ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Chapter 6: Three-Phase Synchronous Machine

Three-phase synchronous alternator

Three-phase synchronous motor
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Introduction:
The synchronous machine is most often used as a generator, it
It is called alternator. The power generation plants
are equipped with three-phase alternators;
The synchronous machine is reversible and can also operate in
synchronous motor. Its efficiency is excellent.

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THE ENERGY
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2
Mechanical losses + Iron losses + Joule losses
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

1. Operation in generator mode: alternator

1.1. Constituents:
In generator operation, it is driven by a device.
mechanics to produce alternating electric energy of which the
frequency is proportional to the rotation speed;
A synchronous machine consists of a stator and a rotor.

Stator

Rotor

3
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

The stator or armature:

•Composed of a stack of laminated ferromagnetic sheets. The internal part
The tour to the underworld is notched and carries a three-phase winding to
poles per phase. It is in this winding that forces are created
induced electromotives.
The winding of the three-phase stator consists of three staggered windings.
in relation to the other at 120°, usually connected in a star.

4
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

The rotor or inductor (polar wheel):

door north pole and south pole (succession of poles alternately north
and south), it consists of a winding (electromagnet) wrapped around the rotor
and powered by the direct current called inducing current or current
of excitement The rotor creates the magnetic field and the magnetic flux.
inductor in the magnetic circuit;

Rotor to = magnetic poles

5
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

This winding is sometimes replaced by permanent magnets especially

in the field of small and medium powers.

magnet
permanent

permanent magnet

6 =
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

When the inductor is wound, it is powered through two

rings on which two brushes connected to the power source rub
continue outside;
The collector is simpler, more robust, and cheaper than for the
direct current machine (without commutation);
Possibility to control the value of the electromotive force that depends on the
excitation current.

brooms

rings
rings
brooms
7
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

1.2. Alternator technology: The rotor

Salient pole rotor:
A salient pole machine (with a variable air gap) is used for
the low rotor speeds, high torque (hydraulic power plants); it has
several pairs of poles corresponding to the different speeds of
turbines;
The poles are connected to the tree, each pole has a winding.
is placed around the polar nuclei.

nuclei
polar
enrollment
8
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Squirrel cage rotor:

A smooth pole machine is used for high speeds.
(turbo alternators of thermal power plants or nuclear power plants at 2
or 4 poles);
The rotor is a solid cylinder (with a constant air gap), the turns of the
Winding are housed in notches made on the rotor.

9
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Structure of a machine with 2 pairs of poles on the stator and rotor. The stator.
It has two coils per phase and consequently two pairs of poles per phase.
Example:
Stator with 12 evenly spaced notches;
We therefore have 4 notches per phase, that is
2 pairs of notches per winding phase:
Phase 1: diametrical winding 1-7 in series
with 4-10;
Phase 2: diameter winding 5-11 in series
with 2-8;
Phase 3: diametral winding 3-9 in series
with 6-12.
The windings of the stator are staggered by
60°.
Note: considering the power, the rotation speed of the turbine
impose the number of pairs of poles:
Steam turbines, / ⟹ = ,
High-head hydraulic turbines, / ⟹ = , along the way
10
the water / ⟹ =
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

1.3. Symbols of the synchronous machine

The symbols used to represent the synchronous machine, whether it is operating
in engine or in generator

1 2 3 1 2 3

Inductor
Inductor

Indigenous
Induit
+ - + -

MS with wound rotor Permanent magnet motor

11
 Three-phase asynchronous machine
1.4. Creation of electromotive forces
The rotor winding is powered by direct current (or with a magnet)
permanent) creates a magnetic field ;
The rotor is driven by a turbine or a diesel engine at speed
constant = (rad/s); produces the rotating shaft at the same speed;
Each coil of the stator is subjected to a variable magnetic flux and it
then create a sinusoidal alternating current at the ends of each
stator winding.

