AIR

AIR CONDITIONING
Basic Level

Cd. del Carmen, Campeche, Mexico. October. 2011

 Basic Air Conditioning Course
Eng. Jorge Agustín Herrera Castillo

CONTENT
1. Generalities of HVAC Systems

1.1 Fundamental concepts

1.2 Units used

1.3 Symbols and abbreviations used in HVAC systems

1.4 Standards and Technical Specifications of HVAC systems

2. General classification of HVAC Systems

2.1 Ventilation Systems: Types of Fans

2.2 Air Conditioning Systems: Conventional Systems, Industrial Systems

2.3 Auxiliary Systems

3. Characteristics of the vapor-air mixture

3.1 Generalities

3.2 Composition of air

3.3 Properties of Air

4. Psychrometric Tables and Charts

4.1 Psychrometric tables.

4.2 Psychrometric Chart.

4.3 Psychrometric properties at different altitudes.

5. Fans and air distribution devices

5.1 Types of fans.

5.2 Operating characteristics of fans.

5.3 Fan selection.

5.4 Equipment Location Conditions

5.5 Accessories for ventilation systems

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6. Air Conditioning Systems and Equipment.

6.1 Classification of systems.

6.2 Air soil systems.

6.3 Single Zone Systems.

6.4 Multiple zone systems.

6.5 Variable air volume systems.

6.6 Air and water systems.

6.7 Roof units.

6.8 Air cleaning devices (filters).

6.9 Types of air purifiers.

6.10 Equipment requisition

7. Planning and Design of the Ventilation and Air Conditioning System

7.1 Calculation of thermal load.

7.2 Type and location of terminal units.

7.3 Selection of terminal units.

7.4 Location of ducts.

7.5 Accessories.

7.6 Controls.

7.7 Plans and specifications.

7.8 Duct Sizing.

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Ing. Jorge Agustín Herrera Castillo

CHAPTER 1:
GENERALITIES OF
HVAC SYSTEMS

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Ing. Jorge Agustín Herrera Castillo

1.1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

Psychrometry

Es la ciencia que estudia el aire y sus propiedades.

Air Conditioning

Air process in an enclosed space where temperature parameters are controlled,

humidity, speed, and purity within the established limits.

Temperature Control:

Heat is a form of energy directly related to molecular vibration.

When we heat a substance, its molecules move rapidly, thus generating a
energy: heat. If we cool it down, molecular movement stops, thus lowering the temperature.

Humidity Control:

Humidity refers to the amount of water contained in the air and is recorded by sensations.
of humidity. This concept is directly related to the feeling of comfort. The air
the environment is controlled to maintain the preset relative humidity through humidification or
dehumidification of ambient air.

Air Movement and Circulation:

To achieve the desired comfort, it is necessary for the air to be distributed and circulate evenly.
throughout the premises, without creating unpleasant drafts.

Filtration, Cleaning, and Purification of Air:

The removal of dust particles is essential for health. Achieving an adequate

Air filtration is a basic task of an air conditioning unit. Based on these concepts,
you will be able to know and understand the difference between refrigeration and air conditioning.

Environment

Surrounding environment of a person or things.

Latent Heat

The heat added to, or removed from, a substance causes a change of state.

Sensible Heat

The heat added to or removed from a substance causes a change in temperature.

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Thermal Load

Amount of heat by removing (cooling), adding (heating) or both.

Refrigeration cycle

Capacitor

Heat exchanger in which the refrigerant is condensed with the help of an external medium
(water or air). The condensation stage of the cycle takes place in a unit called
"condenser" located outside the refrigerated space. Here the gas
refrigerant at high pressure and high temperature, rejects heat to the environment (is cooled)
by a flow of water or air), changing from gas to cold liquid at a high pressure.

Evaporator

Heat exchanger in which the refrigerant evaporates by absorbing heat from another fluid
(water or air).

In the evaporation stage, the refrigerant absorbs heat from the surrounding space and thus
consequently cools it down. This stage takes place in a component called the evaporator, which
It is called that because the refrigerant evaporates, changing from liquid to vapor.

Compression

After evaporating, the refrigerant exits the evaporator in the form of low-pressure vapor.
passes to the compressor where it is compressed, increasing its pressure (this increase in pressure is
necessary for the refrigerant gas to easily change to liquid and pump it to the stage of
condensation).

A compressor is afluid machinethat is built to increase thepressurey

to displace a certain type of fluids called compressible, such asgasesythe vapors.

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This is done through an exchange ofenergybetween the machine and the fluid in which the
The work performed by the compressor is transferred to the substance passing through it, turning into
flow energy,increasing its pressure andkinetic energypushing it to flow.

Control and expansion

This stage is developed by a flow control mechanism, this device holds the
flow and expand the refrigerant to facilitate its subsequent evaporation. After that
refrigerant leaves the flow control, directed towards the evaporator to absorb heat and begin a
new flow.

Weather Conditions

Outdoor climate conditions of each place where design is required, such as:
temperature, relative humidity, altitude above sea level, wind speed and direction.

Air pollutants in the environment

Substances that exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous state, affecting externally or internally.
to the teams and instruments used for monitoring and process control.

Equivalent Regulatory Document

It is the norm, specification, method, standard or code that covers the requirements and/or
physical, chemical, physicochemical, mechanical characteristics or of any nature
established in the foreign regulatory document cited in the reference standard (NRF).

Duct

Enclosure of a space through which air is transported, with a rectangular cross-section

the circular.

Pressure
It is the force exerted in directionperpendicularper unit area.

Volume
It is the space occupied by a body or substance.

Internal Energy
It is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy of a molecule.

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Air filters

Elements used to remove contaminating particles (dust, liquids, and some gases)
that are suspended in the atmospheric air, before the latter is introduced into a place.

Relative Humidity

La relación de la presión parcial del vapor de agua contenido en el aire con la presión de
vapor saturation corresponding to the existing temperature or the relationship of the density of
water vapor in the air.

Pressurization

El proceso de suministrar aire a un espacio para aumentar la presión interna con respecto a la
exterior with the purpose of preventing the entry of gas, toxic vapors, flammable and/or explosive substances.

Soft drink

Fluid with its own characteristics of pressure and boiling point, used for
heat transfer in a refrigeration system, which absorbs heat at low temperature and
low pressure; rejects heat through condensation at high temperature and high pressure.
Currently, eco-friendly refrigerants are used that do not harm the ozone layer of the atmosphere.
terrestrial, such as R-134a or R-407C or equivalents that are accepted as environmentally friendly by
EPA.

Wet Bulb Temperature (TBH)

The one indicated by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a wet cloth and exposed to
a current of air for approximately 30 to 35 seconds.

Dry Bulb Temperature (TBS)

The indicated in an ordinary thermometer, isolated from the effects of radiation.

Ton of Refrigeration

Amount of heat required for the fusion of 1 ton of solid ice in 24 hours.

Mechanical Ventilation

Process of injecting, recirculating, or extracting air from a space, by mechanical means.

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Enthalpy
It is the name given to a state function of thermodynamics where the variation allows
to express the amount of heat involved during an isobaric transformation (that is,
at constant pressure) in a thermodynamic system.

H = U + PV
Where:
H = Enthalpy
U = Internal Energy
P= Presión
V= Volume

Heat Transfer: It is the process by which energy is exchanged in the form of heat.
between different bodies, or between different parts of the same body that have different
temperature. Heat is transferred through conduction, convection, and radiation.

Heat Transfer: Conduction.

Heat conduction is the transfer of heat from one end to the other.
body or of a body or substance to another. In solids, the only form of transfer
the conduction of heat. If you have a metal rod, it can be subjected to heat on one
from its ends. When held by the other end, the rod becomes hot.

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Heat Transfer: Convection.

It is characterized because it is produced through afluid(air, water) that carries the
heat between zones with differentthe temperatures.
Convection is classified as natural or forced. In forced convection, the fluid is compelled to
flow through external means, such as a fan. In natural convection, the movement
the fluid is due to natural causes, such as the buoyancy effect, which manifests with
the rise of the hot fluid and the descent of the cold fluid.

Heat Transfer: Radiation.

Energy transfer through electromagnetic waves emitted by hot bodies
and absorbed by cold bodies.

Thermodynamics
It is the science that studies the transformations and exchanges of energy..

