“ YEAR

DEL

STRENGTHENING NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY

COURSE:
Philosophy of Law
TEACHER:
Victor Eduardo Pacheco Villar
THEME:
Case 02
MEMBERS:
Alex Alfonso Chuquihuanga Chinchay
Merly Yudir Montero Espinoza
Moran Garcia Yassmin Abigail
Viviana Tatiana Denisse Lozada

2022-2

Qualified Practice 2
Week 16

1
 INDEX
Introduction:. 2
Development.....................................................................................................................3
Analysis of Nozick's liberalism applied to the proposed case: How is it
that the economy of Peru has continued to grow despite the political crisis?...3
Pareto Optimal
Analysis of the quality of life of Peruvian society applying the
Rawls' Maximin strategy to the proposed case............................................20
Amartya Sen:.....................................................................................................25
PROPOSALS:....................................................................................................27
HEALTH: ONE PERU WITH MORE HEALTH..............................................................27
EQUAL EDUCATION:..............................................................................28
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND DIGITAL TOOLS TO IMPROVE
PROFITABILITY OF UNFORMAL COMPANIES AND SMEs..........................29
FOR A SAFE WORKPLACE...........................................................30

Introduction:

The purpose of this work is to analyze and apply the theories.

philosophical thoughts of the authors Amartya Sen, John Rawls and Nozick

I will start with a phrase that perfectly describes our reality: 'The
the political life of Peru has always been intense, but it has rarely suffered
so many turbulences as in recent years" (University of Lima, 2020)

In the last 5 years, we have had 4 presidents. This political crisis has
it started with the mandate of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, who was vacated by
moral incapacity. Due to acts of corruption, committed in his short
term of office. Then, the one who took over was the vice president
Martín Vizcarra. He was also removed due to moral incapacity, he is accused of
corruption for allegedly receiving bribes totaling 647,000 dollars
between 2013 and 2014, when he was the governor of Moquegua.

2
 After Martin Vizcarra was ousted, it was his turn to take office.
position; it was our President of Congress Manuel Merino. This was the
shortest term in the last 5 years. Well, he only governed for 5 days.
We know about the influence of the left that it exerted to incite the
population and remove him from office. These 5 days were truly catastrophic,
filled with marches and violence from the population. This forced
Manuel Merino has irrevocably resigned from the position. Because of this, who
The person who held the position of president of the republic was Francisco Sagasti. His

It could be said that the mandate was one of the calmest in the last 5 years.
years. But it is worth noting that I supported Pedro Castillo when the elections
were stained by electoral fraud. Something that provoked suspicions and
doubts in the Peruvian population. This is how we delve into the period
critical situation we are living today with Pedro Castillo in charge of the country.

In addition, the confrontation between the legislative power this year.

On one side, we have the congress, which presents motions for impeachment everywhere.

and the executive intends to close Congress. For this reason, we have
chosen the case of the economy in our country in the face of the political crisis and
how this influences the economy and the quality of life.

Development

Analysis of Nozick's liberalism applied to the proposed case: How is it that

Has the economy of Peru continued to grow despite the political crisis?
Nowadays, when the liberalization of the economy poses great social challenges and
economic, when developed countries challenge nations on their way
to develop policies that contribute to their neoliberal interests, is
it's necessary to effectively understand the implications of the positions that
they promote the minimization of the State and individualism as the foundation of
society. In this sense, it is necessary to ask about the true meaning
theoretical and political of the State in Robert Nozick. The search for basic criteria of
social justice, aimed at correcting the existence of such an unequal world from

3
the human point of view, as we are currently experiencing, invites us to think about
themes of political philosophy from the theoretical perspective of Robert Nozick in his
critical relationship with theories that are opposed to it, such as those of distributive justice.
This analytical intention justifies the elaboration of a research work.
like the one we propose here.

Since indeed, neoliberalism seems to be the sociopolitical model for

to prevail during the next generations, it is urgent to advance the centers of
opposition that presents strong and well-founded critiques of neoliberalism. In this
it is imperative to conduct a conceptual and theoretical analysis of this political stance. In
In this order of ideas, the problem we intend to tackle is a task.
enriching to clarify, in a meaningful way, the theoretical outlines in the
philosophical-political sphere of one who is considered one of the greatest representatives
of political philosophy in the 20th century, alongside John Rawls. Thus, to provide a solution to the

problem that we discovered in Robert Nozick, regarding his initial hypothesis that
denies any principle of distributive justice, it is the central concern of
our research, within the framework of your Minimal State theory. We have
also stopped in the analyses made by Robert Nozick on the so-called
"private protection agencies," which are precisely what he mentions to get out of it a little
to the "inconveniences" that John Locke finds in the "state of
nature" and that force him to deduce from there the necessity of the emergence of
State. ("Thesis on Nozick | PDF | Libertarianism | State (politics) - Scribd")

As Nozick strives to make theoretical concessions to anarchism, he considers

that their private protection agencies can resolve the "inconveniences"
Lockeans and annul the necessity of the existence of the State. But, as they do not
they would stop generating problems. Nozick finds that in any case a
State apparatus, even if minimal in nature, is referred to by him as the 'minimal state'.
Finally, we wanted to take advantage of the analysis done on private agencies.
protection, in the style of Nozick.

