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REPRODUCTION NCERT + EXEMPLAR + EXTRA

InNcert:
Question 1. What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?
Answer: DNA copying in reproduction is important for maintenance of body designs and features. Moreover,
DNA copying leads to variations. Variation is useful for the survival of species.

Question 2. Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individual?
Answer: Population of organisms reside in well-defined places or niches in the ecosystem. However, niches
can change because of reasons beyond the control of the organisms, e.g., temperature changes, water level
changes, etc. If population of reproducing organisms suited to particular niche and if the niche is drastically
altered, the population can be wiped out. However, if some variations are present in a few individual’s in these
populations, there will be chances for their survival. The surviving individual can further reproduce and develop
a population according to the changed niche, For example, if the temperature of water increases suddenly,
then most of the bacteria living in that water would die. Only few variants that are resistant to heat would be
able to survive. However, if these variants were not there, then the entire species of bacteria would have been
destroyed. Thus, variation is beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individual.

Question 3. How does binary fission differ from multiple fission ?

Binary fission Multiple fission
1. The parent organism splits into two daughter The parent organism divides into many daughter
cells cells
2. Protective covering is not formed around an Protective covering i.e. cyst is formed around
organism organism during multiple fission.
3. Eg: amoeba, paramecium Eg: plasmodium

Question 4. How will an organism be benefited if it reproduces through spores?

Answer: (i) Reproduction through spores is simple as well as faster mode of reproduction.
ii) The spores are covered with a thick layer which enables them to survive in unfavourable conditions.
iii) Spores are very light weight and they easily get dispersed through winds which give them more variations
and thus better chances of survival.

Question 5. Can you think of reasons why more complex organisms cannot give rise to new
individuals through regeneration?
Answer: i. their body is highly complicated
ii. there are specific organs to do specific functions
iii. regeneration is carried out by specialised cells which are absent in complex organism

Question 6. Why is vegetative propagation practised for growing some type of plants?
i. Vegetative propagation is the only method of reproduction in those plants which have lost their
capacity to
produce seed, Eg. Banana, seedless grapes, etc.
ii. It is cheaper, easier and more rapid method of propagation.
iii. To produce genetically similar plants.
iv. Superior quality of plants can be obtained
Question 7. Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction?
Answer: DNA copying is the basic event of reproduction because DNA contains information for inheritance of
characters or traits from parents to the next generation. DNA present in the cells undergoing reproduction
produces its copy so that the information for the development of characters may pass over to the next
generation through dividing cells or gametes.

Question 8. How is the process Of pollination different from fertilization ?

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Question 9. What is the role of the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland ?
Answer: Seminal vesicles and the prostate gland add their secretions so that the sperms are in a fluid
(semen) which makes their transport easier and this fluid also provides nutrition.

Question 10 What are the changes seen in girls at the time Of puberty ?
1. Breast size begins to increase. 2. Girls begin to menstruate. [Link] Of pubic hair.
[Link] becomes oily.
Question 11. How does the embryo get nourishment inside the Mother’s body?
Answer: embryo gets nutrition from mother’s blood with the help Of a special tissue called placenta. This is a
disc which is embedded in the wall of uterus. It contains finger-like projections villi on the embryo’s side of the
tissue. On mother’s sides are blood spaces, which surround the villi. This provides a large surface area for
glucose and oxygen to pass the mother to the embryo and waste products from embryo to mother.

Question 12. If a woman is using a copper-T will it help in protecting her from sexually transmitted
diseases?
Copper-T cannot protect the woman from acquiring sexually transmitted disease. It will protect her from only
unwanted pregnancy.

Ncert exercise
1. Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in
:(a) Amoeba (b) Yeast (c) Plasmodium (d) Leishmania. Answer: (b) Yeast.
Question 2. Which of the following is not a pan Of the female reproductive system in human beings ?
(a) Ovary (b) Uterus (c) Vas deferens (d) Fallopian tube Answer: (c) Vas deferens.
Question 3. The anther contains : (a) Sepals (b) Ovules (c) Carpel (d) Pollen grains.
Answer: (d) Pollen grains

Question 4. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction results in new combination of genes i.e., genetic variations which promotes diversity of
characters whereas it is not possible in case of asexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction plays an important role in the origin of new species having different characteristic which is
not possible in case of asexual reproduction.
It introduces variability, which leads to continual evolution of various species to form better organisms.
Evolution is not possible in case of asexual reproduction.

Question 5. What are the functions performed by the testes in human beings?
Answer: Functions Of testes are: (i) Testes produce sperms.
(ii) Testosterone (male sex hormone) is also produced by testes. iii) Bring changes at puberty

Question 6. Why does menstruation occur?

Answer: When in human female if the egg is not fertilized, it lives for about one day. Since the ovary releases
one egg every month, the uterus also prepares itself every month to receive a fertilized egg. Thus, its lining
becomes thick and spongy. This would be required for nourishing the embryo if had fertilized. However, this
lining is not required any longer. So, the lining slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and
mucous. This cycle takes roughly every month and is known as menstruation.

