Radiographic testing method

Level II
Note - Example: Does not belong to ASNT questions

1. Low voltage X-ray tubes are generally equipped with windows made of:
A. Plastique
B. Beryllium
C. Glass
D. Lead

2. A monochromatic X-ray beam is:

A narrow beam used to produce high-contrast radiographs
B. Also called heterogeneous X-ray beam
C. A beam containing only characteristic X radiation
D. Beam made up of a single wavelength

3. The general method of producing X-rays involves the sudden deceleration of high-speed electrons.
speed in a solid body called a:
A. Coupe Focus
B. Filament
C. Target
D. Cathode

4. If it were necessary to X-ray a steel product 18 cm (7 in) thick, which of the

Which sources of gamma rays would be the most likely to be used?
A. Co-60
B. Tm-170
C. Et-192
D. Cs-137

5. A gamma source Co-60 has an approximate thickness limit of:

A. 63 mm (2.5 in) of steel or its equivalent
B. 102 mm (4 in) steel or its equivalent
C. 23 cm (9 in) of steel or its equivalent
D. 28 cm (11 in) of steel or its equivalent

6. The absorption of gamma rays from a given source when passing through matter depends on:
A. Atomic number, density, and thickness of matter
B. Value of the Young's modulus of the material
C. Value of the Poisson's ratio of the material
D. Specific activity value of the source

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 7. The fact that gases, when bombarded by radiation, ionize and become
electric conductors make them useful for:
A. X-ray transformers
B. X-ray bathtubs
C. Masks
D. Radiation detection equipment

8. The speed of the electrons striking the target in an X-ray tube depends on:
A. Atomic number of the cathode material
B. Atomic number of the filament material
C. Voltage difference between the cathode and the anode
D. Current flow in the rectifier circuit

The uneven distribution of grains developed in the emulsion of a treated X-ray film causes
the subjective impression of:
A. Grain
B. Stries
C. Stains
D. White foam

Note: If questions 10 or 11 are used for a test, the candidate must be equipped with a
semi-logarithmic coordinate paper.

Co-60 would have a half-life of 5.3 years. How much should the exposure time be increased by?
compared to that initially used to produce excellent X-rays when the Co-60 source was used.
Was it new when the source was two years old?
A. No change in exposure time is necessary
The exposure time should be about 11% longer
The exposure time should be about 31% longer.
The exposure time should be approximately 62 to 100% longer

An Ir-192 source, with a half-life of 75 days, provides an optimal exposure of an object.

of the trial given today in a period of 20 minutes. In five months, what exposure time
would be necessary for the same radiographic density, under similar exposure conditions?
A. 10 minutes
B. 20 minutes
C. 1 hour and 20 minutes
D. 6 hours

12. Among the following sources, the source providing the most penetrating radiation is:
A. Co-60
B. 220 kVp X-ray tube
C. X-ray Betatron 15 MeV
D. Electrons of Ir-192
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 13. The intensity of gamma rays at 30 cm (1 ft) from a radioactive Co-60 source of 37 GBq (1 Ci) is the
closer to:
15 roentgens per hour
B. 1,000 roentgens per hour
C. 1 roentgen per minute
10 milliroentgens per day

14. The focal point in an X-ray tube:

A. Is inclined at an angle of 30° with respect to the normal axis of the tube.
It is maintained at a high negative voltage during operations
C. Must be as large as possible to ensure a narrow beam of primary radiation
D. It must be as small as possible without unduly shortening the lifespan of the tube.

15. In an X-ray tube, the filament and the focusing cup are the two essential parts of:
A. Anode
B. Cathode
C. Rectifier
D. X-ray transformer

16. The amount of radiation that will produce, through ionization, one electrostatic unit of electricity in
0.001293 g of dry air is known as:
A. Millicurie
B. Gamma
C. Radiographic
D. Curie

17. The specific activity of an isotopic source is generally measured in:

A. Millions of electronvolts (MeV)
Becquerels per gram (Ci/g)
C. Roentgens per hour (R/h)
D. Characters per minute (cpm)

Which of the following isotopes has the longest half-life?