The political philosophy of Robert Nozick, a staunch defender of freedom

The liberal theory of Robert Nozick - La Salle

4
-1. Presentation in the theory of justice: John Rawls motivates his theoretical endeavor
situating it in controversial relation to utilitarian doctrine. This philosophical conception
was the dominant era in Anglo-Saxon political philosophy. In general terms,
for utilitarianism the fundamental questions of political philosophy, such as,
For example, what is the criterion that should guide our collective decisions?
What is the nature of a just society? They cannot find answers in
prejudices, in a supposed natural right, nor in the private interests of such or
which group. Utilitarianism strives - and this is one of its theoretical attractions - to
discover and choose the option that allows to reduce as much as possible the
suffering, pain and increase, on the contrary, pleasure or, more accurately,
the well-being of the members of the affected society or even of the whole
humanity. More categorically, for the most classical utilitarianism, it is about
maximize the sum of the profits.

Well, John Rawls attacks this proposal of political philosophy,

pointing out, among other things, that utilitarianism cares only about the aggregation of the
utilities, from their sum, without worrying about the way in which well-being must 10
to be distributed among individuals. To Rawls, this seems to contradict the pursuit of
what makes a society just. We recognize the schematic nature of this
presentation, but we consider it sufficient as an indicator of the debate it opened
Rawls with utilitarianism in his search for distributive justice and the
possibilities that also opened for the emergence of a work that, after
John Rawls' Theory of Justice has had a notable influence in political philosophy.
contemporary. We refer to Anarchy, State, and Utopia by Robert Nozick,
widely dedicated to a critique of Rawls's positions.

Indeed, one of the strongest criticisms of Rawls' Theory of Justice is the

formulated by his colleague at Harvard University, Robert Nozick. This
American philosopher fits within what is already starting to be called, not without
certain irony, conservative liberalism, that reacts against any type of
social egalitarianism, like that of John Rawls, for example. Without trying here
to detail Rawls' thought, we will say that according to him, a society
just needs a very active and present State, a State whose institutions
Basics must serve to equalize people in their assets.
fundamental for them to lead a dignified life.

5
Nozick orients his philosophical-political work, especially contained in Anarchy
State and Utopia, towards a critique of theories of justice like that of Rawls, and to the
defense of a theory of justice very different from that defended by anyone
proposal for social egalitarianism. Now then, as a liberal thinker
conservative, this merger is categorized as "libertarian", Nozick has to
to be concerned about minimizing the intervention of the State in society, already
who is an ardent supporter of individual freedom, and propose a less
ambitious in terms of controlling individuals. To this less ambitious State it
calls Nozick "Minimal State", dedicated exclusively to protecting individuals
against theft, fraud, and the illegitimate use of force, and to support compliance
of the contracts that individuals enter into in their social world.

The work scheme that Nozick uses in his text is this:

a) Por ser defensor acérrimo de las libertades individuales, tiene que concebir un
type of State that is called minimal.

b) The defense of this minimal State must go beyond the criticism of the State
comprehensive egalitarian, to ask the anarchist why we should not reach
total dismantling of the State until its disappearance.

c) The existence of a minimal State is compatible with the launch of utopias

social.

This working scheme provides theoretical support to the title of Nozick's work:
Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Indeed, in response to the anarchist, Nozick says that it is
is it possible to have a Minimal State without it violating freedoms and rights
humans, and that their minimal existence is morally necessary. It reassures the
anarchists telling them that the minimal state will not violate rights like the
right to life and liberty, which are the essential rights for the
anarchism. Nozick also explains that his minimal state is compatible with the
respect for the right of property. This right of property is fundamental for the
libertarian liberalism of Nozick, although it may not be for the most radical anarchist.
Nozick defends the existence of certain inviolable basic rights in everything.
individual and, as such, rejects the possibility that the rights of any individual
resulting casualties in favor of the greater well-being of others. These rights are, in

6
special: life, liberty, and property. Nozick talks about rights
natural rights, these are rights common to all men in their condition of
such, and that do not depend for their creation or granting on the will of any
person, based on a basic idea, which is the ownership of each
one about oneself - each person is the legitimate owner of their body, it says.

This character of 'natural' rights offers Nozick the importance of guaranteeing

that each individual can live their own life in their own way. And those rights
fundamentals for Nozick are nothing but the right of each one to do what
he/she wants with his/her body and with the goods that he/she has legitimately acquired, as long as,

evidently, in doing so, I do not violate the similar rights enjoyed by the
other individuals.

Liberty, property, and state

Freedom, understood as the right of each person to live the life they want, is the
the only value that matters, or at least the only one that matters when it comes to defining the
structure of society, according to the core of the libertarian position of
Nozick. The economist Milton Friedman, a staunch defender of freedom, says
that the central idea of libertarianism is to allow people to carry the
life that I desire. Libertarianism in general is based on this principle, namely: no
a man or a group of men can assault another person's or property.
libertarian political vision, expressed in the negative form as a principle of non
aggression or non-interference, as it becomes articulated with the social structure
capitalist, necessarily leans towards the notion of property, given the character
deprived of this structure. Consequently, in line with the previous postulates,
for Nozick, only that which arises from the free exercise of the
inviolable rights of each one.

It is what Nozick calls a 'genealogical theory of justice'. It is so focused on

Nozick's staunch defense of freedom towards the notion of property, which his thesis
central in this field argues that subjecting the freedom of some individuals through
from the submission of their property, to benefit others, means taking from the
first as means for achieving the ends of others. With this
Nozick wants to confront Rawls about his inconsistency with philosophy.
Kant's morality, nonetheless claiming to be his follower, since proposing, as he does
Rawls states that one of the principles of justice is that it accepts inequalities.