7. Draw a labeled diagram of the longitudinal section of a flower.

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Question 8. What are the different methods of contraception?
(a) Physical barrier:
• To prevent union of egg and sperm.
• Use of condoms, cervical caps and diaphragm.
(b) Chemical methods
• Use of oral pills and vaginal pills
• These change hormonal balance of body so that eggs are not released. • May have side effects.
(c) Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD)
• Copper-T or loop is placed in uterus to prevent pregnancy.
(d) Surgical methods
• In males the vas deferens is blocked to prevent sperm transfer called vasectomy.
• In females, the fallopian tube is blocked to prevent egg transfer called tubectomy.
Question 9. How are the modes for reproduction different in unicellular and multicellular organisms ?
Answer: In unicellular organisms, reproduction occurs by the division of the entire cell as there is no separate
tissue for reproduction. The modes of reproduction in unicellular organisms can be fission, budding, etc.
whereas in multicellular organisms, specialised reproductive organs are present. Therefore, they can
reproduce by complex reproductive methods such as vegetative propagation, spore formation, etc. In more
complex multicellular organisms such as human beings and plants, the mode of reproduction is sexual
reproduction.
Question 10. How does reproduction help in providing stability to populations Of species?
Answer: The consistency of DNA copying during reproduction is important for the maintenance of body design
features that allow the organism to use the particular niche and the rate Of birth and death in a given
population determine its stability. The rate of birth should be approximately equal to the rate of death. Birth is
possible only by due to reproduction and hence reproduction provides stability to population of species can be
provided

Question 11. What could be the reasons for adopting contraceptive methods?
(i) To prevent unwanted pregnancies. (ii) To control population rise or birth rate.
(iii) To prevent the transfer of sexually transmitted diseases. iv)to maintain sufficient gap between successive
births. v) enjoying a good reproductive health

NCERT EXEMPLAR
1. In the list of organisms given below, those that reproduce by the asexual method are
(i) banana (ii) dog (iii) yeast (iv) Amoeba
(a) (ii) and (iv) (b) (i), (iii) and (iv) (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
2. In a flower, the parts that produce male and female gametes (germ cells) are
(a) stamen and anther (b) filament and stigma (c) anther and ovary (d) stamen and style
3. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events of sexual reproduction in a flower?
(a) pollination, fertilisation, seedling, embryo (b) seedling, embryo, fertilisation, pollination
(c) pollination, fertilisation, embryo, seedling (d) embryo, seedling, pollination, fertilisation
4. Offspring formed by asexual method of reproduction have greater similarity among themselves because
(i) asexual reproduction involves only one parent (ii) asexual reproduction does not involve gametes
(iii) asexual reproduction occurs before sexual reproduction
(iv) asexual reproduction occurs after sexual reproduction
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii) (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
5. Characters transmitted from parents to offspring are present in
(a) cytoplasm (b) ribosome (c) golgi bodies (d) genes
6. Characters that are transmitted from parents to offspring during reproduction show
(a) only similarities with parents (b) only variations with parents
(c) both similarities and variations with parents (d) neither similarities nor variations
7. A feature of reproduction that is common to Amoeba, Spirogyra and Yeast is that
(a) they reproduce asexually (b) they are all unicellular (c) they reproduce only sexually (d) they are all
multicellular
8. In Spirogyra, asexual reproduction takes place by
a) breaking up of filaments into smaller bits (b) division of a cell into two cells
(c) division of a cell into many cells (d) formation of young cells from older cells.

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9. The ability of a cell to divide into several cells during reproduction in Plasmodium is called
(a) budding (b) reduction division (c) binary fission (d) multiple fission
10. The correct sequence of reproductive stages seen in flowering plants is
(a) gametes, zygote, embryo, seedling (b) zygote, gametes, embryo, seedling
(c) seedling, embryo, zygote, gametes (d) gametes, embryo, zygote, seedling
11. The number of chromosomes in parents and offsprings of a particular species remains constant due to
(a) doubling of chromosomes after zygote formation (b) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation
(c) doubling of chromosomes after gamete formation (d) halving of chromosomes after gamete formation
12. In Rhizopus, tubular thread-like structures bearing sporangia at their tips are called
(a) filaments (b) hyphae (c) rhizoids (d) roots
13. Vegetative propagation refers to formation of new plants from
(a) stem, roots and flowers (b) stem, roots and leaves (c) stem, flowers and fruits (d) stem, leaves and
flowers
14. Factors responsible for the rapid spread of bread mould on slices of bread are (i) large number of spores
(ii) availability of moisture and nutrients in bread (iii) presence of tubular branched hyphae (iv) formation of
round shaped sporangia (a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and iv) (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
15. Length of pollen tube depends on the distance between
(a) pollen grain and upper surface of stigma (b) pollen grain on upper surface of stigma and ovule
(c) pollen grain in anther and upper surface of stigma (d) upper surface of stigma and lower part of style
16. Which of the following statements are true for flowers?
(i) Flowers are always bisexual (ii) They are the sexual reproductive organs (iii) They are produced in all
groups of plants (iv) After fertilisation they give rise to fruits
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
17. Which among the following statements are true for unisexual flowers? (i) They possess both stamen and
pistil (ii) They possess either stamen or pistil (iii) They exhibit cross pollination (iv) Unisexual flowers
possessing only stamens cannot produce fruits
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
18. Which among the following statements are true for sexual reproduction in flowering plants?
(i) It requires two types of gametes (ii) Fertilisation is a compulsory event
(iii) It always results in formation of zygote (iv) Offspring formed are clones
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (i), (ii) and (iv) (c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iv)
19. In Figure 8.1, the parts A, B and C are sequentially
(a) cotyledon, plumule and radicle (b) plumule, radicle and cotyledon
(c) plumule, cotyledon and radicle (d) radicle, cotyledon and plumule