A. Tm-170
B. Co-60
C. Et-192
D. Cs-137

19. The primary form of energy conversion when electrons hit a target in a tube to
X-rays lead to the production of:
A. Primary Radiographs
B. Secondary radiographs
C. Short wavelength X-rays
D. Heat
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 20. The slope of a straight line joining two points of specified densities on a characteristic curve
the title of a film is known as:
A. Curve speed
B. Lattude
C. Average slope
D. Density

21. An X-ray film with a large latitude also, by definition:

A. Poor definition
B. Low contrast
C. High speed
D. Nothing of the above

22. The purpose of the oil circulation in certain types of X-ray tubes is to:
A. Lubricate the moving parts
B. Absorb the secondary radiation
C. Reduce the need for high current
D. Dissipate the heat

A tube with a small focal point is considered better than a tube with a large one.
focal point when it is desired to obtain:
A. Greater penetration power
B. Best definition
C. Less contrast
D. Higher film density

24. One method to reduce radiographic contrast is to:

A. Increase the distance between the radiation source and the object
B. Decrease the distance between the object and the film
C. Decrease the wavelength of the radiation used
D. Increase the development time with the manufacturer's recommendations

25. The thin sheets of lead are in intimate contact with the X-ray film during exposure.
increase the density of the film because they:
A. Fluorescence and emits visible light that helps to expose the film
B. Absorb the diffused radiation
C. Preventing backscattered radiation from misting the film
D. Emit electrons when exposed to X and gamma radiation that help to
darken the film

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 26. X-ray tubes are often enclosed in a shockproof casing in order to:
A. Dissipate heat
B. Protect the operator from high voltage shocks
C. Protect the tube from secondary radiation
D. Increase the efficiency of the rectifier
27. An X-ray tube is rated for a maximum of 250 kVp. This tube can operate at a maximum:
Peak voltage of 250,000 V
B. Effective tension of 250 kV
C. Voltage of 250,000,000 V rms
Average voltage of 250 kV

28. A voltage selector made from a ferrite core transformer with a single winding having
a series of taps at different points of the winding is called:
A high voltage transformer
B. A filament transformer
C. An autotransformer
A power transformer

29. In X-ray radiography, alternating current must be replaced by pulsed direct current in order to
to satisfy the need for direct current. This change can be accomplished by:
A. Transformers
B. Rectifiers
C. Anodes
D. Cathodes

30. During the radiography at quality level 2-2T, an ASTM penetrometer for steel of 63 mm (2.5
It has a thickness of: Example: 2.5 X 0.02 X 1,000 = 50 mils
A. 13 mm (0.5 in)
B. 64 μm (2.5 mils)
C. 127 μm (5 mils)
D. 1270 μm (50 mils)

31. X-ray tubes are used in X-ray equipment for:

A. Provide the necessary rectification
B. Activate and deactivate the X-ray tube
C. Heat the filaments in the X-ray tube
D. Adjust the target size

A good Co-60 radiography is performed on a steel casting of 76 mm (3 in) using a

exposure time of 10 minutes and a source-film distance of 91 cm (36 in). If it is necessary to
reduce the source-film distance to 61 cm (24 in), what exposure time would produce an X-ray
similar if all the other conditions remained the same?

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 A. 1.6 minutes
B. 4.4 minutes
C. 6.4 minutes
D. 8.8 minutes

33. When clear, black marks in the shape of a bird's foot are known not to match
No discontinuities appearing randomly on the X-rays are probably caused
by:
A. Extended development in the former developer
B. Exposition of the film by natural cosmic ray showers during storage
C. Static charges caused by friction
D. Inadequate rinsing after fixation

34. The adjustment of the tube current in conventional X-ray tube circuits is done by:
A. Adjustment of the heating current of the filament
B. Adjustment of the target-cathode distance
C. Inserting a resistor in the anode wire
D. Opening of the shutter on the X-ray tube port

35. Compared to low voltage radiographs, high energy radiographs show:

A. Greater contrast
B. Greater latitude
C. Larger quantities of scattered radiation compared to the intensity of the primary beam
D. None of the above

36. Filters used at the X-ray tube port:

A. Intensify the X-ray beam by contributing to secondary radiation.
B. Filter the short wavelength X-ray beams to provide 'more
sweet
C. Provide the easiest way to adjust the intensity of X-rays.
D. Filter the 'soft' radiation to provide a more homogeneous X-ray beam

37. An ASTM penetrometer to be used during the inspection of a 13 mm (0.5 in) steel plate.
thickness at quality level 2-2T using a source-film distance of 41 cm (16 in) would be
composed of:
.5 X .02 X 1000 = 10 thousand
A. Aluminium of 127 μm (5 mil) thickness
B. Aluminium or steel of 1270 μm (50 mil) thickness
C. Steel of 254 μm (10 mil) thickness
D. Band of 51 μm (2 mil) of any metallic material

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 38. The filters placed between the X-ray tube and the sample tend to reduce the radiation of
dispersion that sub-samples the sample into:
A. Absorption of longer wavelength components of the primary beam
B. Absorption of the shorter wavelength components of the primary beam
C. Absorption of backscattered radiation
D. Reduction of beam intensity