7
economic and social as long as they are structured in a way that they are for
greater benefit for the underprivileged, through justice policies
Distributive means for Nozick to take some men as means to ends.
from others, since Kant had said that rational beings are by their nature
ends in themselves and never means. Here, Nozick says, the Kantian Rawls betrays his
master. When talking about freedom, Nozick immediately thinks of the owner, because
it frequently refers to Locke who already saw that the only limits that exists are the
derecho natural exigen que “nadie deba dañar a otro en su vida, salud, libertad o
"possession" (Section 6 of the Second Treatise of Civil Government).

Hence, the notion of freedom is associated by Nozick with individual property.

which must be protected by the State, which must be vigilant that it is not
interfered by the actions of others. My rights restrict the actions of the
others. In reverse, Nozick says, "The rights of others determine the
restrictions on our actions” (Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia.
Economic Culture Fund, Mexico, 1988, p. 41

Nozick assumes in his political analysis the original premise of contractualism,

particularly that of Locke, and proceeds to use the resource of an imaginary
founded on a first condition of individuals, the "state of nature", for
deductively develop from there the hypothesis of your political theory, until constituting a
complete body on the modern State. Our approach will take in a way
combine the three concepts contained in the title of this numeral. The first thing that
Nozick in his work Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State
and Utopia, New Cork, Basic Books, 1974. [Spanish translation by R. Tamayo,
Fund for Economic Culture, Mexico, 1988. Our quotes correspond to the
[Spanish edition], it is to ask oneself "Why a theory of the state of nature?"
As its theoretical discussion is also with anarchism (doctrine that advocates for...
suppression of the State), Nozick then asks the following: 'If the
State, would it be necessary to invent it? Would one be required and would it have to be invented?

Cited, p. 17.

These questions are basic, says Nozick, in order to adequately explain the
political phenomena. He, like Locke, is sure that such questions are
they answer by investigating the 'state of nature', aware that they are using
the terminology of traditional political theory. Justify the use of this term, to

8
knowing that it "revives" an "archaic" notion for its "utility," "interest," and "the
"broad implications" that result from said term. (Op. Cit., p. 17). The "state of
"nature" is a thought experiment that had been used in political philosophy of
Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, especially, to signify a situation in which
there is no State and no one possesses political power, so she would lead
inevitably to a situation of extreme conflict between men. Given the
primacy that in this state of nature would have for all strength, which would place
to men in a permanent possibility of mutual attacks (the werewolf for the
man, Hobbes). The fundamental problem of political philosophy says Nozick, before
to resolve the question of how the State should be organized is, precisely,
answer 'if there should be a state and why not anarchy?' (p. 17).

Resolving these essential questions becomes very important to Nozick.

because he believes that the anarchist theory, if it were to become sustainable, would give to the

transit with the object of study of political philosophy which is, precisely, the
State, the supreme or highest power of all society, to use the terminology
Aristotelian. Hence, it is appropriate for Nozick to "start political philosophy with
a review of its main theoretical alternative" (p. 17), which for him is none other than the
anarchism. The Nozickian reflection moves, therefore, between archism and the
anarchism. Starting with the state of nature, as a theme that precedes the
question of how the State should be organized, has in Nozick's theory a
explanatory purpose that seeks to refute the skeptic of the necessary from the outset
existence of the State. In response to the question of why not anarchy, Nozick tells us
it says that aside from the unjustified presumption that all men, in every
place, they would be in the same non-state realm and the huge "unmanageability" that
It is worth considering this 'counterfactual' state for an understanding between them,
Given the empire of force that reigns there, it would also lack theoretical interest.
fundamental as to think it was the permanent human state.
Certainly, Nozick says, if such a non-state situation were sufficiently horrible,
there would be reason not to dismantle or destroy a particular State and not to replace it
for no other” (p. 17).

What Nozick clearly exposes is that, if the description that has been made of the
the state of nature will become terrible enough to be unlivable
together, the State will have to be a preferred alternative, although given the

9
theoretical preventions that Nozick has against a State with too much presence
the intervention in the lives of men, that preference would have to be 'seen as such
affectionately as a visit to the dentist looks" (p. 18). But as there is to
choosing between state and anarchy, Nozick advises to be prudent at the moment of
decide and focus attention on a pessimistic assessment of a situation not-
state

It is clear that if the emerging State becomes omnipresent, all-encompassing and

interventionist in everything, 'without a doubt, the worst state of nature would prevail'
(p. 18). Nozick knows that the choice between the state of nature and the State is made
always in a state of 'uncertainty', which makes it difficult for him to win
“conviction” in the chosen option. (“Saavedra Silva - The Liberal Theory of
Nozick - Thesis - Scribd”) To gain some conviction in this determination, Nozick
It is recommended to focus attention on determining whether people, in a non-
state, satisfies certain "moral restrictions" and generally acts as it should. If
this occurs in the state of nature situation, Nozick says 'that it is the best
anarchic situation that one can reasonably expect” (p. 18). Hence,
investigate the nature and defects of the way such restrictions are exercised
morals are of fundamental importance to Nozick in deciding whether there should be
State and not anarchy. ("THE LIBERAL THEORY OF ROBERT NOZICK AND YONNY
ALEXANDER") Nozick assumes that this research can provide a
rational foundation for the necessity and existence of the State, which would remain
properly justified. With this, it aims to overcome the traditional approach of
contractualismo hobbesiano o lockeano, que presenta el surgimiento del Estado a
starting from a state of nature that deteriorates naturally and inevitably, 'thus
how medical theory presents aging and death” (pp. 18 – 19).

