transmission can be made:
by cabletwo-wheeled) ;
by circuithydraulicvehicleautomobile, sometwo-wheeled) ;
by circuitpneumatic(trucks, trains) ;
byelectric circuit;
by mechanical circuit

2. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS:
Global function: level A-0

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

XVIII. THE ELEMENTS OF SUSPENSIONS:

1. DEFINITION :
The suspensions on a vehicle are the elements that connect the masses.
non suspendues (la roue, les systèmes de freinage, d'entraînement de roue, etc) aux
suspended masses (the chassis, the engine and all the vehicle components fixed to
chassis).

The use of suspension is required by the irregularities of the surface.

which moves the vehicle.
It reduces its impact on the machine,
avoiding breaks and excessive wear,
improving driving comfort
now the contact between the wheels and the ground despite its irregularities:
essential condition for road holding.

2. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUSPENSION:

We distinguish a large number of suspensions. In practice, their use
largely depends on the load to be transported, manufacturing costs, and the type
of vehicle
c- The leaf spring suspension

Leaf spring
straight blades trapezoidal plates
blades with ends
parabolic on a vehicle

MacPherson type suspension

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

Mac-Pherson type suspension used inautomobile

e- The oscillating axle suspension

Suspension of the oscillating bridge type used on the train
backautomobile

f- The double wishbone suspension

Double triangulation type suspension used in
car competition

The sliding suspension

Sliding suspension on aCMR

h- The suspension with outstretched arms (orswing arm)

Arm pull suspension used inautomobile, truckand

assault character
i- The telescopic suspension

Fork-type suspension for

motorcycle

j- Theoleopneumatic suspension

XIX. THE PNEUMATIC AND ITS WHEEL

1. FUNCTION:
Containing a volume of air at a pressure defined by the
constructor, this 'envelope' allows for:
carry the load.
ensure the transmission of acceleration couples and
braking.
participate in the suspension and comfort.
ensure the guidance of the vehicle.

IT IS THE ONLY ELEMENT OF CONTACT WITH THE ROAD.

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

The tire, not having a closed structure, is inseparable from the wheel.
to contain the air.

[Link] OF TIRES
Tire without inner tube otherwise
1
TUBE TYPE
Width of the sausage in mm.
Height / Width Ratio (e.g.:
3
60%).
Tire type: R = radial.
Rim diameter in inches.
5
1 inch = 25.4 mm
6Direction of rotation.

7 Load index. (e.g.: 82--- 475Kg)

Maximum speed index.
8
(ex : H ---- 210 Km/h)

3. WHEEL NORMALIZATION
Example of a wheel:
5.5 - J - 14 - 4 - 59 - FH

Rim width in inches. E.g.: 5.5

1

2 Rim edge profile. Ex: J.

3 Wheel diameter in inches. Ex: 14.

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

4 Number of fixing holes. Ex: 4.

5 Offset of rim in mm. Ex: 59.

Tire security device profile

6 Tubeless. Ex: FH

CHAPTER
CHASSIS - BODYWORK
V

XX. FUNCTION:
It constitutes the "framework" of the vehicle. It supports and assembles all the components.
mechanics. In addition, it participates in other secondary functions:
protection of the machinery and passengers against the elements.
passenger protection in case of an accident.
aesthetic aspect.
minimum energy required for its progression.

XXI. QUALITIES:
RIGIDITY: the organs must maintain constant relative positions.
LIGHTNESS: reduction of dead weight for fuel economy.
ROBUSTNESS: resistance to efforts, weight, and shocks transmitted by the wheels.
CENTER OF GRAVITY: as low as possible to improve handling.

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

XXII. DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS:

7. THE ELEMENTARY CHASSIS
Two beams called 'longerons',
are connected by cross ties and reinforced
by crossbars or gussets. Profiles in
In U = strength and lightness.

Bulky, heavy and not supportive

not the position of the center of gravity, these
chassis are used in heavy trucks, but
abandoned for a long time in vehicles of
classic tourism.

8. THE TUBULAR CHASSIS

The crossbeams, side rails, and support of
structures are made of tubes. Very lightweight system.

Used on racing cars.

9. LE CHASSIS PLATE-
SHAPE
Its architecture is similar to the framework.
elementary. Longitudinal members and cross members are
covered with a steel plate serving as a floor to
the bodywork. The rest of the bodywork is
generally screwed onto the chassis.

This system was abandoned during the

disappearance of the Citroën 2CV and Renault 4.

10. THE BEAM FRAME

Mainly made up of a beam
central (tube), it is completed by elements
lateral supports (body support) and 'forks'
AV and AR, supporting the powertrain group
as well as the rolling trains.

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A.T.F.P / CSFM BORJ CEDRIA Trainer: DHAOU SLAHEDDINE

11. THE CHASSIS - HULL

Combined chassis and monoblock shell. It is
made of stamped steel sheet elements
(0.6 to 1.5 mm), whose assembly is carried out by
electric or spot welding.

Front and rear reinforcements to support the

mechanical organs.

12. THE CABINET FRAME

A frame or 'unit' receives the elements
mechanics. This lower set is fixed
on a classic shell by connections
elastic (silent blocks).

This particular technique, used

on the Citroën CX, brings improvements
regarding:
comfort (vibration filtration).
secondary safety: dissipation of
energy in the event of front or rear impacts.

13. PARTICULAR CASE

Certain vehicles whose bodies
are made of 'plastic' (composite materials),
are equipped with a welded steel set and
perforated, serving as a frame. The elements of
The bodywork is fixed by gluing and riveting.

Chapter 1: Identification of characteristics Module M 02: Introduction to the automobile