U.T.

4: Management of the
production of the processes
Post-printing
Index
1. Quality of finishes, handling, and binding.

2. Plasticization and laminates. Types of plasticization, plastic films used, adhesives

(be careful with this), tips for plasticizing and machinery for plasticizing (glazing machines).

3. Varnishing. Systems for applying varnish (offset, screen printing, flexography), types of varnishes
(offset inks, acrylics, and UV inks), characteristics and differences. Advantages and disadvantages.
Industrial systems for the application of varnishes. Special varnishes (careful not to put anything
from the wood industry, I am referring to holographic varnishes, inkjet, drip-off, with effects...)
Tips for varnishing.

4. Slitting and die-cutting process (look in Trovican Dies).

5. Special finishes.

6. Cutting systems. Guillotines and trimmers

1. Calidad de acabados, manipulados y encuadernación.

Finishes.
The post-printing finishes carried out in the graphic industries can be done following different methods.
of printing, whether it is screen printing with direct Pantone, which prints the colors separately and reproduces them
faithful way of one to four flat, large format digital printing, which uses the CMYK color combination
to print high-quality images and texts and direct full-color printing, which prints directly
about rigid materials. These are some of the most used finishes in the graphic world:
Rounded corners: it involves applying a beveled edge.
curved.
Laminating: it consists of combining two or more elements and thus
to form a more resistant material.
Varnishing: it is a layer of varnish applied over the
design.
UV varnish: it is applied to the area that we want to
highlight in the design.
UV 3D Varnish: several drops of varnish are applied to
get the 3D volume.
• Encapsulated: it may resemble lamination, but in this
in case, it can be executed with polyester pellets that provide
rigidity and more useful life.

Shirts: they are cover-ups with flaps, which go

folded inward of the covers.
• Prints: a relief is added to the printed material
that creates flaming effects.

Manipulated.
In this way, we find different pre-printing or post-printing processes that must be undergone by a
printed product before it is completely finished. Each printed product, regardless of its difficulty of
project, it can have different manipulations and finishes.
Folds: are used to make blocks of individual pages
Zig-zag folding: two folds in parallel, but the first will be folded in the opposite direction to the
previous

—Enveloping folding: the sheets fold over themselves.

Folded in window: normally when having 4 blades, the two outer flaps fold inward.
Cross-folding: being the most complex, it is necessary for the information to be well organized and placed.
Logically, an example would be ancient street maps.
• Creases: to fold printed papers or cardboard, the sheets must be marked to facilitate folding.
The size or gauge of the groove varies according to the weight of the chosen substrate and the final finishes that are added.
to the project.

•Bonded: it consists of joining 2 materials together, but even though the materials are different, they will make the
the material gains thickness.

• Dies: pre-cuts to ensure they are the appropriate size for handling. The guillotine cuts.
they are linear, so if one wants to make a cut with irregular or curved shapes, an extra process is necessary
called die-cutting.
•Guilloning: it consists of cutting or guilloning the jobs. It is beneficial, since most of the jobs are
in large formats, and these need to be quoted, in order to print with bleeds.
•Round cuts: round off the corners for custom projects.

Binding.
The binding is the set of operations necessary to join the book or magazine signatures with a
cover, forming a unified reading set. The binding of books is more complex; first
the booklets that make it up should be grouped and joined by sewing or gluing, then they are placed
tabs, also glued to the book block.
•Russian binding: it mainly involves joining the book's pages through the spine with their respective cover.
—Russian fresada: the leaves are cut along the spine to freshen them up and glue them with hot glue.
Sewn binding: the notebooks are sewn individually and then joined together to eventually form a block.
Hardcover binding: mainly
• Spiral binding: it is made to bind loose sheets of different thicknesses or types of paper.
for a hard cover made of cardboard or plastic, the metal or plastic spiral, and the pages.

Wire-o binding: similar to spiral binding but with higher quality.

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of impressions, before being completely finished.

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graphic/post-printing/spiral_binding/#3_Spiral_Binding
2. Laminating and plastic coating. Types of laminating, plastic films used,
adhesives (be careful with this), tips for plasticizing and machinery for plasticizing
(glass phonographers).