39. In addition to serving as a filter, screens of high atomic numbers, such as lead and antimony of
lead, also have:
A. Decrease the source-film distance required for an appropriate radiograph
B. Provide an image enhancement action
C. Allow the use of a film at a greater speed
D. Decrease the grain in an X-ray

The thickness layer on which satisfactory densities for interpretation are obtained is a
measure of:
A. Contrast of the subject of an X-ray
B. Sensitivity of an X-ray
C. Latitude of an X-ray
D. Definition of an X-ray

Almost all gamma radiographs are performed with:

A. Natural isotopes
B. Ir-192 or Co-60
C. Radium
D. Tm-170

42. The amount of lack of sharpness or blurriness in an X-ray is:

A. Directly proportional to the object-film distance and inversely proportional to the size of the point
focal
B. Directly proportional to the size of the focal point and inversely proportional to the distance
source-object
C. Inversely proportional to the object-film distance and directly proportional to the distance
source-object
D. Inversely proportional to the focal point size and the object-film distance

43. The images of discontinuities near the source side of the specimen become less clear.
defined as follows:
A. Increase in source-object distance
B. The thickness of the sample increases
C. The focal point size decreases
D. The thickness of the sample decreases

44. The inherent filtration of an X-ray tube is a function of:

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 A. Thickness and composition of the X-ray tube aperture
B. Tuning of the instrument
C. Distance source-object
D. Material used as a target

45. Radiographic films with a large grain size:

A. Will produce X-rays with better definition than films with a small size of
grain
B. To have slower speeds than those with a relatively small grain size.
C. To have a higher speed than those with a relatively small grain size
D. Will take longer to properly expose than the film with a relatively grain size
pet

46. As the effective energy of the radiation increases up to 250 kV:

A. The grain of the film increases
The grain of the film decreases
C. Augmentation of radiographic definition
The speed of the film decreases

47. The specific activity of Co-60 depends on:

A. Time at which the material was in the reactor
B. Atomic number of the material
C. Gamma ray flux to which he was exposed
D. Value of the Young's modulus of the material

The most commonly used target material in an X-ray tube is:

A. Copper
B. Carbone
C. Carbure
D. Tungsten

49. The inclusion of a disk-shaped target that rotates rapidly during operation in
certain X-ray tubes are intended to:
A. Increase the intensity of the X-ray radiation
B. Decrease the voltage required for a specific quality of radiation
C. Increase the allowable load
D. None of the above

50. A device that is essentially a combination of a magnet and a transformer designed to

Guiding and accelerating electrons on a circular orbit at very high energies is called:
A. Electrostatic belt generator
B. Linear accelerator
C. Betatron
D. Toroidal electromagnetic X-ray tube
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 51. Two isotropic sources of a given force have two different values of specific activity.
source with the highest specific activity value:
A. Have a smaller physical size than the source with a lower specific activity
B. Have a shorter half-life than the source with a lower specific activity
C. Produce harder gamma rays than the source with a lower specific activity.
D. To have a larger physical size than the source with the lowest specific activity
52. A gas-filled region located in an electric field created by electrodes through which
a potential difference is applied mainly in the form of:
A low voltage X-ray tube
A megger
C. A hot cathode X-ray tube
D. An ionization chamber

53. Two serious obstacles to high-intensity fluoroscopy are:

A. The inability to reproduce results and the need to periodically replace screens
B. The limited brightness and the large size of the grains of fluoroscopic screens
C. Pouring and slow speed
D. The necessity to use long-wavelength X-rays and the lack of intensity of the rays
X associated with this method

54. In general, the quality of fluoroscopic equipment is better determined by:

A. Densitometer readings
B. Sensitivity measurements of the penetrometer
C. Measurements of the discontinuity zone
D. Reference Standards

In fluoroscopic tests, a fundamental difficulty is the level of brightness relatively

low images. The On method to increase brightness uses one of the following elements that
convert the light energy from the initial surface of phosphorus into electrons that are accelerated and
focused on a smaller fluorescent screen.
A. Betatron
B. Electron amplifier
C. Image amplifier or intensifier
D. Electrostatic belt generator

56. A general rule governing the application of the geometric principles of shadow formation.
what :
A. The X-rays should originate from a focal point as large as other considerations.
will allow
B. The distance between the radiation source and the examined material must be as small as
possible
The film must be as far away as possible from the radiographed object.