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1.2 UNITS USED

LONGITUDE

English system:

12 in = 1 ft

Metric system:

1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm

English-metric system:

1 ft = 0.3048 m

AREA

English system:
2
144 inches 1 ft2

English-metric system:

1 ft20.093 m2

VOLUME

English system:

1728 in3= 1 ft37.48 gal

English-metric system:
3
1 foot 0.0283 m3

1 gal = 3.785 lt

Dough

English system:

1 lb = 16 oz = 7000 gr

Metric system:

1 kg = 1000 gr

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English-metric system:

2.2 lb = 1 kg

STRENGTH

English-metric system:

1 lb = 4.45 N

SPEED

English system:

1 ft/s = 0.68 mi/h

English-metric system:

1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s =1.097 km/h

DENSITY

English-metric system:
3
1 pound per foot 16 kg/m3

PRESSURE

English system:

1 psi = 2.3 ft de agua = 2.04 in Hg

Metric system:

1 atm = 101.3 N/m3101.3 Pa

English-metric system:

14.7 psi = 1 atm

TEMPERATURE

English system:

°F = °R - 460

Metric system:

°C = °K - 273
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English-metric system:

°F = (9/5) °C + 32

°C = (5/9) (°F - 32)

ENERGY

English system:

1 BTU = 778 ft-lb

Metric system:

1 J = 1 w-s = 0.239 cal

English-metric system:

1 BTU = 1055 J = 252 cal

SPECIFIC HEAT

English-metric system:

1 BTU/lb -º F = 1 cal/g ºC

1 BTU/lb -º F = 4.2 kJ/kg ºC

POWER (ENERGY VALUE)

3410 BTU/h = 1 KW

1 T.R. = 12,000 BTU/h

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

English-metric system:

1 BTU/h-ft2-ºF = 5.68 W/m2 ºC

VOLIMETRIC FLOW

English-metric system:

1 CFM = 1.70 m3/h

1 GPM = 500 lb/h

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1.3 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN HVAC SYSTEMS

A Area.

[Link] air.

BTU British thermal unit.

°C Celsius degrees

°F Fahrenheit degrees

GPM Gallons per minute

Ft Pies

Pa Pascals

Lb Libras

rpm/Changes per hour or number of revolutions per hour.

dB (A) Decibelios

ft/minFeet per minute.

kPa Pressure in Kilopascal.

mm c. a. Pressure in millimeters of water column (25 mm = 1.0 inch of water column).

PCM (CFM) cubic feet per minute.

1 T. R. Cooling ton (12,660 kJ/h = 12,000 BTU/h).

H/V Horizontal / Vertical.

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1.4 STANDARDS AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF HVAC SYSTEMS

ASHRAE

American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

ASTM

American Society for Testing Materials.

EMA

Mexican Accreditation Entity.

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency (United States Environmental Protection Agency)

from North America).

HVAC

Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (Air Conditioning, Ventilation, and Heating).

ISA

The Instrumentation, Systems and Automation Society

Automation)

SMACNA

Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractor's National Association

metal ducts for air conditioning

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association.

ARI

Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute

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2. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
OF HVAC SYSTEMS

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2.1 VENTILATION SYSTEMS: TYPES OF FANS:

Fans can be classified into two main groups: centrifugal fans and the
axial fans, which differ from each other in the direction of the airflow passing through them, both
they can work as air extractors.

2.2 Air Conditioning Systems: Conventional Systems, Industrial Systems

Conventional systems:

Window-type equipment:

The sale and distribution of window units at present is high due to the low
costs of the same. The evaluation of capacity and other technical standards are subject to the
determinations of the HVAC specialist, who with a set of norms and standards carries out the
appropriate selection of the equipment to be installed.

The window unit meets a very specific need; the cooling of a site.
reduced to a minimum cost and with the possibility of changing location. Both conditions eliminate
totally the possibility of installing a central system.

Window Type Equipment

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Conventional Split Equipment: Minisplit and Multisplit:

The unit formed by the compressor and the condenser is located outside. The unit
The evaporator is installed indoors: Ceiling, wall, or floor. With a single condenser, it can be
install one or more independently controlled evaporators.

Multisplit

Type: Ceiling Floor Mini Split

Mini split type: Floor Wall

Portable Equipment:

Portable air conditioning units have the advantage of not requiring installation.
In addition, it has another advantage which is its mobility, allowing us to move it from one place to another.
room to another without problems to use it where we need it at every moment, a
The observation is that a discharge must be provided for a duct of the hot air of the room.

Portable Equipment

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Industrial Systems:

Divided team

Indirect discharge system through a duct network and air emission through
grilles in wall or ceiling diffusers.

Team made up of two units:

Condensing Unit and Air Handler

The condenser and the air handler are interconnected, and from the air handler come out
the network of ducts, to be distributed inside.

Split Unit: Condenser and

Air Handler

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Eng. Jorge Agustín Herrera Castillo

Air Package Equipment:

Packaged air conditioners (condensing unit and air handler in one)

units) are easy to install as only power and ducting connections are required, they are the
ideal solution for air conditioning single-level locations such as self-service stores,
gas stations, supermarkets, industrial warehouses.

Air Package Equipment

Chillers: These equipment use a chiller water system that is transported through a network of
pipelines. These systems are used after 120 T.R. Where most specialists
HVAC commonly tends to select packaged air equipment to replace this design since its
installation is more complex and its maintenance is more expensive.

Chillers

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2.3 Auxiliary Systems

Auxiliary equipment

Pressurization Unit
Water pump
Filtration units

Filtration Unit

The features that commonly come with the equipment are:

Engine capacity (kW)

Operation tension (Volts)
Current (Amperes)
Power factor (%)
Year of start of operation
Measured power (kW)
Airflow capacity of the equipment

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CHAPTER 3.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE VAPOR-AIR MIXTURE

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3.1 GENERALITIES

Air conditioning is controlling its temperature, humidity, distribution, and purity. Its objective
it is to ensure the comfort of the occupants of residences, theaters, schools, etc., or else, in the
industry, keep food products, chemicals, etc., at very low temperatures
to prevent contamination.

Before studying air conditioning, it is necessary to know its characteristics and

properties.

3.2 COMPOSITION OF AIR

The atmosphere surrounding the earth is a mixture of gases whose composition is:

Volume in Weight in %
%

Nitrogen 78.1 76.0

Oxygen 20.9 23.1

Argon 1.0 0.9

3.3 AIR PROPERTIES

The air generally contains:

Nitrogen 78.03
Oxygen 20.99
Argon 0.94
Carbon dioxide 0.03

GASES IN %
Hydrogen
Xenon
Krypton 0.01
Others

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Sulfur fumes
Acid fumes
C O2
Octopus
IMPURITIES Ashes
Minerals
Vegetables
Animals
Microorganisms

Specific heat Cp

It is defined as the amount of heat in BTU necessary to change the temperature of 1

lb of this substance to 1ºF. The specific heat of air is not constant, but depends on the
temperature. For practical purposes, it is used:

Specific heat:

CP = 0.2415 or 0.24 BTU/lbºF

For purposes that require precision:

CP= 0.24112 + 0.000009T

Specific weight W

Weight of dry air:

0.07496 lb/ foot3(a 70ºF y 29.92 plg de Hg)

Weight of dry air contained in a foot3from saturated air:

0.07309 lb/foot3(a 70ºF y 29.92 plg de Hg)

Specific volume V

The specific volume is the reciprocal of the specific weight, that is:

V=1/W

For T = 70 ºF and P = 29.92 in of Hg:

v = 13.34 pi3/ lb (dry air)

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v = 13.68 pi3(dry air content in a pound of saturated air)

Absolute humidity or density dV

The weight of water vapor expressed in pounds or grains per cubic foot of space is called
"absolute humidity" or "water vapor density," when the air is not saturated and as dd

When it is; in this case, it is found in columns 4 and 5 of the air-vapor tables (Tables
Psychrometric.

1 lb = 7000 grains

Specific humidity or moisture ratio (Wv)

The weight of water vapor expressed in pounds or grains per pound of dry air is called humidity.
specific, when the mixture is not saturated, and as WdWhen it is; its value is found
in columns 6 and 7 of the air-vapor tables (Psychrometric Tables) at different pressures or
temperatures.

Relative humidity (Ø)

It is defined as the relationship between the partial vapor pressure in the air and the saturation pressure of the
vapor corresponding to the existing temperature.

It is the ratio of the density of water vapor in the air to the saturation density at the
corresponding temperature.

Another very useful formula that we have is:

Variation of relative humidity (Ø)

a) Relative humidity can be increased in the following ways:

1. Reducing the temperature, without changing the absolute humidity.

2. Increasing the absolute humidity without changing the temperature.

b) Relative humidity can be reduced in the following ways:

Increasing the temperature, without changing the absolute humidity.

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2. Decreasing the absolute humidity without changing the final temperature.

Dew point temperature (TW)

Indicates the amount of humidity contained in the air.

It is the temperature at which the air becomes saturated when it cools, assuming there is no
increase or decrease in humidity, expressed in degrees Fahrenheit.
The dew point cannot be changed unless the humidity is increased or decreased.
air, even if the heat is increased or decreased.
If the air cools to a temperature lower than the dew point, condensation begins and it
set a new dew point.
The air temperature can be decreased by removing humidity from the air, that is,
subtracting water vapor from a given weight of air, and it can be increased by adding vapor
from water to a given weight of air.

The dew point temperature of any mixture of air and water vapor can be determined from the
next way:

1. By slowly cooling a container that contains air, the temperature at which the
Condensation begins to appear on the walls of the container is the dew point.