Plastics.
It is the coating of a substrate with the aim of protecting and providing a special finish. To achieve this, there are
multiple finishes that we can use, such as gloss, matte, soft-touch, striped finish or embossed, among others.
Since the lamination is generally applied over the printing, it is very important to be careful with
the chosen support team and with the accounts used, ensuring they meet the specifications
necessary to support subsequent processes such as casting.
Therefore, it is advisable to inform the laminator about the printing technique used, especially if it is about
of digital printing, and the final design of the product, so that you can recommend to us the plastic that best fits
adapt to our requirements.
• Glossy or matte lamination: These are two of the most used plastic coatings to apply over the print.
The plastic finish reflects light on the surface and is characterized by giving a sensation similar to that of a varnish.
drawing attention to the support. The matte lamination is often combined with glossy silkscreens to
play with the contrast between matte and shine.

Soft-touch Lamination: this matte lamination is

characterized by being velvety.

Embossed lamination: simulates a finish

fabricated.
• Laminated in silver and gold polyester: these types of films are widely used in packaging due to their high ability to be over-
printed materials and their ease of being glued.

Plastics and/or Plastic Films.

Laminating is a type of finishing that involves applying a film to one or both sides of a backing.
You will find both practical and aesthetic advantages: greater stiffness, break resistance, shine, touch.
smooth and protection against moisture, grease, and scratching.
•Polypropylene: mainly used for magazines, brochures, and books due to its flexibility when bending or folding.
It has varieties such as glossy, matte, metallic, and holographic. In addition, it is compatible with heat stamping.
•Polypropylene: the one approved by Health is mainly used in cardboard that is in contact with food.
• Acetate: it is a film that does not delaminate, is waterproof and allows printing of any type.
we find in commercial brochures and packaging in general. It is less flexible than polypropylene
Dry films: it does not alter colors and allows for subsequent finishes and manipulations without issues.

Adhesives.

The graphic arts industry demands high speed, flexible production equipment, and rapid format change.
and a combination of Hotmelt applications and cold glue to handle a variety of printing techniques and
individualized finish.
Softcover and hardcover binding with PUR or EVA
Post-printing processes with cold glue and Hotmelt
Printing and gluing processes of samples with removable adhesives
Production of envelopes with rewettable glue, self-adhesive, and gummed.
Advanced engineering, millimetric precision at incredible speeds, proven reliability and design
The energy-efficient technology of Robatech equipment enables significant savings in adhesives and materials.
and resources.
• CartoGlue LP, a mobile cold glue system for folding paper machines. Modular design for integration.
and expansion.
SpineCoat and SideBead system for applying PUR in binding production lines.
Range of energetically efficient adhesive melting equipment with easy access.
Variable lamination applicators with widths up to 75 mm.
Tips for expressing.
It is recommended that the piece to be plastered is greater than 100 gr/m2 and the side to be plastered must be
indicated. The use of anti-spots powders can make it difficult for the plastic to adhere or cause color variations due to the
contact with plastic. Use containers that are resistant to solvents according to standard DIN 16524, since when fixing it with
Plastic can cause chemical reactions that alter the color pigments.
It is necessary to consult the special accounts well because blue pigments are sensitive and can be seen.
afectados por el plas ficado. No u lizar ceras y siliconas en superficie. Por la misma razón que no se deben
use retardants or components that favor resistance to friction. Attention to: porous papers, embossed,
Varnished and recycled. It should be taken into account that this type of paper has a defined personality and that
they add value to the final product simply by using them.
Hot lamination: When the document
passes through the plasticizer machine, its system of
heating melts all the glue it contains
the covers, thus causing the glue to
extends over the entire surface of the document and is
harden.
Cold plastification: They have rotating rollers.
that are responsible for sticking the plastic to the document.
This plastic material is used for those
jobs that cannot withstand high temperatures,
whether it is due to the material they are made of
used, or the printing equipment that has been carried out
in the end.

Machinery for plasticizing.

Glaxofonado is a procedure that uses a plastic sheet, either polypropylene or polyethylene, to which
Then the hot melt adhesive is added. The film is 15 microns, and is pressed with the support that is going
The plasticizer and the adhesive that melts with heat is introduced into the pores of the support.