20. Offspring formed as a result of sexual reproduction exhibit more variations because
(a) sexual reproduction is a lengthy process
(b) genetic material comes from two parents of the same species
(c) genetic material comes from two parents of different species
(d) genetic material comes from many parents
21. Reproduction is essential for living organisms in order to
(a) keep the individual organism alive (b) fulfill their energy requirement
(c) maintain growth (d) continue the species generation after generation
22. During adolescence, several changes occur in the human body. Mark one change associated with sexual
maturation in boys (a) loss of milk teeth (b) increase in height (c) cracking of voice (d) weight gain
23. In human females, an event that reflects onset of reproductive phase is
(a) growth of body (b) changes in hair pattern (c) change in voice (d) menstruation
24. In human males, the testes lie in the scrotum, because it helps in the
(a) process of mating (b) formation of sperm (c) easy transfer of gametes (d) all the above
25. Which among the following is not the function of testes at puberty?
(i) formation of germ cells (ii) secretion of testosterone (iii) development of placenta (iv) secretion of
estrogen
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)

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26. The correct sequence of organs in the male reproductive system for transport of sperms is
(a) testis → vasdeferens → urethra (b) testis → ureter → urethra
(c) testis → urethra → ureter (d) testis → vasdeferens → ureter
27. Which among the following diseases is not sexually transmitted?
(a) Syphillis (b) Hepatitis (c) HIV - AIDS (d) Gonorrhoea

28. In a bisexual flower inspite of the young stamens being removed artificially, the flower produces
fruit. Provide a suitable explanation for the above situation
In a bisexual flower inspite of the young stamens being removed, artificially, the flower produces fruit. This
happens because The pistil is intact and the flower then gets pollinated by cross pollination. In this type of
pollination, pollen is transferred from the anther of one flower of one plant to stigma of another flower of
another plant with the help of various pollinators like wind, water, insects etc.

29. Can you consider cell division as a type of reproduction in unicellular organism? Give one reason.
Yes, because it results in the formation of two daughter cells, that is, it results in the production of more
individuals of the organism

30. What is a clone? Why do offsprings formed by asexual reproduction exhibit remarkable similarity?
A true copy of anything is called a clone. Clone refers to offspring of an organism formed by asexual method of
reproduction. Since they possess exact copies of the DNA of their parent, clones exhibit remarkable similarity.

31. Explain how, offspring and parents of organisms reproducing sexually have the same number of
chromosomes?
Reduction division (meiosis) during gamete formation halves the chromosome number in both male and
female gametes. Since these two gametes fuse during fertilisation, the original number of chromosomes
(as in the parent) is restored in the offspring. This ensures that offsprings produced by sexual reproduction
have the same number of chromosomes as their parents.

32. Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water, but multiply in sugar solution. Give one reason for this.
Yeast is a fungus and needs a supply of energy for its living and growth. Sugar supplies this energy for
sustaining all life activities in yeasts. In water, it fails to reproduce because of inadequate energy in its cells.

33. Why does bread mould grow profusely on a moist slice of bread rather than on a dry slice of
bread?
Moisture is an important factor for the growth of hyphae. Moistened bread slice offers both moisture and
nutrients to the bread mould, hence it grows profusely. Dry slice of bread offers nutrients but not moisture
hence hyphae fail to grow.

34. Give two reasons for the appearance of variations among the progeny formed by sexual
reproduction.
(a) Sexual reproduction involves two parents with different sets of characters
(b) The gene combinations are different in gametes.

35. Would a Planaria cut vertically into two halves regenerate into two individuals? Complete Figure
8.2 D and E by indicating the regenerated regions.