2. The dew point temperature can be found psychrometrically starting from the temperature.
of wet bulb and dry bulb.

. Humidity measurement
. Temperature at which it saturates
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE air
Dew Point Temperature . Temperature that does not change without
change the humidity
. If it cools below this

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Experimental formulas for the partial pressure of water vapor

(Apjohn, 1837)

(Farrel, 1886)

(Carrier, 1911)

Current steam pressure

Evaporation pressure of the liquid at

Dry bulb temperature

Wet bulb temperature

Enthalpy of air

The total enthalpy of moist air is equal to the sum of the enthalpy of dry air plus the enthalpy of
water vapor contained in the mixture.

Where:

httotal enthalpy of air in Btu/lba

hs enthalpy of dry air in Btu/lba

hLenthalpy of water vapor in Btu/lba

The enthalpy of dry air is also called the sensible heat of air and is usually represented by the letter
qs.

Therefore: hs=s

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The enthalpy of water vapor multiplied by the pounds of vapor is known as latent heat and
is usually represented by the letter qL

Therefore: hL=L

Where:

WvPounds of steam contained in 1 pound of dry air.

hvEnthalpy of water vapor in BTU/lbvtaken from the psychrometric tables (Column 11)

The total heat of the air is given by the sum of the latent heat and the sensible heat, which the expression
es:

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CHAPTER 4. TABLES AND CHARTS

Psychrometric

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4.1 Psychrometric tables.

The psychrometric tables were taken from the Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Guide, Chapter 1.

It shows the properties of the mixture of air with saturated vapor, from -25 ºF to 164 ºF.
(Reproduced from Principles of Refrigeration by Roy J. Dossat, with permission from John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.

Problem 4.1.- Using psychrometric tables

The air has a dry bulb temperature of [Link], yΦ=80 %, is heated and water is added,
until you have a TBS=70oF, and aΦ = 50%; with the help of the tables, calculate:

The change in the partial pressure of the vapor.

The amount of water that is added during the process.
3. The total added heat.
4. The change of sensible heat.
5. The change of latent heat.

Solution:

1.- The change in the partial vapor pressure.

From the tables, it is known:

For TBS1=35oF

From the tables we have:

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For TBS2=70oF

From the tables we have:

Therefore,

2.- The amount of water added. To calculate the added water, we must take the difference of the
specific humidity of the highest temperature with that of the lowest temperature, which indicates that
we have:

For TBS1=35oF

We have that the formula for relative humidity according to the data we have is:

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For TBS2=70oF

Therefore, the water added during the process is:

3.- The added heat

For TBS1=35 °F

From the tables we obtain the following data

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For TBS2=70°F

The added heat is:

4.- The change of sensible heat

5.- The change of latent heat

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4.2 Psychrometric Chart.

It is the graphical representation of tables and with them, graphical analysis can be performed.
psychrometric properties and facilitates the solution of different problems.

The psychrometric chart basically shows the relationship between the following five properties of air.

Wet bulb temperature

Dew point temperature

3. Dry bulb temperature

4. Relative humidity

5. Specific humidity

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Problem 4.2.-

Use the psychrometric chart if we have a certain amount of air, whose bulb temperature
the dry bulb is 70°F and the wet bulb is 61°F.

Obtain the following data from the psychrometric chart.

The dew point temperature

2. The specific humidity
3. The relative humidity
4. The partial pressure of the vapor (formula).
5. The specific volume
6. The total heat per pound of air

/lb
TU
B
15
27.
h=
TBH= 61°F(DATO)

TW = 55.8°F P=
v 0.21 lb/in
2
Wv= 66 grains/lbas

3
% V = 13.55 pi/lb
60
Ø=

TBS70°F(DATE)
TBS

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4.3 Psychrometric properties at different altitudes.

Most psychrometric charts have been made for barometric pressures, at sea level,
Pb= 29.92 inches of Hg, however, there are special charts for certain places that are located at
different altitudes, such as the chart for 7500 feet above sea level for Mexico City.

When psychrometric calculations are required for a place whose altitude is considerable and not
it has a special card, the standard card is used at sea level, making the
corresponding corrections for specific humidity, enthalpy, and volume.

The standard psychrometric chart contains the necessary tables to make those corrections;
Generally, these correction tables are located on the left margin of it.

Correction of specific humidity (Wc)

To obtain the correction of specific humidity, the correction table shown is used.
in the upper left margin of the psychrometric chart. The altitude in feet is entered on the x-axis.
or with the difference in pressures ΔP in inches of Hg, between the barometric pressure of the place and that of
sea level, and on the y-axis with T BH, the corresponding reading is the correction Δ This
The value read in the table must be reduced by 1% for every 024°F difference from [Link] the TBH, o
it is the final correction it will be:

Where

Total correction of specific humidity in grains per lb of dry air.

Tabulated correction in the table of specific humidity in grains/lb of dry air.

TBSDry bulb temperature

TBHWet bulb temperature

Correction of enthalpy (h)

Using the correction table in the same way as explained when talking about correction of
Specific humidity, the correction of enthalpy Δh is found.

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Correction of specific volume (v)

The specific volume of the air-vapor mixture, based on the gas equation and in the
equation of specific humidity as a function of partial pressure can be found with the
next expression:

Where

Volume of a pound of mixture in feet3

TBSDry bulb temperature

Pb Barometric pressure in inches of Hg

Specific humidity in grains/lb of dry air.

Enthalpy deviation

The enthalpy is not entirely constant at constant adiabatic saturation temperature.

wet bulb temperature), but it increases slightly as it approaches saturation.

The letters show the enthalpies of saturated air at different temperatures; in several of them
They also show the deviation curves for unsaturated conditions (see the chart)
psychrometric). Deviation is only used when very precise values are required, but in
Practical engineering problems are often omitted without significantly affecting the results.

Formula for the partial vapor pressure as a function of specific humidity and barometric pressure:

Problem 4.3.

The city of Monterrey is located at an elevation of 1764 feet above sea level.
the average dry bulb temperature is 720F and the wet bulb temperature 570F. Find
the characteristics of air.

The correction values for an altitude of 1800 feet and a TBH570F, son:

Now, the letter, for P= 29.92 inHg (sea level) standard conditions is obtained:

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Therefore, making the corrections:

Therefore, the corrected specific humidity we have:

For the corrected enthalpy, we have from the reading of the psychrometric chart the value of deviation from
enthalpy -0.085 BTU/lba:

Calculation of relative humidityΦ

The partial vapor pressure Pv it is calculated as follows:

From the tables, for T=720F; Pd=0.791 inches of Hg

0
The dew point temperature for Pv0.3206 inches of Hg is approximately T=46.5 F because it is
a value that is between 46 ºF and 47 ºF (from the psychrometric tables).

The specific volume of air in the city of Monterrey is:

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Chapter 5.
Fans and Devices of
Air Distribution

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5.1 Types of fans.

Fan: It is afluid machinedesigned to produce an airflow through a

wheel with rotating spokes creating a difference [Link] its applications,
They highlight the importance of circulating and renewing the air in an enclosed space to provide oxygen.
sufficient for the occupants and eliminate odors, mainly in enclosed spaces; as well as that of
decrease the resistance ofheat transferpoconvection.

Another definition is a turbomachine that transmits energy to generate the necessary pressure with which
maintains a continuous flow of air.

For Liquids: Pumps

Generators
Turbomachines For Gases: Fans

Hydraulic Machines Motors: Hydraulic Turbines

Machines of
Machines of
Positive Displacement
Fluid
Thermal Machines

Machine Tools
Classification
of the Machines

Electric Machines

The following shows the types of fans according to their design:

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Centrifugal Fan

Types of impeller blades for centrifugal fans

Axial Fan

Axial flow fans: a) Propeller b) Tubeaxial c) Axial blade.

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5.2 Operating characteristics of fans.

The operating characteristic of the fans is called the volumetric air flow that
sale, and the pressure created by the fan.

Other important performance features:

Efficiency.

The brake horsepower or consumed power (BHP, brake horsepower, horsepower at the brake)
brake).

The power consumed by a fan is always greater than the power delivered, due to the
friction and other losses.

An important parameter we have is the energy efficiency ratio.

Ratio, EER) is defined as follows:

The EER has been established because it is easier for the consumer to use and understand.
legal requirement for manufacturers of certain conditioning equipment to identify the
EER of its products.

Example.

A person goes to buy a mini-split air conditioner and sees that the capacity of a unit
on the display case it has an EER of 6.2 marked. Another unit does not have the EER on its label, but a
The brochure mentions that the cooling capacity is 9200 BTU/hr. and the power consumption is
of 1200 Watts, under normal conditions. Which unit will be more efficient in terms of its use of
energy?

Calculating the EER

The second unit has a considerably better efficiency in energy use.

power consumption of the first unit, at full load would be.

And therefore this equipment would be less convenient.

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5.3 Selection of Fans.

The selection of the best type of fan for a given application depends on the characteristics
of operation and other particularities, which will be described below.

Propeller fans

They cannot create high pressures, and for that reason they are used when there is no ductwork. Their cost
it is low, and its typical applications are as wall or window exhaust fans.