The glaxophonators are industrial machines for shaping and laminating large sheets of paper into any
format or size. Perfect for integrating into binding processes and printing in printing houses and companies
of graphic arts.
•Reel holder: it is an axis on which the coil is introduced. It is used to unwind the plastic sheet.
lateral tension mechanisms of the sheet.
Entry table: it is a flat base the same width as the spool holder, on which the...
support that is going to gloxofonate.

Rolling group: they are several heat cylinders that are applied both above and below the support.
This is how the sheet is driven, heated, and pressed on the support. Additionally, one of the groups of cylinders tenses the
laminated support.

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3. Varnishing. Systems for applying varnish, types of varnishes, characteristics and

differences. Advantages and disadvantages. Industrial systems for the application of
varnishes. Special varnishes. Tips for varnishing.

Varnishes, world-renowned for their ability to modify the finish of a surface,

they have been and are very important in the graphic arts sector. Moreover, varnishes have been and continue to be
used to modify the brightness of prints, in this way we can find, gloss varnishes, high gloss,
mate...etc. To meet the need for printed films for packaging to have certain
Characteristics that will facilitate the sliding of materials in the packaging machine, varnishes appeared.
able to modify the sliding coefficient of the materials, adapting it to the specifications
customer techniques.
In this way, varnishes have undergone a great technological advance, and today we can find
varnishes with very diverse properties, such as: an- vahó, heat-sealable, aroma-releasing, UV barrier,
insect repellent. Coatings have undergone significant technological advancements, and currently it can
to say that, it is only necessary to think of a new characteristic or property that they may have, for this to
developed.
Glossy varnish: enhances the shine on the paper and makes the image stand out.
Matte varnish: reduces reflections and shines so that the text predominates over the image.

Varnish application systems.

Offset Varnish: a colorless resource that provides a thin layer on the paper, which is done within a fifth.
body in the special varnishing machine.
Functions and advantages: they prevent re-painting and marking of fingerprints on pages with dark backgrounds.
It is also important to be clear about the differences depending on the type of paper that will be used, for example, in
Glossy Coated paper enhances the highlights; on Matte Coated paper, it is soft and enhances the text to accentuate the
reading; and in Offset paper, it is not usually used because with a high ink load, the visual effect is not appreciated.

•Varnish in Screen Printing: Varnishes are added to a label design in order to create relief images, areas
plates with a slight shine or drawings with fine lines that simulate the sense of touch and sight of the consumer.
This decorative effects paint is usually created through rotogravure – a process capable of
obtain very thick ink deposits in a single pass, at high speed, at the end of the printing line
when the other printing processes have completed printing the images.
Xavier Casas, commercial technician of Stork Prints Iberia, the company that supplies technology in rotary screen printing,
The varnish has become a very popular finish, especially for wine labels. The label
Highlight Ribera del Duero Crianza 2000 from the Spanish winery Bacigalupe Hermanos (Pradoluengo, province of Burgos),
It shows how very thick layers of varnish can literally lift the underlying image, creating a 3D effect.
The important South African wine label printer Rotolabel from Cape Town recently chose
this is a varnish to apply over graphic drawings, with the aim of inspiring curiosity about the origins
from two 'adventurous brands' from this region. The layer of varnish applied using rotogravure serigraphy on the part
to the right of the label Le Pommier Cabernet Sauvignon looks like an apple tree - a reference to the apple orchards
near the vineyard. A Stork unit integrated into the printing of the varnishes of both labels has been used.
a Nilpeter B3000 printing machine.
•Varnish in Flexography: Varnishes are used in
flexography to protect the print and improve its
appearance. Varnishes can be acrylic, polyester,
UV or water-based.
Acrylic varnishes: they are used to add shine and
protection to printing.
Polyester varnishes: are used to improve the
chemical and thermal resistance of the printing.
UV coatings: they cure using ultraviolet light
and provide additional protection and a
glossy finish.
Water-based varnishes: they are eco-friendly and are used in sustainable printing applications.

Advantages and Disadvantages.