Yes, shaded part in Figures D and E represent the regenerated halves

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36. From the internet, gather information about the chromosome numbers of five animals and five
plants. Correlate the number with the size of organism and answer the following questions.
(a) Do larger organisms have more number of chromosomes/cells?
(b) Can organism with fewer chromosomes reproduce more easily than organisms with more number
of chromosomes?
(c) More the number of chromosomes/cells greater is the DNA content. Justify
(a) No, there is no relationship between size of organism and its chromosome number.
(b) No, process of reproduction follows a common pattern and is not dependent on the number of
chromosomes
(c) Yes, since the major component of chromosome is DNA, if there are more chromosomes in a cell, the
quantity of DNA will also be more.

37. In tobacco plant, the male gametes have twenty four chromosomes. What is the number of
chromosomes in the female gamete? What is the number of chromosomes in the zygote?
Number of chromosomes in female gamete is 24 Number of chromosomes in zygote is 48

38. Why cannot fertilisation take place in flowers if pollination does not occur?
In a flower fertilisation requires both male and female gametes. If pollination does not occur, male gamete is
not available hence fertilisation cannot take place.

39. Is the chromosome number of zygote, embryonal cells and adult of a particular organism always
constant? How is the constancy maintained in these three stages?
Yes, zygote, embryonic cell and adult of a particular organism always constant have constant chromosome
number.
Sexual reproduction includes gamete formation through meiosis and fertilization. Meiosis reduces the number
of chromosomes to half in male and female gametes. This reduced chromosome number is then restored to
normal during fertilization of male and female gametes. This is how; constant chromosome number is
maintained in sexually reproducing organisms. Growth and development of zygote into embryonic cell and
then into adult one takes place by mitosis (equatorial cell division) which produce the daughter cells carrying
same chromosome number as that of parent cell.

40. Where is the zygote located in the flower after fertilization?

Zygote is located inside the ovule which is present in the ovary

41. Reproduction is linked to stability of population of a species. Justify the statement.

In reproduction, DNA passes from one generation to the next. Copying of a DNA takes place with consistency
but with minor variations. This consistency leads to stability of species.

42. How are general growth and sexual maturation different from each other?
General growth refers to different types of developmental process in the body like increase in height, weight
gain, changes in shape and size of the body but sexual maturation is specific to changes reflected at puberty
like cracking of voice, new hair patterns, development of breast in female etc.

43. Trace the path of sperm during ejaculation and mention the gland and their functions associated
with the male reproductive system.
Sperm comes out from testis into the vas deferens and then passes through urethra before ejaculation. The
secretions of seminal vesicle and prostrate glands provide nutrition to the sperms and also facilitate their
transport

44. What changes are observed in the uterus if fertilisation does not occur?
The thick and spongy lining of the uterus slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and
mucus.

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45. What changes are observed in the uterus subsequent to implantation of young embryo?
The uterine wall thickens that is richly supplied with blood. A special tissue called placenta develops which
connects embryo to the uterine wall that provides nutrients and oxygen to it.

46. What are the benefits of using mechanical barriers during sexual act?
Mechanical barriers like condom prevents the sperms from reaching the egg. Thus it is an effective method to
avoid pregnancy. It also prevents transmission of infections during sexual act.

47. In the given Figure 8.3 label the parts and mention their functions (a) Production of egg (b) Site of
fertilisation (c) Site of implantation (d) Entry of the sperms
(a) Ovary (production of egg) (b) Oviduct (site of fertilisation) (c) Uterus (site of implantation)
(d) Vagina (entry of the sperms)

48. What would be the ratio of chromosome number between an egg and its zygote? How is the sperm
genetically different from the egg?
The ratio is 1 : 2. Sperms contain either X or Y chromosome whereas an egg will always have an X
chromosome.

49. Why are budding, fragmentation and regeneration all considered as asexual types of reproduction?
With neat diagrams explain the process of regeneration in Planaria.
Budding, fragmentation and regeneration are all considered as types of Asexual Reproduction as these
processes do not involve the formation of gametes, require only a single parent and produce a new
organisms only through mitotic divisions

Regeneration can be defined as the natural ability of living organisms to replace worn out parts, repair or
renew damaged or lost parts of the body, or to reconstitute the whole body from a small fragment during
the post embryonic life of an organism.
Regeneration is thus also a developmental process that involves growth, morphogenesis and
differentiation.
When the body of planaria is cut off into several parts, each part regenerates its complementary part to
develop into a new individual

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50. Write two points of difference between asexual and sexual types of reproduction. Describe why
variations are observed in the offspring formed by sexual reproduction.

During sexual reproduction two types of gametes fuse. Although the gametes contain the same number of
chromosomes, their DNA is not identical. This situation generates variations among the offsprings.