Centrifugal Fans

They are the ones most frequently used in ducted air conditioning systems.

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Axial Tube Fans and Axial Blade Fans

They can be used in systems with ducts. The air distribution in the former is uneven, because
what are not suitable for air conditioning systems. The blade fans
axial fans if they are suitable. In general, they produce more noise than centrifugal fans, for
lo cual podría necesitar de mayores medidas de ruido.

Classification by Pressure

Low Pressure Fans.- They are called that because they do not reach 70 Pa (0.01015 Psi).

Medium Pressure Fans.- They are found between 70 Pa (0.01015 Psi) and

3000 Pa (0.435113 Psi).

High Pressure Fans.- When the pressure exceeds 3000 Pa (0.435113 Psi).

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5.4 Equipment Location Conditions

The ventilation units can be installed according to the finish of the installation which can
be a roof, wall, or ceiling.

The location of the air distribution devices in the room is very important to achieve
a good distribution.

High on the wall

In false ceiling

Low on the wall

On the floor

High on the wall

It is a good place for cooling, because cold air naturally descends and there will be a
Adequate circulation of air in the occupied area.

It's not a good location for heating, because the hot air rises and leaves an area without.
movement in the occupied area.

Location of the high outlet on the wall

In false ceiling

It is an excellent location for cooling. It is not a very good location for heating.
because hot air rises, unless it is forced downward at high speed.

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Location of the ceiling outlet; it is a good distribution for cooling

Low on the wall

It's a good location for heating because hot air naturally rises, but the air
cold will tend to stay near the floor.

Location of the apartment; provides good air distribution for heating

On the floor

It is an excellent location for heating, if it is located under the windows, because it counteracts the
descending cold air draft that would result near the glass. It can also be used for
cooling if an adequate exit speed is achieved, forcing the cold air to rise and to
circular.

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5.5 Accessories for ventilation systems

There are four types of air supply devices used to create a good distribution.
of air in the air conditioning space:

Grills

b) Ceiling Diffusers

c) Slot diffusers

d) Ceiling flush mount cameras

Grills

These devices consist of a frame and parallel bars, which can be fixed or adjustable.
bars serve to divert the airflow in the direction you choose, and if they are
adjustable, for the range and dispersion of air.

Grills

b) Ceiling diffusers

They generally consist of a series of separate concentric rings, or blinds with a collar or
neck to connect them to the duct. They can be round, square, or rectangular. In addition to
those that distribute air equally in all directions can be designed to distribute it in a
fixed direction. Ceiling diffusers in the form of panels are also available.
perforated. Sometimes this type is used because it architecturally combines with the appearance of a
suspended ceiling of panels.

Ceiling diffusers

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c) Slot diffusers

It is a long strip-shaped output with one or more narrow openings, depending on the number of
bars or blinds.

Slot diffuser

d) Ceiling full cameras

These ceiling units are obtained with grooves or perforations in most or in totality.
from the ceiling. The space above the ceiling is used with a large chamber through which it is supplied
the air

Use of 1, 2, and 3-direction outlet diffusers

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The components of a ventilation system:

1. Fans: machines that move air by generating pressure.

2. Ducts: through which air circulates from one room to another.
3. Diffusion elements: grilles or air intake and outlet openings.
4. Accessory elements: gates, controls, regulators.

Ventilation installations

Ventilation systems are responsible for extracting or introducing air from the outside into an environment.
the inner zone.

Ventilation is necessary in rooms for:

Provide fresh air with oxygen for people's breathing.

Extract the stale air produced by breathing, fumes, gases, etc.
Lower the indoor temperature in non-air-conditioned places.

Ventilation is also carried out in work areas to extract gases or remove them from the
operator's breathing.

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Example of uses of ventilation:

Smoke extraction in kitchens.

Smoke extraction in car garages.
Gas extraction in painting areas.
Air extraction in welding areas.
Renovation of environments in enclosed spaces, cinemas, auditoriums, nightclubs.
Ventilation in farms to reduce the ambient temperature.

Calculation of the selection of a ventilation system:

The calculation of the necessary ventilation in a space depends on the physical activity of the occupants.
since when exercising, such as dancing or walking, more oxygen is consumed than if one
stay seated at rest.

It also depends on the type of establishment, as the necessary ventilation is different in a store, bar,
["store","bathroom","etc."]

The concept of renewals/hour refers to an extraction capable of providing multiple times the
volume of the premises, that is, we renew its air completely several times every hour.

Selection formulas:

V=AxH

Where:

V = volume of the space in m³

A = area in m²

H = height in m

Q = (number of rows per hour) x Volume

Where:

Q = air flow rate required to be moved in m³ x hr

V = volume of the space that needs to be ventilated in m³

nr / hr = number of renewals per hour

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Renewals by hour Extracted flow

of the enclosure

Volume of the premises

Types of ventilation: Supply and Exhaust

Many times the installer is faced with the question of whether to extract air from the premises or to push it into the same.
outside air.

In general, we can think that if one space is under pressure compared to another or to the outside, the
the possibility of introducing contaminants from the second to the first is reduced.

It should be taken into account that in any enclosure, air is neither manufactured nor destroyed. To extract air
Through one opening, the same flow will have to enter through another.

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Due to overpressure

In places or areas where we introduce outside air into the premises, the interior air will exit through
grills or doors.

Overpressure

Many times, the air pressure in the premises will cause the doors to be difficult to open and to close.
violently.

Due to depression

If we install an extractor, the area will be under depression.

if we remove air from the space, outside air can enter by leaving a window slightly open, or
installing air inlet grilles.

In both cases, we must ensure another opening for the free entry or exit of air, or the
the installation will not fulfill its purpose.

In large meeting spaces, an extractor and a blower must be installed to ensure ...
accuracy of air circulation under any assumption.

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In this case, we call it full extraction.

Localized extraction

In many industrial premises, processes are carried out that generate gas or odor emissions. If
these processes take place in a specific area, it is best to carry out a localized extraction, to
prevent them from spreading throughout the premises.

Localized extraction involves dragging the contamination using a minimum speed of

air, and for this we must calculate the flow rate based on the surface area of the bell, with the
flow formula:

Localized extraction Installation of an extraction hood

Q = airflow of the fan in m3/s

S = surface area of the bell in m2
V = velocidad mínima en m/s (cocinas = 1 m/s, Otros gases = 1,5 m/s)

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Centralized extraction

In the case of buildings divided into separate rooms, some of which do not have windows,
In the case of office buildings or shopping centers, a ventilation system is installed for the entire
building, which we will call centralized ventilation.
Through a network of conduits, we will connect with all the establishments, ensuring that
also the air can exit through another network to the outside.

Centralized extraction

Recommendations:

In places with many people, it is better to push air from the outside to ensure that the air
what we contribute is new.
In locales with fire hazards, it is better to extract (garages, warehouses).
Whenever there is a source of contamination, smoke, etc., localized extraction is better.
If adjacent premises can be dangerous or dirty, it is better to ventilate by overpressure.

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CHAPTER 6.
Systems and Equipment of
Air Conditioning

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6.1 Classification of systems.

An air conditioning system basically consists of a cooling source or in

In the case of heating, a device to impart movement to a fluid, the distribution system of the
fluid and the terminal units.

Your overall classification:

Air soil systems

Single zone systems.
Multiple zone systems.
Variable volume air systems.
Air and water systems.

6.2 Air soil systems.

The essence of these types of systems is that they only distribute air to the spaces. The only fluid
what enters the conditioned space is the air. This air comes from the outside and is already treated, it is
saying, filtering, cooling, and dehumidifying, according to the needs.

The air can come from a handler that in turn receives the cold from a central producer.
what is included inside the air treatment system and the cooling equipment, or even
It can be a handler attended from a split team.

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6.3 Single zone systems.

They are the simplest systems of only air. A unit first conditioned and then
it distributes a constant volume of air through a duct to a group of spaces. Therefore, it does not
they can control the conditions separately in each of them.

Arrangement of equipment in a single zone air conditioning system.

6.4 Multi-zone systems.

This system uses an air handler unit that has a heating coil.
(heating) and a cooling coil.

6.5 Variable air volume systems.

In these systems, there is a single main duct that starts from the air handling unit,
just like in a single zone system. However, the amount of air supplied to each
The branch varies as shown in the figure.

A room thermostat operates a damper or another control device that regulates

the volumetric air flow to the area, in response to the load.

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6.6 Air and water systems.

Combined air-water systems distribute both chilled and/or hot water, and air.
air conditioned from a central system to individual spaces. The terminal units in
each room cools or heats the space.

Air-water systems use the best features of both air-only systems and
only water. Most of the energy is carried only by water. In general, the amounts of
the air that is distributed is only sufficient for ventilation. Therefore, the total space
the necessary intermediate floor and ceilings is small. Additionally, the air in general is handled at large
speeds.

6.7 Ceiling units

This type of unit equipment is designed to be installed outdoors and generally is

install on the roofs. Often, all the refrigeration, cooling, and air handling equipment
they are assembled together, although the compressor and the condenser can be far apart.