When the poleThe rotor is facing the 1

phase 1 coil of the stator, the flux at
through the spirals of this phase is
maximum. One half turn later, the pole
Facing this reel, the flow is N
minimum. S
The flux through the coil passes through its
maximum each round; 3 2
The flow through this phase is therefore
12
alternative. bipolar MS =
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Study of the e.m.f per phase: Bipolar alternator

•Let there be a stator coil consisting of spires, on note the angle between
the axis of a north pole of the rotor and the axis of phase 1 of the stator. We take
= = ; so = ;
If = and if the induction is sinusoidal distribution in space;
The flux received by a coil of phase 1 is: = . = ( )
The induced emf in the coil of phase 1 of the stator is:
=− = ( )
The emf is sinusoidal with a frequency equal to the rotor's rotation speed.
= and frequency equal to the rotation frequency = (tr/s), of
effective value = ; = is the maximum flow;
The effective value is proportional to the rotation speed the rotor
and to the inducing flow , constant if it is produced by magnets,
adjustable by the direct current of excitation if the inductor is wound;
The windings of phases 2 and 3 of the stator are identical to phase 1.
but shifted by and ;
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine
We thus obtain a balanced three-phase system of electromotive force:
= ( )
= ( − )

= ( − )

General case: multipolar alternator 1

Let's consider a multipolar MS at poles
the polar wheel rotating in front of a coil
from the stator to the angular velocity of rotation
= ; is the rotation frequency; N S
The rotor is composed of each spool
staggered between each other by ;
S N
The flow through the surface of the coil passes
by its maximum each half-turn of the rotor;
The frequency of the flow will be the frequency of
rotation of the rotor multiplied by two (the Tetrapolar machine
number of pole pairs ); =
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine
The induced emf at the terminals of phase 1 is always sinusoidal, but of
frequency = , hence of pulsing = ;
The windings of phases 2 and 3 of the stator are identical to phase 1.
but shifted by and we get a balanced three-phase system of electromotive force
of frequency out of phase with each other by ;
The effective value of the induced electromotive forces is:
= = ,
Effect of non-sinusoidal flux distribution
For machines where the inductive flux has salient poles. The induction
The length of the gap is not sinusoidal according to the variation of the thickness of
the underframe,
In practice, the effective value of the voltage induced per phase is given
by: =
the Kapp coefficient related to the construction of the machine (it
takes into account both the non-sinusoidal distribution of the flow and the
distribution of the conductors of a phase at the periphery of the stator), it
belongs to the interval [2.20, 2.60] for three-phase machines;
= stator current frequency in (Hz);
15
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

number of series conductors of a phase ( = / );

maximum useful flux produced by a pole of the inductor (in Wb).
1.5. Empty characteristic: = ( )
When empty, the armature does not output any current; it is noted by varying
The rotor is driven at a constant nominal speed. = = ;
The effective value the emf depends on the magnetic flux who is
adjustable by the direct current of excitation the rotor;
The no-load characteristic = ( ) is therefore Point of
functioning
a magnetization curve of the material not nominal ≈
ferromagnetic of the machine (with
saturation and hysteresis phenomenon; saturation
The operating point is located at B
saturation code (between A and B), this limits A
also the variations of the electromotive force for a =
perturbation given of the excitation current;
At point A the machine is underutilized,
beyond point B, the machine is saturated
(increase in losses) and the adjustment of the
f.e.m is delicate. Internal characteristic of the MS
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

1.6. Generator under load

Synchronism
When the alternator is loaded, the stator is the seat of induced currents.
(stator currents). These currents in turn create a field
stator magnetic ;
The rotor field (inductor) and the stator field turn in
the same direction and at the same speed called synchronism speed
= ;
Induced magnetic reaction (IMR)
Induced currents create an additional flow called the reaction of the induced.
which overlaps the inducing flow to provide a resulting flow
who creates the resulting electromotive force different from the open-circuit voltage
produced by the inducing flow only.
The resulting flow is expressed by the relationship:
= +
The RMI reduces the induced flow and results in a decrease in the electromotive force.
charge. The resulting electromotive force (emf) under load is given by:
= +
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