51. Distinguish between a gamete and zygote. Explain their roles in sexual reproduction.
Gamete represents the sex cell or germ cell in sexual reproduction. There are two types of gametes, male
and female.
Zygote is the product of fertilisation in which a male and a female gamete fuse with each other.
The two fusing gametes possess characters of their parents in their DNA.
Fertilisation brings characters of both parents into one zygote cell.
Zygote is the first cell of the next generation.
It divides to form an embryo which subsequently grows into a new individual.
52. Distinguish between pollination and fertilisation. Mention the site and product of fertilisation in a
flower. Draw a neat, labelled diagram of a pistil showing pollen tube growth and its entry into the
ovule
The process or mechanism of transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma is termed
pollination.
The fusion of male and female gametes giving rise to zygote is termed fertilisation
The site of fertilisation is ovule. The product of fertilisation is zygote.

53. Draw the diagram of a flower and label the four whorls. Write the names of gamete producing
organs in the flower.

The 4 whorls of a flower are

1. The calyx, a whorl of sepals at the base, above which are The corolla, a whorl of petals,
2. The androecium, a whorl of stamens (each comprising a filament and an anther), and
3. The gynoecium, a whorl of the female parts of a flower
Male gamete forming part - anther / stamen.
Female gamete forming part - pistil/ovary /ovule

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54. What is placenta? Mention its role during pregnancy?
The special tissue by which the embryo is attached to the wall of the uterus is called placenta. It is a disc-
like structure which is embedded in the uterine wall. It contains villi on the embryo’s side of the tissue and
blood spaces on the mother’s side surround the villi. The placenta is expelled from the uterus after
childbirth
Functions of the placenta are-
(a)Placenta helps to transport nutrients from maternal blood into foetus. The villi provides a large surface area
that facilitates the transport of nutrients and oxygen.
(b) Nitrogenous waste products produced in the embryo diffuse through the placenta into the maternal blood
stream.
(c) It helps in getting oxygen from the maternal blood into the foetus and removing of carbon dioxide from
foetus blood into the maternal blood.

55. How does fertilisation take place? Fertilisation occurs once in a month. Comment.
During the ovulation cycle, one egg is released by either of the ovaries. The egg reaches the fallopian tube.
During copulation (mating or coitus), the sperms are released in the vagina near the lower end of the uterus.
The sperms actively swim with the help of their tails and pass into the uterus. From the uterus, they reach the
oviduct. If there is an egg in the oviduct, it gets fertilised by the sperm. Numerous sperms reach the fallopian
tube but only one sperm is required for fertilization.
As only one egg is released by the ovary in a single ovulation cycle and ovulation cycle happens once in a
month, therefore, fertilization occurs once in a month.

56. Reproduction is essentially a phenomenon that is not for survival of an individual but for the
stability of a species. Justify.
a) Organisms need energy for survival which they obtain from life processes such as nutrition and
respiration.
(b) Reproduction needs a lot of energy.
(c) Genetic material is transferred from one generation to the next as a result of reproduction through DNA
copying.
(d) DNA copying takes place with high constancy and considerable variations, that is, advantages to the
species for stability in the changing environment
57. Describe sexually transmitted diseases and mention the ways to prevent them.
The diseases which are spread by sexual contact from an infected person to a healthy person are called
sexually transmitted diseases or STDs. e.g.,
(i) AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) (ii) Gonorrhoea (iii) Syphilis (iv) Genital herpes
These are infectious diseases transmitted during sexual contact. And They may be bacterial like or viral
like.
1. Use of mechanical barrier like condom prevents transmission of infection.
2. Avoid sexual contact with unknown person.
3. Avoid multiple sex partners and maintain personal hygiene.

Extra questions:
1(i) What is fertilisation? Distinguish between external fertilisation and internal fertilisation.
(ii) What is the site of fertilisation in human beings?
Answer. (i) Fertilisation is defined as the fusion of a male gamete (sperm) with a female gamete (an ovum or
egg) to form a zygote during sexual reproduction.

(ii) The site of fertilisation in human beings is in the fallopian tube of female reproductive system.

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2 Define the terms unisexual and bisexual giving one example of each.
Answer. Unisexual is the plant whose flowers contain either stamens or carpels but not both. Example:
Papaya, Watermelon.
Bisexual is the plant whose flowers contain both stamens and carpels. Example: Hibiscus, Mustard.

3 Differentiate between ‘self-pollination’ and ‘cross-pollination’. Describe double fertilisation in plants.

During fertilisation in plants, the following events take place:

(i) One of the male gamete fuses with the female gamete present in the embryo sac.
(ii) The other male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei in the embryo sac.
The first fusion product gives rise to the zygote while the second one forms the endosperm.
The process of two fusions occurring in the embryo sac is called double fertilisation.

[Link] is the effect of DNA copying which is not perfectly accurate on the reproduction process?
Answer. DNA copying is not perfectly accurate and the resultant errors are a source of variations in
populations of organisms.

[Link] one sexually transmitted disease each caused due to bacterial infection and viral infection.
How can these be prevented?
Answer. Sexually transmitted disease caused due to
(i) Bacterial infection is gonorrhoea, and
(ii) Viral infection is AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
These diseases can be prevented by responsible sexual behaviour such as use of condom during intercourse,
etc.