Al elegir un barniz, es importante considerar el po de material de impresión, el po de nta y el acabado
desired. Varnishes can also be applied in different ways, such as by roller, by spraying or
by immersion. The different types of varnishes have different functions and properties in post-printing,
por lo que su elección es importante para lograr un resultado óp mo. Algunas de las ventajas y propiedades más
important include:

Protection: varnishes can protect the print against abrasion, moisture, and other external factors.
Durability: some varnishes can enhance the chemical and thermal resistance of the print, making it
more durable and able to withstand proper handling and storage.
Appearance: varnishes can add shine, softness, and other visual effects to the print to enhance its
appearance.
Compatibility: it is important to choose a varnish that is compatible with the type of printing material and the ink.
used, to avoid problems such as peeling, discoloration or premature aging.
As for the disadvantages, we find the following:
•Cost: some types of varnishes may be more expensive than others, which can increase the total cost of the
printing project.
Compatibility: it is important to choose a varnish that is compatible with the type of printing material and the ink.
used, to avoid problems such as detachment, discoloration, or premature aging.
•Environment: some types of varnishes can be toxic or not eco-friendly, which can affect
negatively the environment and the health of workers.
Industrial systems for the application of varnishes.
They are specialized machines used in mass printing to apply a uniform layer of varnish over
the printed surface. These systems can be of different types, such as rollers, spraying, lamination,
among others, and are used to protect and enhance the appearance of printed materials.

•Sistema de rodillos: es uno de los sistemas más comunes y consiste en un conjunto de rodillos que aplican el
varnish on the surface of the print. They allow the application of a wider range of viscosities in
UV products with great control of the weight and high quality. The rollers are limited to applying exclusively
about flat pieces.
Applicator roller: They almost always rotate.
in the opposite direction to the hands of the
watch, "accompanying" in its journey to
the piece that passes underneath, depositing the
coating upon contact with
the surface to be covered. Generally
the pressure with which the applicator roller
act on the piece, it is from 0.1 to 0.3 mm.
It is measured in mm, since if the piece measures
12 mm, the applicator roller is located
a few mm below, which generates a
pressure when coming into contact.
Dosage roller: Metal roller
capable of rotating in both directions and at different speeds. Allow the liquid to enter the space
What is between him and the roller.

Rasqueta: By being in constant motion, it cleans the impurities from the surface of the roller.
dosifier, making a cleaner deposit.
The greatest influence of a process variable adjustment is reflected in the applied weight and the final appearance of the
coating. Sense and rotation speed of the dosing roller: It also directly intervenes in the
grammage. This is an obvious possibility, but with other alternatives for controlling grammage existing, the applicator
You must make a decision regarding whether to use this or not, due to the potential risk of damage to the applicator roller (if the
the distance between rollers is small and/or the coating becomes more viscous) and due to the inevitable friction and wear at
the one that will be subject to it. Of course, the final aspect is also influenced by the difference in speeds between the
applicator roller and the band, which should not exceed 1 m/min.
•Spraying system: use a sprayer to apply the varnish in a mist form over the surface of
the printing. This machine can include a spraying control system that regulates the amount of varnish
applied, as well as a filtration system to maintain the quality of the varnish.
The spraying process works by the
atomization of the varnish into small particles that
disperse on the printed surface. These particles
they are deposited on the surface and dried to form a
uniform layer of varnish.
In addition to protecting the print and improving its
appearance, the varnish can also be used to
provide a glossy or matte effect, and for
increase durability and resistance to moisture and the
light. It is an efficient and precise way to apply varnishes,
and can save time and costs compared to other manual varnish application methods.
HVLP (High Volume Low Pressure): It is a system capable of achieving a product transfer rate.
greater than 65% with the consequent product savings (up to 26%) and reduction of mists (up to
60% less), so it emits less solvent to the atmosphere, hence its classification
ecological, as they reduce both the consumption of varnish and the amount of waste generated in their
application. The varnish atomized by the HVLP system is sent at low speed to avoid annoying bounces and
fog, which are the traditional problems of airbrush painting.
AIRLESS Spraying: AIRLESS spraying involves passing a product at high pressure to
through a small nozzle. The spraying is done solely due to this pressure without the need
of being mixed with compressed air, which is why a single pipe feeds the gun. The carbide nozzle
of tungsten is mounted, through its support, in front of the seat. The needle and the seat of the fluid nozzle
they are also made of tungsten carbide to prevent rapid wear due to friction with the applied material.
—HS (Hybrid System): Airmix refers to the brand of spray gun that was the first to launch in the market.
this mixed spraying technology. It was the Kremlin company in the 1970s that launched the
first Airmix gun, other brands call this mixed spraying technology airless guns
air lifts, Air combi, Mistless, etc.
Injection system: uses a nozzle to inject
the varnish over the material to be varnished. It works by
the injection of a controlled amount of varnish into a
mesh, which is then applied over the printed surface.
It can include a pressure and flow control system.
to regulate the amount of varnish applied, and it can be
configured to produce different effects, such as brightness
it provides protection and enhances the appearance of
the printing, and it can also be used to increase the
durability and resistance to moisture and light.
Combined roller and spraying system: combines the use of a roller and a sprayer to apply the
varnish more evenly and effectively. In this system, the varnish is first applied through a process of
spraying, to provide an even base of varnish over the printed surface. Then, a set of
rollers apply an additional layer of varnish to improve the uniformity and quality of the application. Provides
protection and improve the appearance of the print, and it can also be used to increase durability and
resistance to humidity and light.
Rolling system: it uses a rolling machine to apply a uniform layer of varnish over the
support to which the varnish will be applied. A laminating process is used to apply the varnish film, which is
cut and adjusted to the size of the print before being applied.