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 The central ray must be as perpendicular as possible to the film to preserve the relationships.
spatulas

57. In order to use the principles of geometric enlargement (placing the film at a distance from the sample):
A. The source-specimen distance must be half of the source-film distance.
B. The radiation source must be extremely small
A magnetic focusing coil must be used near the port of the X-ray tube.
D. The sample must have a uniform thickness

58. The radiographic absorption of a material will tend to become less dependent on the
composition of the material when:
A. The kilovolt is increased
B. The source-film distance is reduced
C. The kilotension is decreased
A filter is used

(milliamperes X time) + distance² is:

A. Used to calculate the film gradient
B. The law of reciprocity
C. Used to determine radiographic contrast
D. The exposure factor

60. The load that can be handled by a focal point of an X-ray tube is governed by:
A. The composition of the cathode
B. The focal spot size and the cooling efficiency of the anode
C. The distance between the anode and the cathode
D. The high voltage waveform

61. X-ray display supports and cassettes often incorporate a sheet of lead to
the back that is not in intimate contact with the film. The purpose of the lead sheet is:
A. Act as an intensifying screen
B. To protect the film from backscattering
C. A and B
Neither A nor B

A lead sheet containing a pinhole can be placed halfway between the X-ray tube and the
film in order to :

A. Determine the approximate size of the focal point

B. Measure the intensity of the central beam
C. Filter the diffuse radiation
D. Soften the X-ray

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 63. In some cases, it may be advantageous to wrap lead around a specimen. The purpose of this
the operation is to:
A. Prevent the movement of the sample
B. Increase the subject's contrast
C. Generate X-ray radiation of shorter wavelength
D. Reduce the effect of scattered radiation that undermines the sample

64. When radiographing steel with a thickness of less than 25 mm (1 inch):

Co-60 would provide greater radiographic sensitivity than a 250 kV X-ray machine.
B. A 25 kV X-ray device would provide greater radiographic sensitivity than Co-60.
C. The use of fluorescent screens would result in a higher quality radiography than the
lead sheet screens
The use of lead sheet screens will require a shorter exposure time than the
fluorescent screens

65. An x-ray taken with an exposure of 12 mA per minute has a density of 0.8 in the region
maximum interest. It is desired to increase the density to 2.0 in this area. By reference to a
characteristic curve of the film, we notice that the difference in log E, between a density of 0.8 and
2.0 is 0.76. The antilogarithm of log 0.76 is 5.8. What should the new exposure time be?
to produce an X-ray with a density of 2.0?
A. 9.12 mA per minute
B. 21.12 mA per minute
69.6 mA per minute
D. 16 mA per minute
66. The absorption of radiation by a material varies:
A. Directly with the square of the distance from the source
B. With the thickness of the material
C. Inversely with the diffusion quantity in the material
D. Approximately exponentially with the thickness of the material

67. In the micro radiographic technique:

A. Soft X-rays are generally used
B. A range of kilovoltages from 5-50 kV that I have usually used
C. The photographic material is often finer than an ordinary radiographic film.
D. Everything that preceded

68. For an X-ray to have a sensitivity of penetrometer of 2-2T or better:

A. The radiographic procedure must be able to differentiate a difference of 2% in
the thickness of the sample
B. The radiographic procedure must be able to define hole 2T in a penetrometer which represents 2
% of the thickness of the sample.
C. The radiography must be able to distinguish a discontinuity of a length equivalent to 2% of
the thickness of the sample.
D. Nothing of the above
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 69. For practical reasons, the shape of the characteristic curve of a radiographic film is:
A. Regardless of the type of film used
B. Regardless of the quality of X or gamma radiation
C. Radical change when the quality of the X-ray is modified
D. Mainly determined by the contrast of the subject

70. The term that describes the total absorption of the useful beam caused by the wall of the X-ray tube, the wall
you brace the tube and all material between the tube and the brace is:
A. Absorption parasite
B. Absorption at the source
C. Characteristic filtration
D. Inherent filtration

71. The interval between the moment a film is placed in a fixing solution and the moment the dairy
the original diffuse yellow disappears is known as:
A. Erasure time
B. Temps de fixaton
C. Temps de durcissement
D. Oxidation time

72. Inappropriate geometric factors, poor contact between the film and the sheet screens
lead and the grain of the film are possible causes of:
A. High film density
B. Bad definition
C. Humid film
D. Low film density

73. In fluoroscopy, the most common way to minimize operator fatigue is to:
A. Equip the operators with special glasses
B. Place a filter on the display screen
C. Vary the intensity of the background light
D. Change operator periodically

74. Which of the following X-ray generators would produce the narrowest X-ray beam?
A. 10 MeV
B. 15 MeV
C. 25 MeV
D. 1 MeV

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 75. An X-ray is taken at a voltage of 500 kV. If the voltage is increased with a
resulting augmentation of radiation energy, while all other conditions remain
the same
The film grain will significantly increase if a high-speed film is used.
The grain of the film will significantly decrease if a slow-speed film is used.
The grain of the film will increase significantly if a class I film is used.
D. There will be little significant change in the grain of the film.