6. Illustrate the following with the help of suitable diagrams:

(i) Regeneration in Planaria. (ii) Budding in Hydra.
Answer.

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7. Illustrate the following with the help of suitable diagrams:
(i) Binary Fission in Amoeba.
(ii)Leaf of Bryophyllum with buds.
Answer.

8. Illustrate the following with the help of suitable diagrams:

(i) Spore formation in Rhizopus. (ii)Multiple fission in Plasmodium.

9. Mention the mode of reproduction used by(a) Amoeba (b) Planaria.

Answer. Mode of reproduction used by (a) Amoeba is Binary fission. (b) Planaria is Regeneration
10. State the method used for growing rose plants.
Answer. Artificial methods of vegetative propagation like cutting are used to grow rose plants.
11 State what type of method is used for growing jasmine plant.
Answer. Artificial methods of vegetative propagation like layering is used for growing jasmine plant.
Question.12 Name the largest cell present in thehuman body.
Answer. The largest cell present in the human body is ovum

[Link] is regeneration? State a reason why a more complex organism cannot give rise to new
individuals through this method.
Answer. Regeneration is the ability of a fully differentiated organism to give rise to new individual organisms
from its body parts. More complex organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration
because:
(i) their body is highly complicated.
(ii) there are specific organs to do specific functions.
(iii) there is a labour division in the body of complex organisms.
(iv) regeneration is carried out by specialised cells which are not present in complex organisms.

14. (a) Explain the terms:(i) Implantation (ii) Placenta

(b) What is the average duration of human pregnancy?
Answer. (a) (i) Implantation: The embedding of a fertilised mammalian egg (embryo) into the inner thick wall of

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the uterus (womb) where it will continue its development is called implantation.
(ii) Placenta: It is a complex double-layered spongy vascular tissue in human female formed by the joint
activity of maternal and foetal tissues in the wall of uterus that is meant for attachment, nourishment and waste
disposal for the foetus.
(b) The average duration of human pregnancy is 40 weeks or 280 days.

Question.15 What are sexually transmitted diseases?

Name four such diseases. Which one of them damages the immune system of human body?
Answer. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are the diseases which are spread by sexual contact from an
infected person to a healthy person. They are caused by various microorganisms that live in warm and moist
environments of the vagina, urethra, anus and mouth.
The four sexually transmitted diseases are:
(i) Gonorrhoea (ii) Syphilis (iii) Trichomoniasis (iv) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
AIDS damages the immune system of human body.

16. Write the full form of DNA. Name the part of the cell where it is located. Explain its role in the
process of reproduction of the cell.
Answer. The full form of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the genetic material found in the chromosomes,
which are present in the nucleus of a cell.
Role of DNA in the process of repro¬duction of the cell:

DNA plays an important role in the reproduction of a cell. The reproducing cell produces an identical copy of
DNA through some cellular mechanism. Since the newly formed copy of DNA lacks an organised cellular
structure, the cell gets divided to provide cell cover to the newly formed DNA. Thus, two daughter cells are
formed from the single cell as a result of the copying of DNA.

17. Explain vegetative propagation with the help of two examples. List two advantages of vegetative
propagation.
Answer. In vegetative propagation, new plants are obtained from the parts of old plants like stems, roots and
leaves, without the help of any reproductive organ.
There are two ways of vegetative propagation:(a) Natural Vegetative Propagation, and (b) Artificial Vegetative
Propagation.
Natural vegetative propagation by leaves: The fleshy leaves of Bryophyllum bear adventitious buds in the
notches along the leaf margin.
Grafting: In this method of reproduction, two plants of closely related varieties are joined together so that they
live as one plant.
 The portion of a plant that is grafted on the other plant is called scion, and the plant in which grafting is
performed is called the stock.
 This method is applied to improve variety of fruits like mango, apple, peas, citrus and guava.
advantages of vegetative propagation are:
18. List any four modes of asexual reproduction.
Answer. Binary fission in Amoeba, Fragmentation in Spirogyra, Regeneration in Planaria and Budding in
Hydra

19. What does HIV stand for? Is AIDS an infectious disease? List any four modes of spreading AIDS.
Answer. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Yes, AIDS is an infectious disease.
Four modes of spreading AIDS are as follows:
(i) By having sexual contact with an infected person. (ii) By the transfusion of blood from an infected person.
(iii) Through infected needles used for injection. (iv) Through the placenta from the mother to child during
pregnancy.

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20. Expand AIDS. List any four methods of prevention (control) of AIDS.
Answer. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
(i) Use condom during sex. (ii) Avoid sharing of needles. (iii) Test blood for AIDS before transfusion.
(iv) Avoid sexual contact with unknown person.

21. If a woman is using Copper-T, will it help in protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases?
Why?
it will not help in protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases. Copper-T prevents only implantation in the
uterus.