For Nozick, such a theory would not 'justify' the State, even though it allows us to conform.
its existence. The theoretical turn that Nozick takes raises the question of whether all the
the actions that people take to establish and operate the State are, in themselves
the same, 19 morally permissible. As Nozick is discussing here with the
anarchism refers to the doctrine that says we would be better off without a
State, but any State necessarily violates the moral rights of the
individuals, so this State is therefore intrinsically immoral for the
anarchism. The moral foundation that must pave the way for the state of

10
the nature of the State as a political apparatus is fundamental for Nozick as what the
people can and cannot make themselves into each other in the state of
nature limits what can be done through the apparatus of the State, or what
they can do to establish such a device. The moral prohibitions that can
imposing oneself from the state of nature is for Nozick the source of all
legitimacy that the power of the State may have. Hence this author says: 'The
moral philosophy establishes the background and limits of political philosophy” (p. 19).
Regarding whether there is morality in the state of nature, we find a broad
debate since the times of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. Indeed, for Hobbes, not
There are moral laws in the state of nature, which is why it says that 'from this war
from every man against every man, it is also deduced that nothing can be
unfair. The notions of the moral and the immoral, of the just and the unjust do not have
"there is room there" (Hobbes, Leviathan, Madrid; Alianza Editorial, 1993, p. 109) 20 Locke, in
change, disagrees with Hobbes that in the state of nature everything
a man has the right to everything, including the bodies of others. This would mean, for
Locke, that in the state of nature men would have a moral duty to
control their behaviors, in order not to harm others. And this is already
moral. Rousseau also says that, although human beings move
primarily due to the desire for self-preservation, one must take into account a
an additional aspect of their motivations, which are: piety and compassion. That is why,
Rousseau says, Hobbes exaggerated the likelihood of conflict in the state of.
nature. Compassion, according to Rousseau, acts as a powerful brake on
impulses that could lead to war and attack. That brake is already
moral connotations. Nozick picks up this discussion, and using Locke,
it poses the hypothesis that if there are signs of morality in the state of nature,
then the deduction of the State, based on that natural situation, does not remain very
justified. Since in the state of nature, for Nozick, some already operate
moral restrictions, then deduces that the State that is created from there,
it should only be of a minimal nature.

The importance of investigating the state of political philosophy.

nature, non-political field, serves Nozick, as we have said, for purposes
explanatory about the possible ways to understand the political field, which is that of
rise of the State. This author summarizes these possible modes as follows: a) Explain the
political field in non-political terms; b) consider the political field of the State

11
as if emerging from the non-political, but irreducible to it; c) conceive the political field
like a completely autonomous field.

According to Nozick, the first mode (a) is the one that promises a complete understanding of

the entire political field and rises as the most "desirable" theoretical alternative.
to be desirable, Nozick calls this explanation, 'fundamental explanation'. The crux of the
The subject for Nozick is then to fundamentally explain the political, that is the
State, in non-political terms, this non-political situation must show how and why
what a political situation arises later from it, that is to say, how it derives the
State its political characteristics of a non-political situation such as the state
of nature. The more fundamental, says Nozick, is the starting point and the more
The less political or state-like it seems, the better it will be for explaining the matter.
It would not enhance our understanding to approach the State from a point of
"arbitrary view" (p. 20). Prudence advises Nozick to follow the alternative of
show how a political situation like the state one arises from a non-political one, which is
known within political philosophy as the theory of the 'state of nature'.
Saavedra Silva - Nozick's Liberal Theory - Thesis - Scribd Now then, when
converge the explanation required in the state of nature, which is
widely addressed by Locke, Nozick feels compelled to start with him, it is
say, to begin with individuals similar to the state of nature of Locke.

1. Despite everything reductionist that can characterize Robert Nozick, regarding

The author does not stray from the traditional conception of the functions of a State.
about the reasons for the existence of a State. Even though various approaches have
intended to position the function of the State from diverse and somewhat
contradictory, as is the case with Hobbes and Locke, for example, both conclude
that the existence of a State is necessary, as a way out of the situation of
generalized war contained in the state of nature. Nozick, who draws from
that same tradition asserts that the existence of that institution is not only necessary,
but it is something that is naturally implied. That is to say, the State is not something we decide

create, but rather arises from naturally human dispositions, although for

12
Nozick is just a minimal state. These natural arrangements have to do with
the essential components of the human being. First, it identifies freedom and
Secondly, without being less important than the first, property. Nozick affirms
What characterizes humans from other beings is that they know themselves as agents.
free within social mechanisms and, moreover, has the capacity to
to appropriate the 94 different resources generated by both the earth and the resources themselves

social relations as a whole. In this sense, by affirming the existence of

State, in a minimum condition, justifies itself on the fact that
we are finite and powerless beings to defend ourselves against all possible attacks from
those who are victims of our freedom and property. Therefore, it says, that the State is
necessary as long as its function is to link exclusively with the
property and freedom, as an inseparable ally of these. In addition to the
anterior, Nozick ve que el problema para la libertad y la propiedad es que los seres
humans, despite the finitude of their defensive capacities, possess an infinity of
unquenched desires and, drawing on Locke, he will say that it is necessary for them to emerge

disputes among the inhabitants of a territory. For this reason, it is necessary that,
after the initial complaints that place them in what he calls the hypothetical
state of nature, emerges, as the best means of resolution to such disputes, the
State.