If the machine is not saturated:

=− =−
=− =−
=− =−
The angular displacement between these two inductions depends on the phase shift.
between the induced f.e.m. and the induced current in a phase.
Yes and are out of phase by , the phase shift, in electrical angle of the fields
turning and est: = + .
For each phase, we have:
• late by in relation to ;
• late by in relation to ;
• late by in relation to ;
• is in phase with ;
Note:
In a multipole alternator:
é
= . é ; = ; =

18
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Organization of rotating fields in a loaded alternator and the

Corresponding vector diagram:

Fresnel diagram

Equivalent circuit of a phase

Hypotheses:
The charge is balanced,
The rotor has smooth poles,
The magnetic circuit of the machine is unsaturated ( = . ),
The regime is sinusoidal: all quantities are sinusoidal over time.
or of space.
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Behn-Eschenburg Diagram
Notations:
simple tension between phase and neutral,
current in a phase wire,
phase shift between current and voltage,
The induced flow corresponds to the existence of a synchronous inductance. by
phase of the armature;
On the other hand, each stator winding has a resistance. .
To study the three-phase alternator, one models one phase of the alternator by
a f.e.m in series with a resistor and a reactance = ,
called synchronous reactance.

- 3
N
Equivalent circuit of a phase
from the machine
20
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

The general operating equations of the synchronous machine:

= + +
Behn-Eschenburg diagram (very commonly used in practice):
Note:
The angle what does and is called
internal angle. This angle is
characteristic of the mode of
operation of the machine
(Motor or generator), as well as
for the operation of the machine;
• is proportional to the speed of
rotation = = );
In practice, we can neglect
in front of .
Determination of the elements of the diagram
The resistance of each stator winding is measured with the
volt-ampere method in direct current (it is assumed that the
the stator windings are connected in star, between two terminals one
measure );
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Synchronous reactance is determined with two tests, a test at

empty to measure the emf and a short-circuit test under excitation
reduced to measure < ;

Empty test, at nominal speed = Short-circuit test, to =

= 1 1
A
2 2
V
- 3 - 3
A A
N

The emf is known by the open-circuit characteristic = ( ) at speed

nominal
We draw the short-circuit characteristic. = ( ) at nominal speed;
In short circuit: = + ; = ;
So: = ; = + ; = +
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

If the machine is not saturated:

The no-load characteristic is linear: = ;
The short-circuit characteristic is also linear: = =
= ;
Thus, we obtain the internal impedance of a phase of the alternator: =
;

= =
B
C
A

For the same excitation current we observe and the impedance is

donc: = = from where the synchronous reactance = −
Note: = is constant in the unsaturated zone and decreases in
the saturated zone.
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Electrical characteristic under load: = ( )

The three-phase alternator is driven at a constant speed. = it feeds
a balanced load (standalone alternator not connected to the grid);
The intensity of the excitation current is kept constant. = ;
The phase shift of the tension in relation to the current is imposed by the
charge;
Yes , so is set, the Behn-Eschenburg diagram allows to
calculate the tension obtained for a flow rate and a power factor
data;
= YLI = L, WR
•Starting from point 0, we build and
We know and therefore the direction of M =
the intersection with the circle centered at
of 0 and radius give the end of
.
Note: If we want to ensure a voltage
imposed, for a flow and a phase shift
= L, 4AV
given, we construct the diagram that
O
give the f.e.m necessary and consequently the
excitation current .
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

The characteristic is different in 3 cases:

• Resistive charge: the voltage decreases as the current increases, the drop
the load voltage is:
∆ = − >
Inductive charge: the voltage drop is stronger,∆ >
•Capacitive charge: the voltage decreases less, or even increases if the
the charge is highly capacitive when the current increases∆ < .