76. An X-ray of a steel weld is made using a 15 MeV betatron. When the
Radiography has developed, there is a global marbling of the film. One possible cause of this
marbling is:
A. Incorrect exposure time
B. Excessive distance between the object and the film
C. Défaut d ’utliser un écran principal pendant l ’expositon
D. Excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays

77. A fundamental difference between an X-ray and a fluoroscopic image is:

A. The fluoroscopic image is more sensitive
B. The fluoroscopic image is positive while the X-ray is a negative transparency.
C. The fluoroscopic image is brighter
D. There is no fundamental difference between the two

78. Which of the following factors will not materially influence the image density of an X-ray?
A. The type of film used
B. The size of the film
C. The total amount of radiation emitted by the X-ray or gamma source
D. The intensification of the screen action

79. An X-ray machine of 1,000 kVp used in conjunction with a lead sheet has a
practically approximate thickness limit of:
A. 38 mm (1.5 in) of steel or its equivalent
B. 76 mm (3 in) steel or its equivalent
C. 127 mm (5 in) of steel or its equivalent
D. 41 cm (16 in) of steel or its equivalent

80. Due to geometric factors such as the size of the source, the source-specimen distance and the
specimen-film distance, there may be a lack of perfect sharpness on the edges of the indications. The
lack of sharpness caused by geometric factors can be called:
A. Astigmatic effect
B. Penumbral shadow
C. Adjustment variation
D. None of the above
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 81. Two factors that greatly affect the suitability of the target material in an X-ray tube are:
A. Tensile strength and yield limit
B. Melting point and magnetic force
C. Electrical resistance and tensile strength
D. Atomic number and melting point

82. The reason why the exposure time must be multiplied by four when the source-distance-
the film is double is as follows:
A. The intensity of the radiation decreases at an exponential rate as the source-film distance is
augmented
B. The quality of the radiation is inversely proportional to the square root of the distance between
the source and the film
C. The intensity of the radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.
and the film
D. The effect of diffused radiation is greater as the source-film distance increases.

83. The most important factor in determining the amount of X-ray absorption of a sample is
the following:
A. Thickness of the sample
B. Density of the sample
C. Atomic number of the material
D. Young's modulus of the material

84. The approximate radiographic equivalent factors for steel and copper at 220 kV are
respectively 1.0 and 1.4. If it is desirable to X-ray a 13 mm copper plate (0.5
What thickness of steel would require roughly the same exposure characteristics?
A. 18 mm (0.7 in) steel
B. 6 mm (0.35 in) of steel
C. 36 mm (1.4 in) steel
D. 25 mm (1 in) steel

85. Which of the following technical variables is most commonly used to adjust the contrast of
subject?
A. From the source to the film
B. Milliamperage
C. Kilotension
D. Focal point size

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 86. Films left too long between lead screens in a high-temperature atmosphere
and high humidity can:
A. Display increased speed but reduced quality characteristics
B. To become fogged up
C. Become marbled
D. Display the bright areas in tree shape in the finished X-ray

87. The quantitative measurement of the darkening of the film is called:

A. Definition
B. Photographic density
C. Contrast of the film
D. Radiographic contrast

88. A curve that connects density to the logarithm of exposure or relative exposure is called:
A sensitivity curve
B. A density-exposure curve
C. A H&D curve
D. X-ray intensity curve

89. The contrast of the subject is affected by:

A. Difference in thickness in the sample
B. Quality of radiation
C. Diffused radiation
D. Everything above

90. Which of the following instruments would have the best sensitivity and would be the most likely to be
used to detect small leaks in a radiation barrier?
A movie badge
B. A fountain pen type ionization chamber
C. A Geiger counter
A dosimeter

At voltages above 400 kV, the use of lead for protection can pose
serious problems. If it is a serious issue, which of the following materials would be the most
susceptible to being used as a substitute?
A. Aluminium
B. Concrete
C. Steel
D. Bore

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 92. A qualitative term often used to indicate the size of the smallest detail that can be seen in a
radiography is:
A. Radiographic sensitivity
B. Radiographic definition
C. Radiographic contrast
D. Contrast of the subject