The ceiling units can be used with ductwork and air outlet. They must have
waterproof characteristics, which are not needed in the equipment that works indoors.

The advantages of ceiling units are that they do not take up space in the construction.

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6.8 Air cleaning devices (filters).

The devices that circulate air generally have the ability to eliminate some
of the pollutants. Most systems have devices that eliminate the
particles of dust or dirt, which primarily originate from industrial pollution.

Air cleaning is necessary for the following reasons:

Air cleaning is often addressed on a case-by-case basis when designing and operating a system.
of air conditioning.

Protection of health and human comfort

Dust particles are associated with serious respiratory illnesses (emphysema and asthma).

Maintenance of cleanliness of surfaces and furniture in the premises

Protection of the air conditioning equipment.

Some equipment does not work properly or wears out more quickly without proper cleaning.

Protection of air conditioning machinery

The dust that accumulates on the coils increases their resistance to heat transfer.

Air purifiers can remove dust in three main ways:

Impact

The dust particles in the air current collide with the filtering medium and stop.

Método de impacto

Colado

Dust particles are larger than the space between adjacent fibers and therefore do not pass through
the air current.

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Método de colado
Electrostatic precipitation

The dust particles are given an electric charge. The filtering medium is given the
opposite charge, and therefore the particles are attracted to the medium.

Electrostatic Precipitation Method

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Type of filtering medium

The viscous impact filter has a medium of thick fibers coated with a viscous adhesive. It
They generally use fiberglass and metal screens. The air speeds range from 300 to 600.
ft/min. The pressure drop when they are clean is low, approximately 0.1 in of water; it
It must service the filter when the resistance reaches 0.5 inches of water.

This filter effectively removes larger dust particles, but not the smaller ones. Its cost
it is economical.

Disposable viscous impact filter

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6.9 Types of air cleaners

The dry type air filter uses an uncoated fiber mat. The most used materials are
they are made of fiberglass and paper. The media can be manufactured thickly, distributed coarsely, or fibers
finely packed densely.

The filter is a very high efficiency, dry type, to eliminate extremely fine particles.
small ones. They withstand repeated washes, but their cost is higher than those of the type
disposable.

High efficiency dry filter

(HEPA)

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Renewable stationary

They are manufactured in the form of rectangular boards that are placed or stacked along, and
they are replaced, or cleaned, when they are dirty.

They consist of a roll mounted on a reel, which moves through the airflow. With
frequency controls the movement of the medium through a pressure switch that senses the
pressure drop through the medium.

Automatic renewable filter

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Electronic air purifiers

In this type there is no fibrous material that traps dust. Through an electrified mesh, it
It communicates a high voltage to the dust particles. To an opposite electricity. When the current
Charged air passes between the plates, the particles are attracted to them. These can be
covered with a viscous material to stop the dust. After a certain time, it should be
remove the cleaner to clean the plates and eliminate the dust. Electronic cleaners are
very expensive, but they are very efficient at removing both large and small particles.

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6.10 Equipment Requisition

For the requisition of the equipment, it is necessary to select a recommended manufacturer of

according to the conditions of the environment where the equipment will be installed.

Some brands that manufacture residential equipment: LG, Samsung, Prime, York, Carrier, etc.

Some brands that manufacture industrial equipment: Marc Climatic, Specific Systems. Scientific
Systems, York, Carrier, etc.

General characteristics:

Cooling capacity

Supply type

Brand

Model

Type of refrigerant

Voltage

Type of phase

Detailed characteristics of the equipment

Air Flow

An important parameter we have is the energy efficiency ratio.

Ratio, EER) is defined as follows:

The EER has been established because it is easier for the consumer to use and understand.
It is a legal requirement for manufacturers of certain conditioning equipment to identify
the EER of their products.

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Exercise 6.1.-

A person goes to buy a mini-split air conditioner and sees that the capacity of one unit
on the display, it has an EER of 6.2 marked. Another unit does not have the EER on its label, but a
The brochure mentions that the cooling capacity is 9200 BTU/hr and the power consumption is
of 1200 Watts, under normal conditions. Which unit will be more efficient in terms of use of
energy?

Calculating the EER

The second unit has a considerably better efficiency in energy use.

power consumption of the first unit at full load would be.

And therefore this equipment would be less convenient.

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CHAPTER 7.
Planning and Design of the Ventilation System
Air Conditioning

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7.1 Thermal Load Calculation.

The thermal loads will be calculated with extreme temperatures to install air conditioning units.
air conditioning that efficiently reduces design thermal loads and conditions
the service is satisfactory. The following are the considerations for load calculation
thermal cooling of a room:
Wall Area: The thickness of the wall is considered as well as its composition if it is solid or
hollow or made of combined materials or, where appropriate, of the material from which it is made.

Roof Area: The thickness of the roof as well as its material composition is taken into account.
combined or with ceiling panel.

Finished Floor Level Height to Ceiling or Slab: The area to be considered in the transfer
The heat is considered from the finished floor to the ceiling.

Doors and Windows: The number of windows and doors on each side is calculated.
enclosure and its area is calculated.

Number of Occupants and Activity to be Developed: The number of people is considered,

activity that they are going to carry out and the length of stay according to the space to be conditioned.

Lighting Load: According to the lighting standard, the permitted DPAs are considered.
in the space to find the allowed watts and select the appropriate lamp as well as
the amount of them, or in their case see the number of lamps that will be installed.
Miscellaneous Equipment: Any equipment connected to the outlet: Computer,
Copiers, Coffee Makers, etc.
Infiltration and/or Ventilation: The number of doors as well as the number of
people who will be inside the venue to find the air leakage through the doors.
Building Orientation: This is obtained to know the sides of the enclosure where it will be located.
exposed to solar incidence or heat transmission.

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The formulas used are the following:

Thermal Load by Transmission Through Walls, Roofs, and Glass

QS= A x U x ΔT
Where: ∆T = 15°F In where ∆T = 13ºF-17ºF is according to the designer's criteria

Where:

Q S= Thermal Load by Transmission (BTU/hr)

A= Wall / Roof Area square feet
U= Heat Transfer Coefficient (BTU/hr-ft²-ºF)
∆T = Design Temperature (ºF)

Clear Tempered Glass

From the manufacturer's data, there are: Heat Transmission Coefficients (U) and Correction Factor
by Shading (f) of the clear tempered glass used in doors; of 12 mm thickness.

U CRYSTAL= 0.979 BTU/hr-ft² - °F = 10.53 BTU/h-m² - °F

f = 0.94

Tintex Crystal Color Green

From the manufacturer's data, we have: Heat Transfer Coefficients (U) and Correction Factor
by Shading (f) of the tinted green glass used in windows; 9 mm thick.

U CRYSTAL1.032 BTU/hr-ft² - °F

f = 0.97

Clear Crystal

From the manufacturer's data: Heat Transmission Coefficients (U) and Correction Factor
for Shading (f) of the clear glass used in doors and windows of 6 mm thickness.
U CRYSTAL1.08 BTU/hr-ft² - °F

f = 0.94

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Thermal Load due to Solar Incidence on Glass

QS= A x f x F x qS

Where:

Q S= Thermal Load by Incidence (BTU/hr)

A= Area of Exposed Crystals to the Sun ( sq ft )
f= Correction Factor for Shading in Glasses
Correction Factor in Windows and/or Glass Doors when
F= It occupies more than 85% of the total area of the window and/or door.
(1.17)
qS= Sensible Heat per Unit Area (BTU/hr-ft²) (See Annex 4)

Carga Térmica por Incidencia en Muros Expuestos al Sol

Q S= A x U x T

Where:

Q S= Thermal Load by Incidence (BTU/hr)

A= Exposed Wall Area (ft²)
U= Heat Transmission Coefficient (BTU/hr-ft²-ºF)
T= Equivalent Differential Temperature of Walls (ºF) (See Annex 5)

Thermal Load due to Incidence on Roofs Exposed to the Sun

Q SA x U x T

Where:

Q S= Thermal Load Due to Incidence (BTU/hr)

A= Area of Roofs Exposed to the Sun square feet

U= Heat Transfer Coefficient (BTU/hr-ft²-ºF)

T= Equivalent Differential Temperature of Roofs (ºF) (See Annex 6)

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Thermal Load by Occupants

QT=S+ QLNo. of people x qty

QSNumber of people x qS
QLNo. people x ql

Where:

Q T= Total Heat (BTU/hr)

QS = Sensible Heat (BTU/hr)
Q L= Latent Heat (BTU/hr)
Sensible Heat per Person (BTU/hr-PERS.)
qS=
(See Annex 9)
ql= Latent Heat per Person (BTU/hr-PERS.)(See Annex 9)

Thermal Load from Lighting and Miscellaneous Equipment

QSNo. Lamp. x F.U. x Pot. (w) x F.C.