22. Explain the following methods of contraception giving one example of each:
(i) Barrier method (ii) Hormonal imbalance method (iii) Surgical method.
Answer. i) Barrier Method: In this method, physical devices such as condoms, diaphragm and cervical caps
are used. These devices prevent the entry of sperm in the female genital tract during copulation, thus acting ‘
as a barrier between them.
(ii) Hormonal Imbalance Method: In this method, specific drugs are used by females, which are of two types:
oral pills and vaginal pills. Oral pills contain hormones which stop the ovaries from releasing ovum into the
fallopian tube. These pills are also called oral contraceptives (OCs) which act by changing the hormonal
balance of the body so that eggs are not released and fertilisation cannot occur. The use of Intrauterine
Contraceptive Devices (IUCDs) prevents implantation in the uterus. This device is copper-T placed safely
inside the uterus by a doctor or nurse.
(iii) Surgical Method: In this method, a small portion of vas deferens in male and the fallopian tube in ‘ female
is surgically removed or tied. It is called vasectomy in males and tubectomy in females. In this case, if the vas
deferens in male is blocked, sperm transfer will be prevented and if the fallopian tube in the female is blocked,
the egg will not be able to reach the uterus, thus fertilisation will not take place.

23. (a) What is fragmentation in organism? Name a multicell-ular organism which reproduces by this
method.
Answer. (a) Fragmentation: Multicellular organisms with simple body organisation such as filamentous algae-
Spirogyra breaks up into two or more small pieces or fragments upon maturation. These fragments grow into
new individuals.

24. State one genetically different feature between sperms and eggs of humans. What is its
consequence?
Answer. The sex chromosome of human male is XY. A sperm of human male carries either an X chromosome
or one Y chromosome.
The sex chromosome of human female is XX and hence, the egg always carries the X chromosome.
If a sperm carrying X chromosome fertilises an egg which carries X chromosome, then the’ child born will be a
girl. If a sperm carrying Y chromosome fertilises an egg which carries X chromosome, then the child born will
be a boy.

25. List two advantages of vegetative reproduction practised in case of an orange plant.
Answer. Two advantages of practising vegetative reproduction in orange plants are:
(i) The oranges produced are similar in size and shape.
(ii) Many oranges do not produce viable seeds and hence, vegetative method is good alternative.
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26. Name an organism which reproduces by spore formation. List three conditions favourable for
spores to germinate and grow.
Answer. Rhizopus reproduces by spore formation. Conditions favourable for spore formation are:
(i) Cool place, (ii) Moist place and (iii) Dark place

27. Name the two types of germ-cells present in human beings. How do they structurally differ from
each other? Give two differences.
Answer. The two types of germ-cells present in human beings are sperm and ova. The sperm of human have
either X or Y chromosome. The ova always carry X chromosome. The sperm is structurally long with a tail. The
ova is round in structure.

28. Describe in brief the role of (i) testis (ii) seminal vesicle, (iii) vas deferens, (iv) ureter and (v)
prostate gland in human male reproductive system.
1. Testis: Testes are oval shaped primary reproductive organs in men. The function of testes is to
produce sperms and male sex hormone testosterone. The scrotum provides optimal temperature for
the formation of sperms.
2. Seminal vesicle: Seminal vesicles are a pair of thin walled muscular elongated sac which secrete fluid
for nourishment of sperms.
3. vas deferens: The sperms are carried by a long tube called vas deferens to organs called seminal
vesicles where the sperms get nourishment and stored.
4. Ureter It is the tube that carries urine from kidney to the urinary bladder. In humans, there are two
ureters, one attached to each kidney.
5. Prostate glands: Prostate glands produce a fluid which is released in the urethra along with secretion
of seminal vesicles for nourishment and transportation of sperms.

29. Draw a diagram of a human female reproductive system and label the part
(i) that produces egg (ii) where fusion of egg and sperm take place (iii) where zygote is implanted

30. Mention any two functions of human ovary.

Solution: The two functions of human ovary are as follows
(i) It is responsible for the production of the female gamete, ovum. (ii) It secretes hormones like estrogen and
progesterone.

[Link] menopause.
Solution: At the age of around 45-50 years, the ovaries of the females stop producing ova.
The stoppage of menstrual flow and other events like the changes in the hormonal composition is known as
menopause.

[Link] are the various methods of vegetative propagation? Discuss any one method with example.
Solution:The various types of vegetative propagation are
• Cutting • Layering • Grafting • Parthenogenesis • Micro-propagation in vitro
Grafting
• It is a method in which two parts of different plants are joined together in such a way that they unite and grow
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as one plant.
• The portion of the plant that is grafted onto another plant is known as the scion, and the plant on which
grafting is performed is known as the stock.
• The stock and the scion are tied in such a way that the cambium of the scion and the stock come in contact
with each other.
• The stock is so chosen that it possesses qualities like disease resistance, high water absorbing capacity,
deep penetrating roots for a firm hold, etc. The scion is so chosen that it possesses qualities like high yield of
pulp or seeds (as desired) from a single fruit, etc.
• For example citrus-root stock is used for a variety of grafts like sweet orange, lime, grape, etc.