93. The slope (slope) of a characteristic curve is a measure of:

A. Contrast of the subject
B. Radiographic definition
C. Radiographic contrast
D. Film contrast

94. A special radiographic method requiring two radiographs taken during exposures
distinct from two different positions to give the visual impression of a display
three-dimensional when viewed simultaneously in an optical device is called:
A. Fluoroscopy
B. Xeroradiography
C. Stereoradiography
D. Parallel radiography

95. The depth of a discontinuity can be estimated by performing two exposures on a single film at
from two different positions of the X-ray tube. The depth of the discontinuity is calculated at
part of the tree in the shadow of discontinuity in relation to the images of fixed markers in front and
at the back of the sample. The method is called:
A. Stereoradiography
B. Xeroradiography
C. Fluoroscopy
D. The parallax method of depth localization

96. The contrast agitation of the developer during the development process using agitators.
mechanics or circulation pumps can:
A. Accelerate the development cycle
B. Help to restock the developer
C. To provoke an undesirable and preferential flow of developers along certain paths
D. Triggering a reticulation

97. The activity of the fixative decreases after being used for a certain period of time because:
A. The ingredients of the activity evaporate
B. The active ingredients are absorbed by X-ray.
C. The fixing solution accumulates soluble silver salts
D. The active ingredients settle at the bottom of the tank

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 98. In the processing of X-rays, the hourly water flow rate in the wash tank must be:
A. 2-3 times the volume of the tank
B. 4-8 times the volume of the tank
At least 151 L (40 gal) per hour
D. Varies continuously depending on the number of X-rays in progress of being processed.

99. A zinc-cadmium sulfide fluorescent screen that is continuously exposed to light.

day, in sunlight or other sources of ultraviolet radiation:
A. Need to be recharged to regain its original fluorescence
B. To fade and lose some of its shine
C. Requires a higher kilovolt from the X-ray generator to produce an image
satisfactory
D. All of the above

100. The increase in the energy of X-rays or gamma rays:

A. Significantly decrease the average gradient of a characteristic curve
B. Significantly increase the average gradient of a characteristic curve
C. Increase the slope of a characteristic curve
D. Have little effect on the shape of a characteristic curve

101. As the development time increases

A. The characteristic curve becomes steeper and shifts to the left
B. The characteristic curve becomes steeper and shifts to the right.
C. The characteristic curve remains the same shape but shifts to the left.
There is little effect on the characteristic curve

102. A distinctive feature of high voltage radiography is that:

A. This results in a relatively high subject contrast.
B. This results in a relatively high radiographic contrast
C. It is applicable to relatively thick or highly absorbent specimens.
D. All of the above are distinctive characteristics of high voltage radiography.

103. Lead screens are used for almost all exhibitions during usage:
A. The fluoroscopic technique
B. Low voltage radiography
C. High voltage radiography
D. Xeroradiography

104. Which of the following glasses would most likely be used as a barrier window for X-rays
on fluoroscopic equipment?
A. Pyrex
Lead glass
C. Optical glass
D. Barium oxide glass
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 105. The practically maximum scanning speed of a test object for fluoroscopic inspection
conventional a
is estimated at approximately:
A. 18 cm (7 in) per s
B. 25 mm (1 in) per s
C. 30 cm (12 in) per s
D. 76 mm (3 in) by s

106. When other conditions of operation are kept constant, a change in

the flow of the tube causes a change in
intensity of the radiation emitted by an X-ray tube, the intensity being approximately
proportional to the tube
courant. Quel est le principal facteur qui empêche que cela soit exactement proportonnel?
A. The voltage and the waveform of a X-ray machine transformer vary in
function of the charge
B. Changes in wavelength are not exactly proportional
The current cannot be modified at a linear rate.
The scattering radiation does not vary at a proportional rate.

107. When viewing an X-ray, an image of the back of the cassette is superimposed on the image of the
The specimen is noted. This is probably due to:
A. Counter-skinning
B. Surexposition
C. The intensity of the X-rays was too high
D. Rebroadcasting

The half-value layer of lead for Co-60 is about 13 mm (0.5 in). If the level of
radiation on the
the source side of a 38 mm (1.5 in) lead plate is 64 R/h, the radiation level of the
the opposite side is:
A. 8 R/h
B. 21 1/3 R/h
C. 10 2/3 R/h
D. 32 R/h

109. Which of the following elements is not a factor in determining the subject's contrast
A. Nature of the specimen
B. The quality of the radiation used
C. Type of film used
D. Intensity and distribution of scattered radiation

18
 110. If an exposure time of 60 s and a source-film distance of 1.2 m (4 pi) are required for a
particular exposure, what exposure time would be necessary for an equivalent exposure if the
The distance from the source to the film is set to 1.8 m (6 ft)?