Where:

QS = Sensible heat
No. Lamp. Number of Lamps
F.U. = Utilization Factor (1.00)
POT.(w) = Potencia de las Lámparas (Watts)
F.C. = Correction Factor
FC = 4.10 For Fluorescent Lamps
For Incandescent Lamps and/or Equipment/Device that
FC = 3.41
Consume Electric Energy.

Thermal Load from Infiltration or Ventilation

QS= FCCS x CFM

QL= FCCL x CFM

For Air Conditioning:

Sensible Heat Load Factor (SHLF) = 32.40
Factor de Carga de Calor Latente (FCCL) = 29.24

For Refrigeration:
Sensible Heat Load Factor (SHLF) = 25.27
Latent Heat Load Factor (LHLF) = 35.36

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Where:
QS = Sensible Heat (BTU/hr)
Q L= Latent Heat (BTU/hr)
FCCS = Sensible Heat Load Factor
FCCL = Latent Heat Load Factor
CFM = ( ft³ per minute ) (See Annex 7 and 8)

Note: The CFM of infiltration and ventilation are calculated; and the greater one is the one that is used.
for the purpose of calculating the thermal load.

CFMinfilt.= No. Personas x No. Puertas x ft³/min.

CFMvent = No. Personas x CFM/Persona

Thermal Transmittance Coefficient

1
U
1 x1 xn 1
  R 
hi k1 n he is

Where:
U= Thermal Transmission Coefficient (BTU/hr–ft2-ºF)
Interior Film Coefficient or
hi =
Interior Air Convection Coefficient (BTU/hr–ft2-ºF
Outer Film Coefficient or
he
Exterior Air Convection Coefficient (BTU/hr–ft)2-ºF
x1, xn = Thickness of Material 1 and n Materials ( in )
k= Thermal Conductivity Factor of the Material (BTU in/hr–ft2-ºF)
Thermal Resistance of a Material n hr–ft2-ºF/BTU
Rn (See Annex 10)

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Calculation of Thermal Transmission Coefficient

Description
1 Coefficient air movie
interior or
1.65 BTU/hr ft2°F
Convection Coefficient of
Indoor air
2 R block 1.52 hr–ft2°F/BTU
3 Air film coefficient
exterior or
6 BTU/hr ft2°F
Convection Coefficient of
Outdoor air
4 Mortar 5 BTU-in/hr-ft² -ºF X=0.59 in
5 Mortar 5 BTU-in/hr-ft² -ºF X=0.59 in

Calculations of Thermal Transmission Coefficient for common materials:

Material: Exterior block wall with mortar 0.59 in:

Material: Interior block wall with mortar of 0.59 in

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Example: In the following area, the mini-split air conditioning unit must be selected and the
ventilation system to be installed. The following details: Finish of the room, number of
windows, doors, as well as its orientation. Materials: Hollow concrete block wall
15 x 20 x 40 cm. Finished with a fine layer of cement-sand mortar with a thickness of 0.59 in.
Lighting 4 lamps of 32 W and miscellaneous equipment including one computer: 100 W.

Architectural Plan of the Installation

Cut A-A'

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Dimensions of Doors and Windows:

Window V-01

Gate PI-1

Door PE-2 Gate PI-3

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Ventilation Calculation:

The objective of ventilation is to define the type and capacity of the air extractor needed in the
bathroom to maintain a clean atmosphere and provide a fresh and healthy environment. The
dimensions are considered for interior wall panels.

Calculating the area we have:

A= 2.80 m x 1.35 m = 3.78 m2

The height is considered from the Finished Floor Level to the Slab:

H= 2.54 m

Calculating the volume of the bathroom we have:

V = A x H = 3.78 m2x 2.54 m = 9.60 m3

The volume of air to be removed required at the disposal of the number of changes is 10 changes.
for now by mechanical means.

So calculating the flow to be removed from the bathroom is:

Q = V x (nr/h) = 9.60 m3x 10 nr/h = 96 m3/h

According to the data obtained from the air removal calculation, it is determined that it is required
install an axial extractor with a capacity of 95 m³/hr.; Model DECOR 100 Brand S&P or similar
(See Annex 11).

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Analysis of Thermal Load Calculation:

The objective is to define the capacity of the mini-split type air conditioning unit to be installed in
The operators' room is aimed at ensuring the efficiency of the equipment and that its
operation is satisfactory.

1.- Calculating the Heat Transmission Coefficients of the materials of the Installation

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Exterior Wall:

Interior Wall:

Solid Slab Ceiling of 10 cm:

2.- Calculated the areas

The height is considered from the Finished Floor Level to the Slab: 2.54 m

Areas (Walls, Windows, Doors, and Ceiling)

Walls:

North Wall

MN= [(3.85 m x 2.54 m)–2(0.90 m x 2.10 m)] = 5.99 m² = 64.47 ft²

PN10.90 m x 2.10 m = 1.89 m220.34 ft2

PN2= 0.90 m x 2.10 m = 1.89 m220.34 ft2

South Wall

MS= [(3.85 m x 2.54 m)–(0.90 m x 2.10 m)] = 7.89 m² = 84.93 ft²

PS= 0.90 m x 2.10 m = 1.89 m220.34 ft2

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East Wall

ME= [(2.85 m x 2.54 m)–(1.60 m x 1.10 m)] = 5.48 m² = 58.99 ft²

VE=1.60 m x 1.10 m= 1.76 m² = 18.94 ft²

West Wall

MThe= 2.85 m x 2.54 m = 7.24 m² = 77.93 ft²

Ceiling

T = 3.85 m x 2.85 m = 10.97 m² = 118 ft²

3.- Analyzing the Thermal Load in the Room:

Thermal Load by Transmission in Crystals

Not applicable

Thermal Load by Transmission in Walls

QS= A x U x ∆T

QMN= (64.47 ft²)(0.395 BTU/hr- ft²-ºF)(15 ºF) = 381.98 BTU/hr

QMThe= (77.93 ft²)(0.395 BTU/hr- ft²-ºF)(15 ºF) = 461.73 BTU/hr

Thermal Load from Solar Incidence on Glass

QS= A x f x F x qs

Taking the values of (qs) in Annex 4 we have:

2 SOMB. F.C qs (BTU / h-ft) QS=AxfxFxqs

ORIENTATION AREA(ft )
f F 8:00 10:00 12:00 8:00 10:00 12:00
EAST WINDOW 18.94 0.94 1.17 164 106 14 3416.15 2208.00 291.62

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Thermal Load due to Solar Incidence on Wall

Q S= A x U x T

Taking the temperatures for solar incidence on the walls of annex 5 we have:

T QS=AxUxT [BTU/hr]
ORIENTATION AREA (ft)2) U
8:00 10:00 12:00 8:00 10:00 12:00
THIS WALL 58.89 0.395 2 30 31 46.52 697.85 721.11

Thermal Load due to Solar Incidence on Roof

Q SA x U x T

Taking the values from annex 6 we have:

T QS=AxUxT [BTU/hr]
ORIENTATION AREA (ft)2) U
12:00 14:00 16:00 12:00 14:00 16:00
ROOF 118 0.909 38 50 52 4075.96 5363.10 5577.62

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Thermal Load per Occupants

QT=S + QLNo PEOPLE xqt

QS = No PEOPLE x qs
QL No PEOPLE x ql

Taking the values from annex 9 we have:

Thermal Load from Lighting and Miscellaneous Equipment

QS= No. LAMP. X F.U. x POT. (w) X F.C.

Lightingand qt = qs + ql QT = Qs + QL (BTU/hr)
QUANTITY F.U. P(w) F.C
DEVICES qs ql Qs QL
LAMPS
4 1.00 32 4.10 524,80
FLUORESCENTS
COMPUTERTEAM 1 1.00 200 3.41 682,00

TOTAL 1206.80

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Thermal Load due to Infiltration or Ventilation

Taking the CFM from Annex 7 (infiltration) and the CFM per person from Annex 8 (ventilation)
we have:

CFMinfilt. = No. DOORS x No PEOPLE x 6.50 ft³/min.

CFMinfilt. = 2 x 2 x 6.50 = 26 ft³ /min.
CFMvent. = No. PERSONAS x CFM/PERSONA DONDE CFM/PERSONA= 10 ft³/min.
CFMvent = 2 x 10.00 ft³/min = 20.00 ft³/min

Sensibleheat LATENTHEAT
CFMinfilt. FCCS FCCL
QS=FCCS x CFM QL=FCCLxCFM
26.00 32.40 29.24 842.40 760.24

Summary of Thermal Loads: Operators Room

TYPEOFTHERMALDISCHARGE Sensibleheat LATENTHEAT

TRANSMISSION IN CRYSTALS
TRANSMISSION IN WALLS 843,71
SOLARINCD
I ENCEONCRYSTALS 3416.15
SOLARINCD
I ENTONWALLSANDROOF 6298.73
FOROCCUPANTS 490,00 410.00
LG
I HTN
IGANDMS
ICELLANEOUSEQUP
IMENT 1206,80
BYN
I FL
ITRATO
I NORVENTL
IATO
IN 842.40 760.24
TOTAL 13097.79 1170.24

QT(13097.79 + 1170.24) 1.10 = 15694.83 BTU/hr

QT1.30 T.R.

