Understanding Wind Load on Structures
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ScribdTranslationsUnderstanding Wind Load on Structures
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsWIND LOAD
Any of the forces exerted by a mass of moving air that causes
a pressure in certain parts of the structure, while suction occurs in
others.
Wind loads are the forces exerted by the kinetic energy of a mass.
of moving air assuming it comes from any horizontal direction
The structure, components, and cladding of a building must be designed to withstand
the sliding, the lifting, or the overturning induced by the wind.
The wind exerts a positive pressure in a horizontal direction on the vertical surfaces of
windward side of a building and in a direction perpendicular to the surfaces of the windward roofs that
have an inclination greater than 30°.
The design wind pressure is a minimum design value of static pressure.
equivalent on the exterior surfaces of a structure that results from a
critical wind speed, equal to a reference wind pressure measured at a
height of 10 m (33’) modified by various coefficients that take into account the effects
of the exposure conditions, the height of the building, the wind gusts, and the geometry
and orientation of the structure with respect to the incident airflow.
• A amplification factor can increase the design values of wind or of the
seismic forces in a building due to its large occupancy, its content
potentially dangerous, or its essential nature in the face of a hurricane or an earthquake.
Vibration refers to the rapid oscillations of a flexible cable or structure.
of membranes caused by the aerodynamic effects of the wind.
The tall and slender buildings, the structures with complex or unusual shapes and the
flexible and lightweight structures subject to vibrations require testing in a tunnel
wind or computer modeling to investigate how they respond to the
wind pressure distribution.
It is verified by the action of this on the surfaces, which translates into a force of
push or suction. They are of little importance in low buildings, important in
the highs, of low self-weight and very important in metal structures.
The force of the wind increases with height.
The force of the wind decreases with the roughness of the terrain. The rougher it is,
the weaker is the force.
WIND
All structures are subject to the action of the wind, especially those over 2 or 3.
high-rise buildings or in those areas where wind speed is significant or
in which, due to their shape, they are more vulnerable to aerodynamic effects. In the case
of steel structures, due to their relatively low weight and large surfaces
exposed to the action of the wind, wind loads can be more significant than the
loads due to the earthquake.
GENERALITIES
The distribution and value of the pressures exerted by the wind on a building and the
resultant forces depend on the shape and dimensions of the construction, of the
characteristics and the permeability of its surface, as well as the direction,
the intensity and gustiness of the wind.
The wide variety in size and shape, type of exposure to the wind,
Local topography as well as the fortuitous nature of the wind tends to complicate the problem.
The characteristics of these flows can only be established through observations.
directly at full scale or by using wind tunnel testing.
ACTION OF THE WIND
The action of wind, generally a force perpendicular to the surface at each point.
exposed, or static pressure, which can be expressed as:
Where
p: Intensity of equivalent static pressure;
Cp: Coefficient that depends on the shape of the structure;
Cr: Coefficient that depends on the magnitude of the wind gust speeds and
of vertical flexibility.
q = Intensity of the dynamic action of the wind, where:
ρ: Air density;
v: design wind speed at height H above the ground at which p is calculated, or a
characteristic height of the structure.
The buildings will be checked against the action of the wind in all directions,
regardless of the existence of adjoining party wall constructions,
although generally it will be enough to consider two sensibly orthogonal
any. For each address, the action in both directions must be considered.
The action of wind also generates tangential forces parallel to the surface.
They are calculated as the product of the external pressure by the coefficient of
friction, with a value equal to 0.01 if the surface is very smooth, for example, steel
aluminum, 0.02 if it is rough as in the case of concrete, and 0.04 if it is very rough,
as in the case of the existence of waves, ribs, or folds.
TYPICAL WIND FLOW AROUND BUILDINGS
A typical flow situation is illustrated in the following figure; where the flows are
slower or decelerated as they approach the building, resulting in a
positive pressure on the side facing the flow (windward side). When the building
it obstructs the wind flow, the flow turns around the corners and roof
a negative pressure or suction is generated on the extreme walls and some
portion of the roofs (leeward and windward faces)
The pressures in this area are not stable or uniform; however, it has been established.
that the flows do not change appreciably with a change in wind speed. The
the pressures acting on a roof depend completely on its slope; they are
generally positive in the windward area for inclinations greater than 30 degrees
but for lesser slopes, the windward side of the roof may be subject to
severe suction that reaches a maximum at an angle of 10 degrees
approximately. Under conditions of extreme winds, these suctions can overcome
the self-weight required for this case, an adequate anchoring system.
WIND SPEED
For the statistical analysis of maximum wind speeds, the data must be
reliable and official; in Peru, SENAMHI is the entity responsible for processing and
collect this information and estimate its probability of occurrence incorporating this
information on regional wind maps. The designer must consider the wind map
from the specific area where it will be built.
WIND MAP OF PERU
DESIGN PRESSURE
The occurrence of pressures or suctions (p) caused by wind on vertical surfaces,
horizontal or sloped elements of a building will be considered simultaneously and will
They will be perpendicular to the surface on which they act. The wind load
it depends on the shape of the building. It is defined as
load 'p' per unit area (kg/m2) as:
Where:
Cp: pressure coefficient.
Cr: gust coefficient.
dynamic pressure = 0.005V2
given V in Km/hr and defined in the Wind Map. In no case will dynamics be taken.
less than q = 15 kg/m2
The pressure coefficient will be calculated by evaluating the internal depression coefficients.
(Cpi) and the external pressure coefficient (Cpe). Therefore, the pressure coefficient,
Cp is given by:
When the opening percentage (n) in any of the walls of the construction is
greater than 30%, the pressures or suctions consider Cpi as follows:
If the opening is on the windward side, Cpi = 0.80
If the opening is on the leeward side, Cpi = -0.50
When n is less than 30%, it will be considered:
If the opening is on the windward side
If the opening is on the leeward side
If there is no opening, it will be taken.
The following is a summary table of some Cpi values.
When it is considered that the wind attack direction is completely
perpendicular to the building, the external pressure coefficient (Cpe) will take the following
valores:
If the wall is located on the windward side and perpendicular to the direction of
vientoCpe = +0.90.
If the wall is on the leeward side and perpendicular to the direction of the
vientoCpe = -0.50
If the ceiling is slanted at an angle θ with respect to the horizontal, how is it
muestra en la figura y en la cara a barlovento, el valor deCpese determinara de la
next table:
The Burst coefficient Cr for structures whose slenderness or horizontal dimensions
reduced, and whose long vibration periods favor the occurrence of vibrations,
for example buildings with a height/width ratio of 5 and a fundamental period of 2 seconds
with heights greater than 20 m, it is recommended to use a value of Cr=1.7. In the case of
Buildings that possess slenderness and shorter periods than specified can be used.
a burst coefficient Cr=1.0.
APPLICATION EXAMPLE:
Calculation of the pressures produced by the wind on an industrial building with a gabled roof.
waters.
1. DATA The vessel is located in Ica. Its geometry and dimensions are indicated in the
figure.
The example will serve to analyze three types of cases:
A) Closed, without openings
B) Without a wall in the front part
C) Without a wall on the side
Each model with its respective wind directions
SOLUTION
2. DESIGN SPEED
Considering its location and regarding the structure as permanent, of
Wind Map is obtained:
v = 55 km/h (1)
3. DYNAMIC PRESSURE
q = 0.005 v2= 0.005 (55)^2= 15 kg/m2
ANNEX