A. 27 s
B. 49 s
C. 135 s
D. 400 s

111. The development solution must be ignored when the quantity of restocking added
is equal to:
A. The original quantity of developer
B. 2-3 times the original quantity of developer
5-6 times the original amount of developer
D. 10 times the initial amount of developers

112. If a sample is radiographed at 40 kV and again at 50 kV with time compensation for

give the
X-rays of the same density, which of the following statements would be true?
A. The 40 kV exposure would have lower contrast and greater latitude than the exposure of
50 kV
B. The 40 kV exposure would have a higher contrast and a greater latitude than the 50 kV exposure.
kV
C. The 50 kV exposure would have a lower contrast and a greater latitude than the exposure of
40 kV
D. The 50 kV exposure would have a higher contrast and greater latitude than the 40 kV exposure.
kV

113. An X-ray machine of 250 kVp used in conjunction with a lead sheet screen has a
pratque approximate
thickness limit of:
A. 38 mm (1.5 in) of steel or its equivalent
B. 51 mm (2 in) steel or its equivalent
C. 15 cm (6 in) of steel or its equivalent
D. 19 cm (7.5 in) of steel or its equivalent

114. The degree of concentration of radioactive material in a gamma ray source is called:
A. Specific activity of the source
B. Quality of the source
C. Atomic weight of the source
D. Half-life of the source

19
 115. In a one million volt radiography, filtration at the tube level:
A. Increase the generation of short-wavelength X-rays
B. Decreases the generation of short wavelength X-rays
C. Improve the radiographic quality by decreasing scatter radiation
D. Does not offer any improvement in radiographic quality.

116. The selection of films for an exposure to X-rays depends on:

A. The thickness of the part
B. The material of the sample
C. The voltage range of the X-ray machine
D. Everything above

117. When using an X-ray tube for radiography, the operator wishes to increase
the intensity of the radiation.
to do this:
A. The high voltage must be reduced
The current of the tube must be increased
C. The test sample must be moved further away from the film.
The current of the tube must be decreased

118. Lead screens are brought into direct contact with the film for:
A. Enhancing the photographic action on the film
B. Absorb the diffuse radiation of greater wavelength
C. Intensify the photographic effect of the primary more than the diffused radiation
D. Do everything mentioned above
119. Due to geometric factors such as the size of the source, the source-specimen distance, and the film
film specimen
distance, there may be a lack of perfect sharpness at the edge of the indicators. The lack of sharpness
caused
these factors can be called the:
A. Astigmatic effect
B. Shadow of the penumbra
C. Variation of focusing
D. Nothing of the above

120. The main objective of the orders from the X-ray generator on the equipment is to:
A. Maintain the direction and width of the X-ray beam
B. Allow the operator to achieve the desired intensity, quality, and duration of exposure
C. Allow the operator to adjust the focal distance of the film remotely
D. Change the alternating current to increase the intensity of the X-rays

20
 121. Fluoroscopic screens, as mounted and used, are easily damaged by which of the
following elements?
A. Cleaning with a soft cotton cloth
B. Exposure to ultraviolet rays or sunlight
C. Bad handling
D. X-ray

122. When X-rays, gamma rays, light, or electrons strike the emulsion
photographic, a change occurs in
the silver halide crystals. This change is called.
A. Photographic density
B. Photographic Sensitivity
C. Latent image
D. Characteristic curve

123. If 3.7 GBq (1 Ci) of Ir-192 produces a dose rate of 5,900 mR/h at 0.3 m (1 ft), how many mR will be
3,700
GBq (10 Ci) produced at the same distance?
A. 590
B. 590,000
C. 59
D. 59,000

124. Regarding quality, what are the three factors to consider when choosing a
distance source-film?
A. Source activity, film type, screen type
B. Actvité de la source, taille du film, épaisseur du matériau
C. Source size, source activity, distance between the specimen and the film
D. Source size, sample thickness, lack of geometric sharpness

125. On an X-ray of a pipe weld, there is a very faint image of irregular shape.
dans la soudure. Ceci
the image would most likely be due to the presence of:
A. Porosity
B. Inclusion of slag
C. Tungsten Inclusion
D. Inadequate accumulation

126. A large physical source can produce an equivalent quality radiograph if:
A. The source-film distance is increased.
B. More support lead is used
A faster film is used
The exposure time is reduced

21
 127. A bright image of a support 'B' on a processed X-ray is likely caused by:
A. Excessive density
B. Reradiation
C. Pressure set too low
D. Poor handling of the film

Co-59 becomes Co-60 when it is placed in a nuclear reactor where it captures:

An electron
A neutron
A proton
D. Contamination

129. When a faster film is replaced by a slower film to improve the economy of
the exhibition
Which of the following conditions occurs?
A. Le film doit faire l ’objet d ’un traitement spécial
B. The definition will improve
C. The resolution of the image will be reduced.
D. None of the above will be experienced.