2. The problem of the State is that at the moment it appears, it consolidates as a

agent more in social dynamics that grants it an autonomous nature with
a high isomorphism between any individual and the State. It is at this moment
what the different distinctions that Nozick makes of the possible States arise
(minimum, ultra-minimum, and maximum); a distinction that does not relate to the number of
entities that compose it but with the scope of the power it holds. Since it makes
to appear each of the States from the previous one – and in the following order
chronological: nature, ultraminimal, minimal – as an authentically phenomenon
moral, according to Nozick, called 'invisible hand processes', concludes that the
the emergence of the State, therefore, is moral. However, he does not realize that this
the "moral" process turns out not to be so when taking a different perspective on what
it is justice. A perspective that should encompass much more than mere contemplation
of what he refers to as "the natural rights" of every individual. Furthermore, one of the
problems that, at least in our Colombian reality, would remain unresolved
it is the justification for the proliferation of armed groups outside the law,

13
amparados bajo el principio del “derecho a la protección propia”. Es claro que estos
groups are covered, as shown in the corresponding numeral to
Protection associations and the contract, according to the previously described principle,
Well, everyone uses their freedom and their goods as they see fit. Without
embargo, real processes such as those of truth, justice, and reparations should give us
what to think to not have an unconcerned perspective towards political models,
economic and social issues such as those that Nozick aims to establish.

3. Regarding protection agencies, and according to what was shown in the

second chapter of this monograph, these associations arise as
consequence of the State's inefficiency in fulfilling its functions
for which it was accepted: the protection of individuals in relation to the
freedom and property. It could be argued, however, that individuals would be
empowered to create that type of associations beyond efficiency or not by
part of the State in fulfilling its essential functions. Because it could
to realize that the State would carry out its functions satisfactorily but that
will attempt to penetrate layers beyond mere protection. For this reason, a group
would be in a position to organize itself to defend against the State, its
main enemy, according to this assumption. However, if the State were a
A really efficient "company" would not penetrate beyond its functions.
essentials allow. Therefore, it would be a contradiction to assume that a State
efficient became an enemy of freedom and private property. Because
precisely the monitoring and protection of these aspects constitute the
essential functions of the State, but only if it practices a justice that
redistribute property so that it does not have unlimited reach in its appropriation
by a few and to the detriment of many. But if the functions of the State
are precisely and exclusively the previous ones, that is to say without redistributive policies,

It would be a state that would favor the owners of the means of production.
in a special way. In fact, we all have, before the law and the State, a level
more or less equitable in freedom; it is not so, however, in the amount of goods
that we individuals possess. For this reason, people from strata one and two in
our country, or even more, our own country in the global economic dynamics, does not
would have no possibility of improvement. On the contrary, the economic model
and social that Nozick proposes, different from what Kant would suggest in his imperative

14
categorical, would apparently be more committed to fulfilling the Nietzschean imperative
let's help them die well.

4. A neoliberal model of justice, as proposed and defended by the philosopher

American, it brings with it what any libertarian model could bring: oblivion
of the Other. This is the case if we consider that beyond the other, the other of flesh and bone,
the one who cries, laughs, sings, belongs to social dynamics, the one who waits, thinks...
the same social dynamic that shapes it but at the same time relies on that Other
for his existence. Social dynamics shape the individual, but it is he
precisely the one that gives ontological status to such dynamics. Any model
neoliberal justice, which aims to criticize redistribution as a mechanism of
justice is precisely forgetting that Other. The above can be affirmed if one
a man takes into account, despite entering the mercantile dynamics from
his freedom and his possessions, comes with a series of 98 expectations, fears,
longings. Moreover, "the winners" of those dynamics are not, either, beings
abstract beings that live and feel based on market dynamics, but
they require that Other who buys and streamlines economic processes. For this reason,
the contemporary state, as that organism called to balance and defend the
freedom and the property of individuals, if we accept the Nozickian conception,
It must resolve a somewhat paradoxical situation. Freedom and property are two
different spheres of individual configuration. In a commercial society like that of
nowadays, when freedom is intrinsically linked to what one has,
with those goods that I rely on to be freer, it implies a rethinking of
what should be understood by freedom. Indeed, the less favored, those who
its property is a round zero, they must still possess it, if the thesis is true
Nozickian, its freedom. The State, then, is the guarantor of this freedom. Freedom that
can be achieved in today's society through having. But if the State is
unable to intervene in a redistributive manner in the solution of the
problems, one might ask whether the Nozickian State is a preferential State.

5. State control, in the name of defending the fundamental rights of all

the individual must hold the complete monopoly on the use of force, legality and
the surveillance. This monopoly implies that it extends to territorial control in which
frame their state functions. Therefore, a Nozickian state model, in its
A minimum characteristic must put barriers to private justice. The groups

15
guerrillas, paramilitaries, and self-defense groups must disappear because a State
the style proposed by Robert Nozick must be capable of fixing the
personal security problems. The government of Álvaro Uribe Vélez, clearly
A neoliberal government seems to forget this slogan. They could oppose the
defenders of this system claim that, for many years, governments fought
fruitlessly against the paramilitaries and only now have been seen
efficient results. This is true but incomplete. The only belligerent force in
Our country is not the self-defense and paramilitary groups. The groups
guerrillas are protection associations in the Nozickian sense that aim to,
At least those are their slogans, the protection of their interests, regarding one.
of the fundamental rights of every individual: freedom. Nevertheless, the
the current government has given preferential treatment to a type of protection association
contrast with associations of another type. The language used, for example, to
referring to one or another group is different: 'terrorist groups and drug traffickers'
in front of 'paramilitary groups.' But the Colombian issue does not end there.
not only in a semantic issue, but goes further, to the models
social, economic and political aspects defended by each side. 100 the guerrilla in favor of
of a broadly Marxist-Leninist model, faces a model
economically neoliberal, in which there is private property over the
means of production. A neoliberal model could not give the same treatment to a
sector known to be antidemocratic, or with a socialist spirit, that to another sector
conscientiously libertarian.