= ; = ; =

< Charge capacitive

= Resistive charge
> Inductive charging

Electrical characteristics under load

25
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Adjustment characteristic: = ( )
To maintain an imposed tension = = for a factor of
given power = just vary the emf by the
excitation current adjustment at nominal speed = ;
The greater the voltage drop, the greater the excitation current.
For heavily inductive loads (strong phase lag), the maintenance
of = when increased up to requires an excitation current
excessive.
> Charge
= ; =
inductive
= Charge
resistive

< Charge
capacitive
O

26
Alternator adjustment characteristic
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

1.7. Power balance and efficiency

Absorbed power:
The alternator receives mechanical power from the turbine or the engine.
auxiliary that trains it, noted = ; with is the moment of
useful couple exercised on the rotor [ . ] and the angular speed of the shaft
[ / ] If the rotation frequency expressed in [ / ]. ], then =
, if it is expressed in [ / so = .
The excitation power supply of the inductor absorbs electrical power.
= , with is the voltage across the inductor.
The absorbed power is:
= +
Note:
If the alternator is a permanent magnet, = .
Useful power:
The useful electrical power is that supplied at the output of the alternator.
synchronous to supply a balanced three-phase load with a factor of
power , which absorbs an intensity :
= =
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Joule losses:
Losses due to Joule effect in the inductor: = = , with is the
inductor resistance;
Losses due to Joule effect in the armature: = = , with is there
resistance of a phase of the stator and the intensity online, and is the
resistance measured between two terminals of the stator.
Mechanical losses:
Losses due to imperfections in mechanical components: , who does not
dependent only on the rotation frequency ,
The losses due to the ventilation of the alternator,
The losses due to friction of the alternator shaft in its bearings,
Ferromagnetic losses:
Losses in the magnetic circuit of the stator (due to hysteresis and eddy currents)
of Foucault): ,
These losses depend only on the frequency stator tensions
inductance and the maximum magnetic flux .

28
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Constant collective losses:

Represents the mechanical losses and iron losses of the alternator:
= +
These losses are determined by measuring the power absorbed during
empty test for a nominal rotating speed and a tension
nominal They are independent of the load.

Losses
Iron Loss at
Power mechanics:
stator
absorbed Rotor Power
useful
Stator
Power Electric power
mechanics magnetic

Interfere
Joule losses rotor: Joule losses stator:
= =
29
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Efficiency of the alternator

The yield is:

== =
∑
+ + + +
Note:
The alternators (with wound excitation) used in power plants
can have powers on the order of 1000 MW. Even with a
99% efficiency under nominal conditions, there remains 10 MW of heat to
evacuate.
Electromagnetic couple
The interaction between the rotor field and the induced currents in the stator
generates an electromagnetic couple It is easy to calculate one's
expression from the equivalent diagram.
Electromagnetic power , corresponding to the couple
electromagnetic is written:
= + + = − − = − =
If we neglect the losses ( ≈ ) then: ≈ ≈
= ≈
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

In this hypothesis, the Behn-Eschenburg diagram simplifies.

is negligible),
According to the diagram, we can write:
= = ; = =
Where from: = = =
The couple = can be written by the following expressions:
= = ; = ;
M
In alternator operation,
the electromagnetic couple
is resistant, therefore opposed to the
rotation speed; the torque
is therefore maximal when =
O H
It is therefore necessary that the e.m.f and B
the current in laundry be in
phase (or = ).

31
A
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

2. Synchronous machine coupled to the grid

We couple a synchronous machine to a three-phase network in order to:
to provide additional power to this network: the machine
synchronous then behaves like an alternator;
to produce mechanical power: the synchronous machine behaves
so in synchronous motor.
2.1. Coupling conditions of an alternator to the grid
The effective value of induced electromotive forces in the alternator must be equal to
those of tensions of the network, which is achieved by adjusting the current
of excitement ;
The frequency of the induced EMF in the alternator must be the same as
that of the network tensions, which is achieved by adjusting the speed
machine training;
The induced emf in the alternator must be in phase with that of the
network tensions;
The sequence of phases ( , , the alternator must be the same as
that of the network , , ).
If these conditions are met, then no current flows between
the alternator and the grid, we can therefore couple the alternator.
32
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Synchronization of the alternator to the network using lamps

The alternator is driven by the turbine or an auxiliary motor (in it
providing just its empty parts) at a speed close to the speed of
synchronism ;
3 lamps mounted on either side of the coupling switch;
These lamps are powered at the voltages = − (these lamps
must withstand the tension );
By acting on we solve the equality = with the voltmeter.