From the data obtained in the calculation of thermal loads, a total of 15694.83 BTU/hr (1.30
T.R.), therefore it is required to install a mini-split unit of 18,000 BTU/hr (1.5 T.R.) for
condition the module: Operators' Room (See Annex 11 to select the equipment).

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7.2 Type and location of terminal units.

A Air Package Unit Installation on Wall.

B Package Air Unit Roof Installation.

C Installation of Mini-Split Air Unit.

DAssembly of Air Package Unit with duct systems.

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Example of a typical installation of a mini-split

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7.3 Selection of terminal units.

Residential types

These units are for rooms that do not exceed 5 T.R.

Industrial types

These units are for sites that require more than 5 T.R.

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Equipos para áreas clasificadas

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7.4 Duct location.

The physical route of the ducts must be known, including all changes in direction and
other accessories in the ducts, to calculate the pressure loss of the system. Below is
Use this information to calculate the necessary load of the air package.

Here are some suggestions for the localization of the ducts:

In general, the ducts run parallel or perpendicular to the installation.

2. Use the minimum number of directional changes that are consistent with point 1.

3. The location should minimize installation difficulties, for example, avoid locating.
the ducts in crowded spaces where the technician cannot work easily.

The project must allow for easy maintenance. The ducts should not be located where
interfere with access to the equipment that needs service or changes.

5. The location should not interfere with the normal use of the premises. For this reason, the sections
horizontals run high and close to the walls. They cannot be located where they block or
move the furniture or the openings.

6. The location must not physically interfere with, or disturb the proposed facilities.
other services: electrical and plumbing. For example, if the ductwork runs directly under a
lighting unit, it would block some light. The air conditioning designers
They must coordinate their departments with those of other services to avoid possible
interferences. This requires the study of its planes.

7. Avoid the penetration of structural elements (columns or beams). If it seems inevitable,

previously, the permission of the structural engineer must be obtained.

8. The location must be in accordance with aesthetic and architectural needs. An example
obviously the ducts must remain hidden above the suspended ceilings, or behind
the walls in many types of enclosures.

9. The location must comply with the requirements of all applicable laws and regulations.

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7.5 Accessories

As required by regulations, fire gates and detectors would be needed.

smoke in the ductwork. Therefore, control grills and balancing dampers will be installed in the collar
and in each diffuser. There should also be return vents, exhaust vents, and outside air vents.
All supply ductwork will be insulated with material covered with a vapor barrier.

Gates
Motorized

Gas Detectors
Toxic and Gas
Combustible
7.6 Controls

The controls in the package units generally come in an option among a few such as
scheduled arrangement. That is, the cooling systems will be specified as follows:

A thermostat will control the outdoor air and return air dampers to provide cooling.
when needed.

2. It should include a differential pressure sensor and a humidity sensor in which both are
they represent in an environmental corrosion monitor.

All these elements are included when air conditioning and pressurization are required for a
fourth. All elements of the HVAC systems will have to have an interconnection with the
sistemas de seguridad industrial (Gas y Fuego) en la cual existe una lógica de control para este
process.

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Wall-Type Air Package Unit

with Motorized Gates

Environmental Corrosion Monitors

7.7 Plans and specifications

For an HVAC specialty project, it is necessary to issue plans and specifications.

system finishes. The plans must have a comfortable scale for easy reading. A
Plan for each floor, and the connection details with the equipment are shown separately.

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Air Package Unit

of 30 T.R
Pipe Passing Detail in Wall

GLAND CONNECTOR
MALE CGB TYPE 3/4"Ø
ROPE HEAVY DUTY WITH LOCKNUT

U.C.A.
REFRIGERANT PIPE
FLEXIBLE COPPER TYPE 'L'
WITH TYPE ISOLATION
ARMAFLEX.

CONNECTION
PIPING OF screaming
refrigerant 45° FLARE TYPE.
Copper Liquid
FLEXIBLE TYPE 'L'

CONCRETE BASE
NEOPRENE GASKET f'c = 150 kg/cm²
2.1 cm thick

EXPANSION ANCHOR
HILTIH LC -6.5 x40.
Interco DetailnexI n dand the
Condenser Unit

Sectional Cut of Installation

of Air Conditioning Type
Axial Air Extractor Minisplit
DECOR-100 Model Set on
UCA 01

Wall 1.40
N.A.(+) 7.05

CLIP
OMEGA TYPE Ceiling

WALL

RESOURCES VINYL LOVE

CAJILLO OF FINANCIAL Refrigerant pipes
ROCK TABLE AND ELECTRICAL WIRING

N.P.T.(+)4.05
TYPE CLAMP
EXPANSION SHIM OMEGA DE 2"Ø
HLC-6.5 x 25
Ceiling
STORY OF
ROCK TABLE 2.06

ARCHIVISTS
RESOURCES
FINANCIAL

N.P.T.(+) 1.05

N.J.(+) 0.50

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The specifications must include descriptions of materials and equipment. So that the reader
Get familiar with the way these specifications are written.

Much of the information is prepared with the help of the equipment manufacturer's specifications.

7.8 Duct Sizing

For duct sizing, the conversion from T.R. to CFM is done, that is:

1 T.R. = 400 CFM

With the total amount of supply air, the considerations are made to find the
sizing of the duct which is dependent on the flow rate and the speed of the air and is
they will be dimensioned using the constant pressure drop method.

SPEEDS
USE RECOMMENDED
Feet/min.
OUTDOOR AIR AND RETURN 700 - 1000
FILTERS 250-350
AIR WASHERS 500
SUCTION CONNECTIONS 700-1000
FAN OUTPUT 1000-2000
MAIN DUCTS 700-1500
RAMALES 600-800

The constant pressure drop method uses the friction loss table in air ducts.

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In which the airspeed of the fan outlet is assumed; with this speed it
calculate the pressure loss, which remains constant throughout the rest of the system. The control of
Flow in the branches is carried out with the help of gates.

There are circular and rectangular air conditioning ducts, for this we have the table of
circular equivalents of rectangular ducts for equal friction and capacities

All air conditioning duct systems must comply with current regulations and
the recommended design parameters for the system to operate efficiently with
the least possible friction losses. This duct sizing analysis is considered to
part of the thermal loads as fluid mechanics concepts are needed for the design
of arrangements and consider parameters for pressure loss due to fittings.

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Annexes

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Annex 1 Psychrometric Tables of the Properties of the Mixture of Air and Water Vapor
Annex 2 Psychrometric Chart
Annex 3 Recommended Ventilation for Different Places
Annex 4 Heat Gain Through Glass
Annex 5 Total Equivalent Differential Temperature, for Calculating Heat Gain
Through Walls.
Annex 6 Total Equivalent Differential Temperature to Calculate Heat Gain
Through Roofs.
Annex 7 Table of Infiltration Values due to Door Openings for Locales.
Annex 8 Ventilation Value Table due to Door Openings
for locals.
Annex 9 Heat Produced by People
Annex 10 Thermal Conductivities and Thermal Resistance Values of
some materials
Appendix 11 Data Sheet for Soler & Palau Extractors Series: DECOR YCFP
Annex 12 Air Conditioning Equipment Data Sheet
Appendix 13 Practice Problem

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Annex 1. Psychrometric Tables of the Properties of Air and Water Vapor Mixture.

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Annex 2. Psychrometric Chart

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Annex 3. Recommended Ventilation for Different Places

RENOVATIONS
APPLICATION
FOR NOW
Emergency generator room
Machine room, battery room, kitchen. 45
Electric substation

Workshops, warehouses, dressing rooms, and restrooms. Room of

charolas (racks), lavandería, cuarto de UPS, almacenes 20
of hazardous and non-hazardous waste.

Extraction hood only in Laboratories

10 to 12
chemicals
Warehouses with forklifts, electric.
3 to 10
Wineries in General.
Industrial Bathrooms or Sinks.
10 to 15
Public Restrooms or Toilets.
Markets. 6 to 12
Waiting Rooms. 4 to 8
Cooking Workshop.
15 to 30
Tortillerías.
Data obtained from the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Manual Author: Air-Conditioning and
Refrigeration Institute

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Annex 4. Heat Gain Through Windows

Heat gain through windows

BTU per hour per square foot
Solar time 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 Solar Time

Facade of the Building Facade of the Building

North 1 6 11 13 14 14 14 14 14 13 11 6 1 On
Northeast 1 89 103 80 45 17 14 14 14 13 11 6 1 Southeast
This 1 130 164 151 106 47 14 14 14 13 11 6 1 This
Southeast 1 97 127 122 94 56 21 14 14 13 11 6 1 Northeast
On 1 6 13 19 24 27 28 27 24 19 13 6 1 North
Southwest 1 6 11 13 14 14 21 56 94 122 127 97 1 Northwest
West 1 6 11 13 14 14 14 47 106 151 164 1301 West
Northwest 1 6 11 13 14 14 14 17 45 80 103 89 1 Southwest
Taken from Modern Air Conditioning, Heating, and Ventilating, 3rd edition, by Willis H. Carrier, Realto E. Cherne, Walter A. Grant
by William H. Roberts, with permission from Pitman Publishing Corporation

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Annex 5. Equivalent Total Differential Temperature, to Calculate Heat Gain at

Through Walls.