Finally, the safety of men, citizens, children, and women,

who wakes up every day to work, - when there is work - and travels by
“Transmilenio”, or those who live in the rural areas of Peru, the inhabitants
from more than 1000 municipalities across the national territory, those who do not
they should be conditioned to theoretical political models, their existence is framed
simply within the Latin American reality. A reality laden with
wars, struggles for liberation, identity, and oppression, which require prompt attention
the intervention of the State under the guidance of civil society, so that the body
socially guided by the path of justice, peace, and recognition of the
universal human rights.

16
ÓPTIMO DE PARETO.
The Pareto optimum is that point of equality where one cannot give or ask without
that influences the economic system. It was implemented and developed by the
Italian economist Vilfredo, who is known for his major works.
las cuales fueron “Curso de Economía Política” (1897) y “Manual de Economía
"Politics" (1906) or his phrase "Man is, indeed, a very irrational being and very..."
search for reasons. It does not usually behave in a logical manner, but it always has a lot.

interest in believing it or making others believe it." It is known as assignment

efficient in the sense of Pareto or Pareto Superior economics. Regarding the
economic analysis refers to a Pareto optimal point as that equilibrium point in the
that none of the affected agents can improve their moment without
reduce the well-being of any other agent. The Pareto optimal is guided by
criterios de utilidad: si algo genera o produce provecho, comodidad, fruto o interés
without harming another, a natural process will appear that will allow reaching a point
optimal. Vilfredo Pareto sought to scientifically determine where it was found the
greater achievable well-being of society. The solution found in the optimum
it comes to say that the maximum common exponential increase is obtained when
no person can increase their well-being in an exchange without harming others
another. Or, it can be contextualized, if the utility of an individual increases, without that

reduce the utility of another, increases the social welfare of people. The
economic well-being is based on the utility functions of individuals that
they integrate into society. The profits are based on the quantities of goods that
they are in the market; and the same quantities of goods are
are determined by the levels of production and consumption of a
economy. Accordingly, the maximization of well-being must have a close
relationship both with the optimal use of the productive resources of the economy
as with the conditions for the regularization of consumption. In Pareto optimality
it implies that the resources are distributed efficiently. Because thus
to say, the existence of compensations.

Efficient in terms of Pareto is one of the basic principles of the first

welfare theorem. There are quite a few requirements needed to find
this economy of well-being, but some are:

Efficiency in the distribution of goods among consumers.

17
 Eficiencia en la asignación de los factores entre las empresas.
Efficiency in the allocation of factors among products.

USES OF THE PARETO OPTIMUM

There are many generalized cases with the Pareto optimum, the most usual ones are
they are related to the decision-making of distributing goods, services, or factors of
production, as the distribution of wealth in the world. For example, the situation
the well-being achieved through the Pareto optimum provides a framework
widely useful for evaluating public policy measures, whose purposes
declared is the increase of efficiency or the increase of equity
distribution of a country's resources. It should also be noted that the optimal
de Pareto es una fundamental work tool for many disciplines
like mathematics or communications, but especially highlights its use in the
negotiation processes and in what is known as game theory, in which
they study the optimal strategies used by individuals in different games, either
it offers, within its limits, clear decision parameters.

EXAMPLE OF PARETO OPTIMALITY

If we take the example of a market where 20 trucks are distributed among 2.

we will be able to companies find up to 20 different assignments that
they can be considered optimal according to this theory. Although the fairest thing would be

distribute the vehicles evenly, in any type of distribution that is made it

will meet the Pareto condition, as long as a company improves its
the other will be negatively affected. So that one always wins
there has to be someone else who loses, basically. Despite that, it is efficient because of
In any case, the 20 are distributed, although it may not be socially fair. It would not be
efficient for example to distribute 19 in total. And it is not possible to distribute a total of 21.

because there are not enough resources.

THE PARETO OPTIMUM AGAINST UTILITARIANISM

Wilfredo Pareto was not oblivious to the currents related to reformism.

decimononic social where Benthamite utilitarianism occupies a
prominent place. In this sense, we can consider their criticism of these currents.
like the root of the modern welfare economy where Pareto establishes the
first bases with its rejection of the possibility of making comparisons

18
interpersonal utility, arbitrating a criterion that would try to overlook them. After
expose the basic lines of the problem regarding its redefinition of the concept
of utility in economics and its average, we will focus on the genesis of the optimum of
Pareto based on his notion of utility for society. The notion of wellbeing.
economic was present in authors prior to Pareto, although none of them
predecessors tried to relate different optima with different distributions of
income and proceed to its comparative analysis. The origins of the economy of
well-being dates back to the 1870s. Although its background goes back further.
the immediate ones were Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, it is worth distinguishing two
currents of thought: the utilitarian, with Sidwick (the architect of the distinction between
positive economics and normative economics, where welfare economics would be situated,
Marshall and Pigou, who was the first to coin the term: 'Welfare Economics' in
his work, The Economics of Welfare, London, Macmillan, 1920; and the non-utilitarian with
Pareto, heir to the marginalist tradition of the Lausanne school.