′
k1

k2
V
′
k3
′
−
33
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

The three tensions ( ′ , ′ , ′ variant at the frequency −

If the order of the phases is correct, the three voltages ( ′ , ′ , ′ variant
simultaneously and the three lamps turn on or off together.
If the order of the phases is incorrect, the lights turn on and off.
one after the other. It is necessary to change the order of the phases
at the level of the coupling switch (reverse two phases).
We adjust the speed so that the brightness of the lamps varies slowly and we
link the alternator to the lights turning off, by adjusting = .
At the collision = , then = .
Synchronization devices The alternator
Synchronoscope: turn less quickly
It is equipped with a motor. increase the
asynchronous whose speed of speed of
the alternator
rotation depends on the difference
between the network frequencies and
of the alternator The alternator
spin faster
The coupling is done in passing. decrease it
by zero of the needle (the lamps speed of
extinguished), ( = ). the alternator
34
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Differential voltmeter:
Measures the difference between alternator and network voltages;
Coupling occurs when the needle passes through zero, in this case = .

Alternatortension Alternatortension
lower than the voltage greater than the
of the network: network tension:
increase the tension lower the tension of
of the alternator the alternator

Frequency meter:
Two frequency meters allow for
measure and compare the frequencies of Network
network and the alternator.
Alternator

35
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Installation of synchronization equipment:

Hz V

Sync

V
k1

k2

V
k3
Alternator
Hz

Note: In modern power plants, synchronization is done

automatically (digital control modules, which measure the voltages,
frequencies and phase shifts of the alternator and the grid) at the precise moment when
the coupling conditions are met.
36
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Effect of the torque applied to the synchronous machine

It is assumed that the network is at voltage and frequency constant:
At the time of coupling:
The current is zero = , and if we overlook the losses, the mechanical couple
provided by the turbine or the auxiliary drive motor is also
negligible, so we have = so = ;
After the coupling:
If we increase the mechanical torque we open the floodgates of the
turbine), three-phase currents then appear. such as: = +
(neglecting The power provided by the turbine or the engine
Training is transmitted to the network: the synchronous machine operates
in alternator. M

O O
Diagram just after the coupling Diagram after the
coupling in
37
operation of the alternator
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

The alternator absorbs mechanical power. = > and debits

an active power in the network: = > ,
The f.e.m are ahead compared to the tensions of the network .
If the applied couple is negative, that is to say if we replace the turbine with
a mechanical load, the electromagnetic torque from the machine
synchronous becomes a motor pair and changes sign like .
The synchronous machine operates as a synchronous motor; it absorbs a
active power of the network = ′ < , with = − is the current
absorbed by the engine. It provides mechanical power = <
f.é.m are lagging behind the network tensions .
Note:
The operation of the alternator or motor depends solely on the direction of
applied mechanical couple.
′
O

M
38 Diagram of engine operation
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Maximum active power and maximum torque

Let's recall the expression of power. active and the couple depending on
of the internal angle : = ; =
Constant excitation = the maximum power and the maximum torque
are obtained for = ; therefore: = ; = =