TEMPERATURES THROUGH WALLS

MULTYMURO
8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
NORTHEAST 22 24 14 12 14 14
THIS 30 36 32 12 14 14
SOUTHEAST 13 26 28 24 16 14
SOUTH 0 4 22 30 26 16
SOUTHWEST 0 2 6 26 40 42
WEST 0 2 6 20 40 48
NORTHWEST 0 2 6 12 24 40
NORTH 0 2 4 10 14 12
Taken from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 4th Edition, by Burgess H. Jennings and Samuel R. Lewis,
with the authorization of International Textbook Company.

TEMPERATURES THROUGH WALLS

15 cm BLOCK WALL
8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
NORESTE 0 24 20 10 12 14
THIS 2 30 31 14 12 14
SOUTHEAST 2 20 28 26 18 14
SOUTH 0 -2 12 24 26 20
SOUTHWEST 0 0 2 12 32 36
WEST 0 0 4 10 26 40
NORTHWEST 0 -2 2 8 12 30
NORTH 0 -2 0 6 10 12
Taken from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 4th Edition, by Burgess H. Jennings and Samuel R. Lewis.
with authorization from International Textbook Company.

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TEMPERATURES THROUGH WALLS

20 cm BLOCK WALL
8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
NORTHEAST 4 4 16 14 10 12
THIS 6 14 24 24 18 14
SOUTHEAST 6 6 16 18 18 14
SOUTH 2 2 4 12 16 18
SOUTHWEST 6 4 6 8 14 22
WEST 6 6 6 8 12 20
NORTHWEST 4 4 4 4 6 12
NORTH 0 0 0 2 4 6
Taken from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 4th Edition, by Burgess H. Jennings and Samuel R. Lewis.
with the authorization of International Textbook Company.

TEMPERATURES THROUGH WALLS

12" CONCRETE OR STONE
8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 6:00 PM
NORTHEAST 6 6 6 14 14 10
THIS 10 8 10 18 18 16
SOUTHEAST 8 8 6 14 16 14
SOUTH 6 4 4 4 10 16
SOUTHWEST 8 8 6 6 8 18
WEST 10 8 8 10 10 16
NORTHWEST 6 6 6 6 6 10
NORTH 0 0 0 0 2 6
Taken from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 4th Edition, by Burgess H. Jennings and Samuel R. Lewis,
with the authorization of International Textbook Company.

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Annex 6. Total Equivalent Differential Temperature to Calculate Heat Gain at

Through Roofs.

SOLAR TIME
DESCRIPTION OF THE ROOF MATERIALS AM PM
8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12

ROOFS EXPOSED TO THE SUN. LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION

1 INCH WOOD
12 38 54 62 50 26 10 4 0
1 INCH WOOD AND 2 INCH INSULATION

ROOFS EXPOSED TO THE SUN. MEDIUM CONSTRUCTION

CONCRETE OF 2 PL
6 30 48 58 50 32 14 6 2
2 INCH WOOD

4 PLG CONCRETE 0 20 38 50 52 40 22 12 6
ROOFS EXPOSED TO THE SUN. HEAVY CONSTRUCTION

6 inch concrete 4 6 24 35 46 44 32 18 12

6 inch concrete and 2 inch insulation 6 6 20 34 42 44 34 20 14

ROOFS IN THE SHADE

LIGHT CONSTRUCTION -4 0 6 12 14 12 8 2 0
MEDIA CONSTRUCTION -4 -2 2 8 12 12 10 6 2
Heavy construction -2 -2 0 4 8 10 10 8 4
Taken from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 4th Edition, by Burgess H. Jennings and Samuel R. Lewis,
with the authorization of International Textbook Company.

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Annex 7. Infiltration Value Table due to Door Openings for Premises.

Infiltration by people in
a quarter (ft³/min)
APPLICATIONS
Door Door
swiveling oscillatory

Banks 7.5 10
Hairdressing salons 3.5 4.5
Offices 5 6.5

Soda fountain 5 6.5

Tobacco shop 15 20
Clothing store 5 6.5

Dress shop 2 2.5

Pharmacies 10 13
Leather goods 2 2

Dining room 5 6.5

Clothing stores 3.5 4.5

Office 2.5 3
Restaurants 2 2.5
Shoe stores 3.5 4.5

Taken from Modern Air Conditioning, Heating, and Ventilating, 3rd edition, by Willis H. Carrier, Realto E. Cherne.
Walter A. Grant and William H. Roberts, with permission from Pitman Publishing Corporation

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Annex 8. Table of Ventilation Values due to Door Openings for Premises.

Ventilation per person

in a room (cubic feet/min)
APPLICATIONS
Door Door
rotating oscillatory

Banks 6.5 6
Peluquerías 3 2.5
Offices 4 10

Soda fountain 7 6.5

Tobacconist 18 25
Clothing store 7 8

Dress shop 4 4.5

Pharmacies 12 13
Leather goods 5 4

Dining room 7 7
Clothing stores 4.5 5.5

Dispatch 3.5 4
Restaurants 4 3.5
Shoe stores 4.5 5.5

Taken from Modern Air Conditioning, Heating, and Ventilating, 3rd edition, by Willis H. Carrier, Realto E. Cherne,
Walter A. Grant and William H. Roberts, with the permission of Pitman Publishing Corporation

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Annex 9. Heat Produced by People

ROOM TEMPERATURES (ºF, BS)

82oF(27.7oC) 80oF(26.6oC) 78oF(25.5OC) 75oF(23.8OC) 70oF(21.1OC)
GRADE OF ACTIVITY Typical Application
Btu/h Btu/h Btu/h Btu/h BTU/h
Senses. Latitude. Senses. Latitude. Senses. Latitude. Senses. Latitude. Senses. Lat.

Sitting Theater 175 175 195 155 210 140 230 120 260 90

Sitting; light work School 180 220 195 205 215 185 240 160 275 125

Office work, Offices, hotels

200 270 200 250 215 235 245 205 285 165
moderate activity departments
Standing; walking
Clothing store, warehouses 200 270 200 250 215 280 245 205 285 165
slowly

Walking; sitting, of
Cafeterias, bank 180 320 200 300 220 280 255 245 290 210
foot; walking slowly

Sedentary work Restaurants 190 360 220 330 240 310 280 270 320 230

Light work Factory, light work 190 560 220 530 245 505 295 455 365 285

Moderate dance Dance halls 220 630 245 605 275 575 325 525 400 450

Factory, I work something

Walking, 3 mph 270 730 300 700 330 670 380 620 460 540
heavy

Playing Bowling 450 1000 465 985 485 965 525 925 605 845

Taken from Modern Air Conditioning, Heating, and Ventilating, 3rd edition, by Willis H. Carrier, Realto E. Cherne, Walter A.
Grant and Wiliam H. Roberts, with permission from Pitman Publishing Corporation

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Annex 10. Thermal Conductivities and Thermal Resistance Values of Some Materials

GLASS FIBER 0.25 BTU/in/hr-ft² -ºF X = 1.00

THE CEILING = 2
1.65 BTU/in/hr-Fahrenheit - ºF X = 0.75
TO POLYSTYRENE = 0.26 BTU/in/hr-ft2-ºF X = 1.73
2
K POLYURETHANE = 0.15 BTU/in/hr-ft -ºF X = 1.50
K LAMINA = 42.18 BTU/in/hr ft2-ºF X = 0.038
2
K PLATE = 42.18 BTU/in/hr ft -°F X = 0.236
2
K CONCRETE 12 BTU/in/hr ft -ºF X = 2.00
hi air = 1.65 BTU-in/hr-ft² -ºF
the air 6 BTU-in/hr-ft² -ºF
K MORTERO = 5 BTU-in/hr-ft² -ºF X = 0.59
R BLOCK = 1.52 hr-ft² -ºF/BTU
R CEILING= 2.60 hr-ft² -ºF /BTU
K MULTYMURO = 0.132 BTU-in/hr-ft² -ºF X = 4.00
R PANEL W-3 INCH 2.60 hr-ft² -ºF /BTU

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Annex 11.- Data Sheet for Soler & Palau Extractors Series: DECOR and CFP

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Annex 12.- Air Conditioning Equipment Data Sheet

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Annex 13. Practice Problem

In the following area, a mini-split type air conditioning unit must be selected.
The following details are provided: Finish of the room, window, door, as well as its orientation.
Materials: Hollow concrete block wall of 15 x 20 x 40 cm. Fine plaster based on mortar.
cement-sand with a thickness of 0.40 in. Finished floor level at Slab 2.60 m.

Architectural Plan

Window V-01
Door PE-01

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