THE OFELIMITY AS ORDINAL UTILITY

Since his beginnings as an economist, Pareto became interested in utility and its
measure. I understood that economic science does not deal with the useful and the scarce in

general, but only of a certain notion of what is useful and what is scarce. To avoid
the ambiguities and confusions raised by the use of the terms utility and
scarcity, mint the term ofelimidad (from the Greek root ofelimos) that
express the relationship of convenience that makes one thing satisfy another
need, which is truly addressed by economic science. The ofelimity
it is a neutralized version of the utility, which expresses an attempt to extract from the
analysis of the value of all suggestions of utilitarian or hedonistic ethics.

Ofelimidad simply means what makes a good desirable for it.

consumer, which really turns them into a good or not. It refers, then, to the
results that each individual aims to achieve and maximize with their income, with
independence of the beneficial character or harmful to the result and of the
nature of the goal to be achieved. Pareto abandoned the notion of the
measurable cardinal utility. Neither its positive analysis of economics, nor its notion of
general equilibrium was compatible with measurable utility. At this time
It was believed that utility was measurable cardinally and satisfaction (utils) was considered.
produced by the consumption of different goods could be additive. Furthermore, the

19
The utility reported by a good was considered independent of the consumption index.
of other goods.

Analysis regarding the Political crisis and the economy of Peru.

Although it is true that the concept of Pareto Optimal defines any situation in which not
it is possible to benefit one person without harming another. Consequently,
represents that equilibrium point where one cannot give or ask without affecting.
to the economic system.

Thus, the greatest welfare of society has found the solution.

where the maximum common prosperity is obtained when no person can
increase their well-being in an exchange without harming another. Or, in other words,
if the utility of one individual increases, without the utility of another decreasing, it increases the

social welfare of individuals. Likewise, the economic well-being of the

utility functions of the individuals that make up society.

On the other hand, we can link the well-being of society that has a close
relationship with the optimal use of the productive resources of the economy and the
conditions for optimizing consumption. In Pareto optima, it is understood that
resources are distributed efficiently. There are several requirements that
they need to achieve said welfare economy: Efficiency in the distribution of
the goods among consumers, efficiency in the allocation of factors among
las empresas y eficiencia en la asignación de los factores entre los productos como
we mentioned it earlier.

Now, we currently consider that the distribution of goods does not allow for a
well-being to society, especially we can analyze the situation of our country,
due to the existence of a notable inequality, mainly on the subject of
economy, first of all, we can relate the inequality of income
with social exclusion, secondly, there are more recent issues of mobility
social through marches and strikes at a national level and these are seen with more
frequency in the south of Peru, these mobilizations undoubtedly highlight the reality of
our country where tired citizens do not receive what is rightfully theirs
they correspond, promote these conflicts which generates paralysis in the economy
from Peru.

20
On the other hand, the dynamics of poverty is another latent factor in our society and
if we talk about health issues, Peruvians have difficulties accessing
a good healthcare system, most hospitals are in very poor condition, there.
It is clearly seen that the distribution of the goods that is offered to us does not provide the

well-being that society needs, in short, it is not enough having in

It is said that Peru is a country rich in various resources.

Analysis of the quality of life of Peruvian society applying the strategy

Maximin of Rawls to the proposed case
The Maximin strategy as a conservative choice
Many will say that besides coming back every now and then like a trend that
renew classic lines, allows to demonstrate actions that do not change anything the
current panorama; the semiology of justice appears as a shadow of the infinite
movements. with a countless number of contradictory and analogous instances occupy,
they appeal to the concept of justice, whereas what differentiates one from the other is the
way they materialize that concept.

When we talk about social justice, it is far from being a mere exercise.
aesthetic, of erudition, of logic or fashion, rather faces us with the vigor of the
question about the type of society we long to live in and want to build for
future generations. The proposed question apparently in the genetic makeup of
humanity is capable of generating the greatest and most sublime movements of
human, as well as the most defeated and empty, confronts us with our
everyday life and the future overflowing with pure possibility.

Justicia sería una palabra con una carga teórica e histórica que oculta discursos y
practices that affirm, annihilate, or suppress them. Currently, it is woven together with others
such as politics, citizenship, democracy, well-being, community, recognition,
rights, equity, etc., all of which forms a fabric filled with
contradictions and conflicts, as the powers of the state are far from working hand in hand
for the development of the Peruvian people, they face a power struggle
where the losers are the inhabitants of my beloved homeland, immersing more in
an economic crisis causing state instability. Here this plot of

21
concepts will not be the subject of study, they are only assumed as substrate and

consequences of the discussion on social justice.

When using it, the question arises whether it is observed in light of regressive phenomena.
of contemporary society, where the growing increase of poverty,
permanent violation of social, economic, political, cultural rights and
environmental, the increase in inequality between countries and within them, is
part of the landscape that thousands of citizens live in

Within this analysis, we find it essential to know, analyze, and challenge the
In light of those phenomena, one of the contemporary theories of justice by the doctor.
Rawls has established a new concept of social justice and influenced
current and past reflections on the matter, especially within the framework of the State
Liberal. Although the work of this author originates and is inscribed in countries and debates of the

central countries, it is believed that their production has also been influencing the
concerns inside and outside the academic world in Latin America, through
the demands and recommendations of international guidelines regarding
semantics and the making of public policies, or with the hegemonic debates of
international academic world, especially in central countries where its strength
reaches beyond its orbit. It is also necessary to know with greater rigor
the approaches in order to evaluate their relevance in the current moment of the
current society.