Special Varnishes.

They are varnish layers that provide additional characteristics to the prints, beyond the simple
protection and improvement of appearance. Some examples of special varnishes are:

Holographic varnishes: To facilitate the process, the paper or other printing surface must be coated with a
metal cover (usually aluminum or steel) or reflective plastic. These irregularities produce the effect
three-dimensional by dispersing the reflected light and diffracting it into the color wavelengths that compose it. The
reflected waves interfere with each other in such a way that a vivid and realistic three-dimensional representation is obtained
of perspective and parallax.
Varnish drip-off: It is a finishing process
graphic for which the printing body
is used to apply a first coat of
mate aspect, then the body takes over
applicator for applying UV varnish to the areas
that the first printing process has left
free. The glossy varnish does not adhere to the
areas previously treated with matte varnish,
that retain their original appearance. The name of
this technique comes from the English term, drip-off,
what does 'goteo' mean. The differences between the
different varnished areas and the contrast between
the matte and shiny areas cause numerous
flame-like optical effects on printed products.
The result of this blend between matte and shine is versatile effects that can achieve different textures.

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4. Splitting and die-cutting process (search in Trovican Dies).

• Cut: allows you to separate or cut sheets or materials into specific shapes to produce final pieces with a
professional aspect. Additionally, the embossing can be combined with other printing processes, such as stamping.
or the binding, to produce complex printed products with precise details.
—Cut by guillotine: it consists of a blade that cuts sheets or materials in a straight line. This process
It is used to separate sheets of paper or materials quickly and accurately. The guillotine can be
manually or automatically operated, and can cut a variety of materials and can be adjusted
to cut materials of different sizes and thicknesses. It is important to note that the guillotine cut requires
a precision in measurement and a skill in handling the machine to produce optimal results
—Cut through digital die-cutting: the material is placed in the digital die-cutting machine and loaded into the
machine software that allows you to program the desired shape for the cut.
Laser cut: it is a highly concentrated and precise source of light that is used for cutting.
materials. The material is placed in the laser cutting machine and the desired shape is programmed for
the cut. The laser cuts the material through melting or vaporizing the surface. Additionally, the splitting by
Laser is more precise and efficient than other cutting processes, such as guillotine cutting or splitting.
por troquel, y permite producir productos impresos de alta calidad con una mayor rapidez.
•Die-cutting: basically consists of a
die, which matches the shape that
we want to give to the surface and the matrix of
cut, which is the element where it is inserted
the die when it is pushed in a way
energetic due to the power it provides
the press via an actuation of
an eccentric force inherent to the machine
punching machine, providing a dry punch
and forceful on the sheet, producing
thus a clean cut of the piece.
With the highest manufacturing technology
and our know-how, our dies
they meet all the requirements to produce
with guarantee and quality. The dies of
TROVICAN are made with the materials
of the highest quality existing in the
market. The technical department conducts a
pre-manufacturing study, determining
the materials that best adapt to the production of this work, adjusting the die to the machine
die cutter in which production will take place and studying all the setbacks that may arise to achieve a
excellent behavior in production. Manufacturers of dies for all types of die-cutting machines and
with a wide variety of materials:
Die cuts for adhesive labels in 8 and 12 mm.
Die cut templates for compact cardboard and corrugated cardboard with a flange of 23.8mm.
Special dies for plastics, glaspack, and polypropylene at 17.40 mm
Die cutting for gaskets, foams, and blisters from 30 mm to 100 mm.
Maximum specialization is developed in the manufacture of dies for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors.
nutrition.
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5. Acabados especiales

The finishing plays a practical, functional, and quality role within the printing processes.
For example, in the printing of documents or books, post-printing finishes are understood as the
binding, sewing, spiral binding, scoring, perforating or half-cut. In digital printing of posters on banners and
banners, los acabados están relacionados con la forma en que será expuesto el soporte.