33. Describe the menstrual cycle.

Solution: • The commencement of menstruation at puberty is termed menarche and marks the beginning of
the reproductive life of a female.
• Initially, inside the ovary, an oogonium or an ovarian follicle is developed into a mature ovum and released
into the fallopian tube. This is termed as ovulation.
• After the release, the uterus and the fallopian tubes undergo changes like the thickening of the uterine wall,
development of the endometrial lining, etc. to prepare the body for a probable pregnancy.
• If fertilization does not occur, then the thickened inner wall of the uterus breaks down along with its blood
vessels and moves out of the vagina in the form of bleeding, called menstrual flow (menstruation).
• It lasts for about 4-7 days.
• This cycle of events taking place in the ovaries and the uterus every 28 days and marked by the menstrual
flow is known as the menstrual cycle.
• In a normal healthy woman, ovulation takes place around the 14th day and menstruation occurs every 28 to
30 days.

[Link] between menarche and menopause

Solution: • Menarche marks the beginning of the reproductive cycle of a female whereas menopause marks
the end of the reproductive cycle.
• Menarche generally takes place at puberty, i.e., at the age of 12-16 years while menopause takes place
around the age of 45-50 years.
• After menarche, there is an increased amount of production of female sex hormones whereas after
menopause, the secretion of female sex hormones declines and sometimes completely stops.

35. What are the post fertilizational changes in the flower?

Ans. Post – fertilization changes in flowers are –
a) The sepals, petals and stamens wither off
b) Style and stigma degenerate
c) Ovary develops into fruit
d) Ovules grows into seed
e) Integuments of the ovule act as seed coats.
f) Fertilized egg gets converted into embryo which bear plumule, radicle and cotyledons.
g) Fertilized polar nuclei form endosperm which may or may not be consumed during seed development.

[Link] changes occur in ovaries during menstrual cycle?

Ans. Change occurs in ovaries during menstruation
a) 1 – 4 days – Corpus luteum degenerates. The ovary starts preparing for the maturation of a new follicle.
b) 5 – 13 days – Ovarian follicle develops to optimum. Estrogen secreted by ovaries causes thickening of
uterine wall.
c) 14 day – Egg gets released from the ovary. It enters the fallopian tube, known as ovulation.
d) 15 to 28 days – After releasing the egg, the follicle part produces corpus luteum which produces
progesterone. If pregnancy has not occurred, corpus luteum degenerates corpus luteum. This restarts
menstrual cycle once again.

[Link] are spores produced in sporangium of Rhizopus? OR Explain the reproduction in Rhizopus.
Ans. a) A spore is a small microscopic structure with a thick wall.
b) Spores are generally formed in a structure called sporangium which reassembles formed in a structure
called sporangium which resemble blob on – a – stick.
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c) Sporangia are formed at the tip of erect fungal hypha.
d) In each sporangium, a nucleus divides several times producing a large number of nuclei. Nuclei get
surrounded by a little cytoplasm and develop into thick – walled cells or spores.
e) The wall of sporangium breaks to release the spores in air.
f) On germination in the presence of moist surface, each spore gives rise to a new organism.
39. Write the functions of the following parts in human female reproductive system:
(i) Ovary (ii) Oviduct / Fallopian tube (iii) Uterus
(a) i . Ovary - They produce eggs or the female gamete. They also prodece the female hormone estrogen
which brings about the development of secondary sexual characters in females.
(ii) Oviduct - Carries the mature egg to the uterus. The oviduct provide the place for fertilisation to occur.
(iii) Uterus – It is the site where implantation of zygote occurs. It nourishes and provides nutrition to embryo

38 name the parts of bisexual flower that are not directly involved in reproduction
1. sepals/calyx
2. petals/ corolla
3. Thalamus

39. : Vasectomy in males where a small portion of the vas deferens is tied by surgical operation to prevent the
release of sperm . Tubectomy in females where the oviducts are tied preventing the release of eggs

40. FEMALE HORMONES (a) Estrogen :It is produced by follicle cell for development of uterine wall and
secondary sexual characters.
(b) Progesterone : It is secreted by graffian follicle and then placenta for development of uterine wall.
(c) Oxytocin : It is the hormone for contraction of the uterus during child birth

41. Fate of a flower after fertilization:

i. Sepals, petals, anther and stamen shed off. The integuments of the ovule will be converted into seed coat.
ii. The ovule will be converted into seed.
iii. Zygote inside the ovules will divide several times to form embryo which possess a radicle(roots),
plumule(shoot) and cotyledons. iv. Endosperm is also present in the seed.

Thus, in the ovule two fusions take place which include syngamy and triple fusion,together known as double
fertilization.

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