> ⟺ >

− −

Stable zones:
− / < < /

Engine: < Alternator >

39
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

In steady state: = − = ; thus =

If the alternator is idle = , so = = , from where = ;
Yes increase increase and the angle increase, If one seeks to
exceed the limit > by increasing the turbine torque
> ), so administer and the angle surpasses / Starting from
the equation: = − the speed increase and surpass .
The alternator disconnects and loses its synchronization with the grid. There is a risk.
of excitement.
The rotor starts to rotate faster than the rotating field of the stator and
intense currents will flow through this one.
In practice, this condition never occurs because the circuit breakers of
protection opens immediately if the current becomes very high.
Note:
In engine operation, if one seeks to exceed the maximum power
> by increasing the resistant torque of the driven load
> ), the engine loses its synchronization and stalls. The torque
engine decreases and the rotor slows down and starts to turn slower than the
40 rotating stator field then it stops = − ; ↘⟹ ↘).
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

2.2. Diagram of active and reactive power

The tension and the frequency the rotation speed = / ) are
imposed by the network;
To simplify the study, we neglect ( ≪ ).
Reading of the powers on the voltage diagram:
The active and reactive powers supplied to the network:
= ; =
The projection of AM on two orthogonal axes gives:
= ; =
Where from: O
= = ; = = ; =

P1 M

O A Q1
41
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

As = and are fixed, the two axes AP and AQ can be

graduated in values of active power and reactive power to a
coefficient close = ;
The point M with coordinates (P1, Q1) represents the operating point.
We can trace the location of M:
À = right AM;
À = line P1M;
À = right Q1M;
À = circle with center A and radius AM;
À = ( = : circle with center 0 and radius OM;
The operating point can be located in one of the four quadrants.
according to the sign of active and reactive powers.
It is enough to act on the effective value of the electromotive force. , that is to say on
the excitation current .
We maintain the sign convention represented on the Alternator
equivalent circuit diagram of the machine:
generator convention Engine
Yes > , the operation is alternator;
42
yes < the operation is engine.
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

1ercase: > and > The synchronous machine operates as an alternator

overexcited > ): which provides active power and power
reactive to the network.

P M

O A Q
2thcas: > and < The synchronous machine operates as an alternator
under-excited < who provides active power to the network and absorbs
a reactive power of the network.
M P

O Q A
43
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

3thcase: < and >

The synchronous machine operates as an over-excited motor:
•Who absorbs active power from the network;
• Who provides reactive power to the network.

O A Q

P M
4nthcase< and <
The synchronous machine operates as an under-excited motor:
•Who absorbs active power from the network;
•Who absorbs reactive power from the network.

O Q A

44 M P
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

5èmecase: < and =

The synchronous machine operates as a motor with normal excitation. =
) which only absorbs active power from the network;
Note 1:
The synchronous machine is the only machine that can operate as a motor.
à = .
The synchronous motor has an adjustable power factor;

O A

P M
Synchronous compensator:
A synchronous motor running idle has zero active power. =
(couple zero resistance), and whose sole function is to provide or absorb
reactive power on the network by adjusting the excitation according to the
needs. The overexcited generator (supplies reactive power to the grid) allows
45 to improve the power factor of an installation.
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

The operating point moves along the AQ axis.

Under-excited, it absorbs reactive power and behaves like
a variable inductor;
Over-excited, it provides reactive power and behaves like a
variable capacitor.
2.3. Operation at constant active power
The alternator being connected to the grid. We adjust the turbine so that the
applied mechanical couple remains constant = ;
The synchronous machine supplies a constant active power to the network.
= .
If we vary , varied, the point M moves along the line of ordinate
= (right of equipotential).
= M3 M2 P M0 M1
yes increase believe, the
point M moves towards the
right. The alternator can
provide or absorb of the
reactive power on the
network. O A Q
46
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Note:
The adjustment of the flow of the turbine sets the mechanical torque applied and
determine the active power that the machine can provide to the grid;
The excitation current determines the reactive power exchanged with the
network

Mordey curves: = ( )
The excitation current also allows to adjust the value of the factor of
power ;
to the left of the active power axis AP ( < ), if the value of
increase the current supply to the network decreases;
on the axis of active powers AP ( = , = ), the current pass
by a minimum;
to the right of the active power axis AP ( > ), if the value of
increase, the current increase;
We plot the current variation curves. depending on the current
of excitement à = , = and = , we obtain the curves of
Mordey.