Among the most common special finishing techniques, we find die-cutting, embossing, or engraving in
drying, heat printing, varnishing, folding, screen printing, flaps, cut decoration and the
perforated. Special finishing techniques allow us to play with gloss, textures or even can
change the shape.
Heat prints: heat printing process where balance plays a fundamental role
between the appropriate temperature, the strength of the cliché, the type of paper, and the properties of the sheet used.
The sheet, called foil, is a thin film of polyester with high-resolution pigmentation that is transferable.
high temperatures. It is crucial that it separates from its protective sheet without issues to ensure the
quality of the finish.
Dry stroke: it is a finish that is done on a support
with account to create a three-dimensional surface with volume.
Normally, dry embossing is applied to thick paper.
that can soften the blow of this finish and thus achieve
a result of a very pronounced dry stroke. This finish is smooth,
but very elegant.
Basic relief is done with parchment or with a sheet or
about a relief image.
A blind relief is a print without ink and without sheet
about a relief image.
 A drypoint is a intaglio print made with a plate or with a sheet over an engraved image.
in dry.
A blind drypoint is the same previous case but without ink and without a plate on an image in
dry recorded.
Thermography: it consists of overlaying on the printed material a
termination, this is fixed by applying heat only in the areas where
the effect of the finish is desired to be preserved. The finishes of
Thermography can be plastic films or resin powders,
both sensitive to heat. The varieties of this finish
metallic, holographic, shiny, satin, iridescent
spotted, with glasses, etc.
•Thermorelief: certain chemical products are used such as
resins and powders, which are subjected to a series of
physicochemical processes that recreate whatever it is that
find on the paper.

Lenticular: the image is activated by moving it and visualizing it.

from different angles. We can find this po
printing on posters, postcards, cards, greeting cards
visits and other varieties of products. With the lenticular technique
you will project the effectiveness of the communication campaigns
thanks to its impact, an original impression, differentiating you
proposal.

Trepado: a drilling tip that creates a series of mini cuts in a support to weaken it, making it
prone to tearing.
•Painted songs: edge painting is the process of applying color to the edges of products such as cards.
or invitations. The coating of the songs can be done in any color. The production process is very
manual, but achieves a very vintage result.

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6. Cutting systems. Guillotines and trilaterals.

Cutting means chopping the support, so that cut sheets come out according to the required measurements. The cut can
to mean cutting larger formats into smaller formats or trimming the edges (deburring) of sheets already
printed materials. Every printed product goes through this phase. The cutting operation is an important task in the
finishing processes, since they take place before and after printing.
Guillotine: consists of making parallel cuts to the support. It is used to trim or deburr to the desired format.
stacks of printed sheets of larger size. It is also used to cut large dimension sheets into pieces.
other minor machine formats.
Table: made of smooth steel, to be able to place the
sheets to cut.
Side brackets: two pieces that are placed
on the sides that are used to square the
sheets next to the top.

—Top: a movable steel piece that serves both

to square as to mark the measurement of the
cut.

—Piston: holds the stack of sheets while the

short blade.
Knife: cuts in a diagonal motion.
• Trilateral: it is a type of special guillotine that
make three simultaneous and perpendicular cuts.
It is used to trim the three cuts of the book; head,
foot and front. The binding trains both
both books and magazines are equipped with systems
of trilateral cuts. Through this cutting system pass
all bound publications, both sewn
in thread, glued or sewn onto wire.
—Nutrition: bring the books closer to the guillotine,
by a ribbon.
Introduction: it makes the book enter with the
loin in front, to center it properly
lateral.
Cutting section: a sequential cut is made with three blades, one makes a skirt cut, the others
two cut the head and foot in parallel.
Exit: pick up the book in the cutting section.

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