130. For a given change in exposure to radiation, the contrast of the film is the ability
inherent to showing:
A difference in density
B. No grain
C. Grain
D. No significant change in density

131. The ability of a material to block or partially block the passage of X-rays and rays
gamma is called:
A. Penetration
B. Absoluton
C. Absorption
D. Lattude

132. The size of the source, the thickness of the sample, and the distance from the source to the sample are the three
factors that determine
le:
A. Density of the X-ray
B. Exposition of the radiography
C. Film size
D. Lack of clarity recorded on the X-ray

22
 133. The thickness range of the sample that can be correctly recorded on the X-ray is
called:
A. Sensitivity of radiography
B. Latitude of the X-ray
C. Accuracy of the X-ray
D. Intensity of the source

134. How long would it take for a Co-60 source of 370 GBq (10 Ci) to decay to
93 GBq (2.5 Ci)?
A. 5.3 days
5.3 years
C. 10.6 years
D. Nothing of the above

135. The 'photoelectric' effect involves:

A. The visible electromagnetic spectrum
B. An electric camera
C. Complete absorption of a photon
D. Everything that precedes

136. The underestimation on radiographic imaging is caused by:

A. Lateral dispersion
B. Bad geometry
C. Lead screens
D. Free electrons

The development solution is:

A. Acid
B. Alcalin
C. Salin
D. Colloidal

138. A general rule governing the application of the geometric principle of shadow formation.
what:
A. X-rays should originate from a focal point as large as other considerations will allow.
B. The distance between the radiation source and the examined material must be as small as possible.
C. The film must be as far away as possible from the radiographed object.
The central beam must be as perpendicular as possible to the film to preserve the relations.
spatulas

23
 The half-life of radioactive Cs-137 is closest to:
A. 36 days
B. 6 years
C. 30 years old

D. 526 days

140. The slope of the H&D curve of a radiographic film is called:

A. Speed
B. Latitude
C. Gamma or gradient
D. Density

141. The projected area of the target of an X-ray tube is called:

A. Focal point
B. Foyer
C. Effective focal point
D. Lack of geometric sharpness

142. The correct equation to determine geometric inefficiency , est:

143. An exposure technique is established to achieve a density of 2.0 using a film of type
"D" and automaton
treatment at 27 C (81 F). In order to obtain comparable results by manual treatment at 20 C (68 F)
and a development time of 5 minutes, it would be necessary for the original exposure time
so be it:
Reduced by approximately 30%
B. Augmentation of about 99%
C. Augmentation of about 30%
D. Reduced by about 30%

Note: The two characteristic curves from figures 1 and 2 on the following pages may be
used to solve this problem.

24
25
26
 Radiographic testing method
Key to the answer of
level II

1. B 37. C 73. D 109. C

2. D 38. A 74. C 110. C
3. C 39. B 75. D 111. B
4. A 40. C 76. C 112. C
5. C 41. B 77. B 113. B
6. A 42. B 78. B 114. A
7. D 43. B 79. C 115. D
8. C 44. A 80. B 116. D
9. A 45. C 81. D 117. B
10. C 46. A 82. C 118. D
11. C 47. A 83. C 119. B
12. C 48. D 84. A 120. B
13. A 49. C 85. C 121. B
14. D 50. C 86. B 122. C
15. B 51. A 87. B 123. D
16. C 52. D 88. C 124. D
17. B 53. B 89. D 125. C
18. D 54. B 90. C 126. A
19. D 55. C 91. B 127. B
20. C 56. D 92. A 128. B
21. B 57. B 93. D 129. C
22. D 58. A 94. C 130. A
23. B 59. D 95. D 131. C
24. C 60. B 96. C 132. D
25. D 61. B 97. C 133. B
26. B 52. A 98. B 134. C
27. A 63. D 99. B 135. C
28. C 64. B 100. D 136. A
29. B 65. C 101. A 137. B
30. D 66. D 102. C 138. D
31. A 67. D 103. C 139. C
32. B 68. B 104. B 140. C
33. C 69. B 105. D 141. C
34. A 70. D 106. A 142. D
35. B 71. A 107. D 143. B
36. D 72. B 108. A

27