47
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Note:
For the operation in synchronous motor, the same network is obtained.
of curves:

= = >
=

< absorbed > provided

2.3. Operating limits or envelope

The machine is connected to a powerful network. = ; = . The limits of
the machines are in 2 areas:
Electrical domain: < ; < ⟺ < ; < ;
Mechanical domain: < ⟺ < ; = ;
48
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Maximum power:
For a constant excitation = the power supplied or absorbed
the network by the machine is limited by a maximum ;
When the mechanical couple on the shaftAmax
the alternator increases, the power
active provided to the network increases;
Alternator
the operating point shifts
according to a circle with center O and radius
going from point A1until reaching A1
=
AmaxBesides this point, the
active power decreases.
When the resisting couple on the shaft
increase the power of the engine O A
active absorbed from the network increases;
The operating point shifts M1
according to a circle with center O and radius
moving from point M1 until reaching
MmaxAside from this point, the Mmax
active power decreases. − Engine
49
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Vector diagram with operating limits (operating range):

The f.e.m. is limited by
the saturation of the circuit
⟺
magnetic, to a value
:
The current delivered must Amax
be less than or equal to its
nominal value :
circle centered at A and of
rayon ;
The angle must be
less than 90°. For
maintain a margin of
security and avoid
dropping out, we fix in
general a limit
less than close to 90°:
− < < , Mmax
corresponding to
< and < .
50
 Three-phase asynchronous machine

3. Operation in synchronous motor

3.1. Operating principle:
The stator powered by a three-phase voltage system , , ) creates a
rotating field in the air gap.
This magnetic field rotates at the speed of rotation. = in (rad/s)
= ; = in (tr/s); = with the network frequency
of feeding the stator windings, and the number of pairs of
poles.
The rotor composed of pairs of poles will then align with the field
turning. The rotor rotates synchronously at the same speed of
rotation that the rotating field of the stator. = ;
This speed is therefore related to the frequency of the network, and since the frequency
the network is constant, the speed of the motor is rigorously
constant.
The speed it varies neither with the load ( ), nor with the tension
of network power supply ).

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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

3.2. Equivalent circuit of a phase:

When the engine is running, the flow created by the rotating field of the rotor,
induces a [Link] in the stator which depends on the direct current of excitation
;
When the engine is running idle, and if we adjust the excitation so that = ,
the current absorbed by the stator windings is almost nil ≈ ,
If a load is applied to the motor, the current increase shifts
behind the corner in relation to ;
This gives the equivalent scheme and the vector diagram: = + +

Efficiency of a synchronous motor:

∑
== =
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

with
• = + the active power absorbed;
• = the mechanical power developed on the engine shaft and
provided at the expense;
• Joule losses in the rotor;
• Joule losses in the stator;
• collective losses;
Iron Loss at
Losses
Power stator
mechanics:
absorbed
Stator
Interfere Rotor
Power Electro power
active magnetic

Power
useful
Joule losses stator: Joule losses rotor:
= =
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

3.3. Starting the synchronous motor

A synchronous motor, directly powered by a three-phase network
constant amplitude and frequency tension, presents a pair of
zero startup (the rotor has zero speed at startup) ≠ , cannot
do not hang the stator rotating field);
The synchronous motor cannot start alone directly on the network.
frequency fix;
The synchronous motor can develop a high torque in the vicinity of
synchronism (it needs to be hooked to the network).
We use one of the three starting methods:
Training in the vicinity of synchronism:
For the great powers, the engine is started like an alternator.
by bringing it close to synchronism with an auxiliary motor.
Variable frequency drive:
For medium power, the engine is generally powered by a
variable speed drives (variable voltage and frequency);
Low frequency voltage autopilot will allow the startup
progressive (starting with low speeds) and imposing a
couple important from the start.
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Start-up in asynchronous motor:

For low powers, asynchronous starting is possible;
that is to say a direct supply to the stator, the rotor being unpowered.
The induced currents on the rotor ensure the starting. The polar wheel is
driven by the continuous excitement when its speed is close to the
synchronism.
The engine is therefore attached, it
turns at its synchronous speed under
the effect of continuous change
the polarity of the stator poles.
Synchronous motor at no load:
When the synchronous motor
idling, the rotor poles
are in relation to the poles of
turning field = ; =
);
Alignment of the rotor poles
and of the stator of a motor
synchronous.
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Synchronous motor under load:

When the mechanical load applied to the motor shaft increases, the
current increased, the axes of and shift from the angle ;
The rotor tends to shift backward from the central axis of the stator. ↗⟹
↗).

The angle of offset between the axis of

poles of the rotor and the axis of the stator
increases as the load
increase;
If the load becomes too
important, the poles of the rotor
detach the stator poles,
thus causing the engine to stop
( > ⟹ > ⟹ →
);
The greater the shift, the more the
stator current absorbed by the
network grows.
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

3.4. Autopiloted synchronous motor

Variable frequency powered motor by electronic converters
of power (inverter). This allows for the starting and operation
in a wide range of speed and torque, and eliminate the risk of
loss of non-autopilot synchronized engines.
Autopilot consists, through a feedback loop, in adjusting
the angle between the stator and rotor fields.
Motor powered with adjustable voltage and frequency: =
The stator tensions are imposed by the inverter:
The expression of the electromagnetic couple is: =
In synchronism = thus = , for = :
We obtain: =

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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

The rotation speed of a synchronous motor depends solely on its

feeding frequency;
Yes augment increases, therefore increase;
If increase, increase;
If exceed , decreases, if the engine power decreases, decrease, there is no
more desynchronization (dropout).

Order structure:

Crankshaft
MS
Rectifier Inverter 3
Filter Sensor of
position
∗ who identifies
( , , )
∗ Order the axis of
Network rotor
Instructions

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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Electromechanical characteristic: = ( )
Operating modes of the synchronous motor:
Frequency operation
Operation at constant (without variator)
Zone of couple constant
functioning ↑
stable
Operation at
constant power
=
>

/ 0
From 0 to , la vitesse est ajustée par la fréquence , the couple by the angle
internal , We maintain / = ;
Beyond , = = the speed can increase, but the power
constant dwelling at .
Note: For a motor connected to the network ( = ), the couple varies
through the variation of the mechanical load.
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Motor powered by adjustable current and frequency:

The stator currents are imposed by the inverter:
The expression of the electromagnetic couple: = =
If decrease augmente; accélération;
synchronization. O
•Yes increases decrease; If rollback
deceleration, disengagement.
The fixed rotation speed determines the frequency of the currents.
statorics and ensures the synchronization of the fields.
Order structure:
Crankshaft
MS
Rectifier Inverter 3
Filter Sensor of
position of
∗ rotor
( , , )
∗ Order
Network
Instructions
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine
Electromechanical characteristic: = ( )

Operation at Frequency operation

couple constant constant (without variable)
Zone of
functioning ↓ ↑
stable
Operation at
constant power
=
>

/ 0

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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Conclusion:
Synchronous machines can operate as alternators as well as
engine with good efficiency.
Historically, these machines were primarily used in
generator
The development of power electronics now makes it possible
the operation in engine.
Synchronous motors are found in many applications.
industrial, for a wide range of power from a few watts to
gigawatt (drones, robots, electric vehicles, high-speed train traction, pumping,
compressors,…

The advantages and disadvantages of the synchronous motor are listed below:
Advantages:
It can operate with a power factor close to 1 (cosφ≈1).
therefore contributes to adjusting the overall power factor of the installation
electric.
The speed of the motor is constant regardless of the load.
The mass power is great.
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 Three-phase asynchronous machine

Disadvantages:
If it is not connected to a speed controller, it has difficulties in
start.
It may disconnect under heavy load.
An excitation is needed, that is to say a second source of energy.

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