The underlying theme from which he builds his theoretical system is legitimacy that
it has a free market economic system and the rule of law, by
Consequently, having a deep understanding of this version allows for formulating substantial critiques that

point to the overcoming of that order. In that context, it seems pertinent to know
the proposals for justice in analogy, where the foundations that dominate is the
capitalism, a free market economy, and both the institutional structure and

22
other spheres of social life are subordinated to their requirements or are strained without
apuntar a modificar lo fundamental.

The principle known as equitable freedom is the natural maximum of the first principle.
and the principle known as the principle of difference is the natural maximum of the second principle, therefore

that Rawls will assume that these two principles are the optimal solution chosen by the
people in the original position. approves that their choice is a kind
of maximum solution because the worst results will always be better than the worst
resultados de cualquier otra. Los dos principios son creados por este autor, como la
Maximin solution to the problem of justice. What differentiates the maximin rule is
which is defined as an alternative strategy to the other two options available; the
Maximax and the maximization of expected utility. The maximax alternative
it is mentioned that the alternatives should be ordered by their best possible results,
adopting that best result is better than the best result of the others, thus
It is presented as a strategy for optimists. The alternative of maximization.
the arrangement of the alternatives is proposed based on estimates of
probable profit.

Rawls rejects the Maximax strategy because it is too risky where the
the chances of losing are high. Furthermore, it rejects the second strategy because
in the original position, where the knowledge of probabilities is impossible or
insecure, it is necessary to be skeptical about the calculations, as the veil of the
ignorance does not allow knowledge about the probability of obtaining
earnings.

Maximin Rule
The Maximin rule allows to rank the options by the worst possible outcomes.
They offer and will accept the one whose worst result is better than the worst.
results of the others. The Maximin rule is a strategy that is justified and that
it would be appealing to someone with a conservative or pessimistic attitude, but to
purpose of the special situation of the original position since the doubt arises that
this is the best alternative in real life. The parts choose principles for the
design of a society as if the places they were to occupy in it were
determined by their worst enemies.

23
Now, how do we apply this Maximin theory within the political crisis due to the
What is happening in the country, if we take public opinion into account we find that in its

the majority does not agree with what the executive power has been doing nor the
legislative, therefore they must be removed from their position and that people should be elected

that are willing to work for the country and set aside their political differences
outside of their functions.

The most important topics, such as working for the development of the state, are not addressed.

especially interested in that which involves the development of the population more
humble, as evidence we have various bills put on the agenda
from the plenary such as

02203/2021-CR

ON THE AGENDA OF THE PLENARY 31/05/2022 LAW OF THE PRODUCER ARTISAN AND OF

DEVELOPMENT OF CRAFT ACTIVITIES

AGENDA OF THE PLENARY 04/22/2022 LAW THAT AMENDS ARTICLE 44 OF

LAW 28015, LAW ON PROMOTION AND FORMALIZATION OF MICRO AND
SMALL COMPANY FOR FACILITATE THE GROWTH Y
STRENGTHENING OF MSMEs

ON THE AGENDA OF THE PLENARY 12/04/2022 LAW WHAT PRIORITIZE LA

MARKETING OF ANDIN PAPAYA FOR EXPORT IN FAVOR
FROM THE FAMILY FARMER

01501/2021-CR

ON THE AGENDA OF THE PLENARY 03/21/2022 NEW LAW DEL craftsman Y

ARTISAN OF PERU

01296/2021-CR

IN PLENARY AGENDA 11/02/2022 LAW CREATING THE NATIONAL REGISTER

OF TRADITIONAL EMOLIENTEROS FROM PERU AS VENDORS OF
NUTRITIOUS AND HEALTHY DRINKS

01258/2021-CR

ON THE AGENDA OF THE PLENARY 07/02/2022 LAW WHAT PROMUEVE THE

STRENGTHENING, COMPETITIVENESS, AND FORMALIZATION OF MSMEs

24
ÓPTIMO DE PARETO.
The Pareto optimum is that point of equality where one cannot give or ask without
that influences the economic system. It was implemented and developed by the
Italian economist Vilfredo, who is known for his major works.
las cuales fueron “Curso de Economía Política” (1897) y “Manual de Economía
"Politics" (1906) or his phrase "Man is, indeed, a very irrational being and very..."
search for reasons. It does not usually behave in a logical manner, but it always has a lot.

interest in believing it or making others believe it." It is known as assignment

efficient in the sense of Pareto or Pareto Superior economics. Regarding the
economic analysis refers to a Pareto optimal point as that equilibrium point in the
that none of the affected agents can improve their moment without
reduce the well-being of any other agent. The Pareto optimal is guided
criterios de utilidad: si algo genera o produce provecho, comodidad, fruto o interés
without harming another, a natural process will appear that will allow reaching a point
optimal. Vilfredo Pareto sought to scientifically determine where it was found the
greater achievable well-being of society. The solution found in the optimum
it comes to say that the maximum common exponential increase is obtained when
no person can increase their well-being in an exchange without harming others
another. Or, it can be contextualized, if the utility of an individual increases, without that

reduce the utility of another, increases the social welfare of people. The
economic well-being is based on the utility functions of individuals that
they integrate into society. The profits are based on the quantities of goods that
they are in the market; and the same quantities of goods are
are determined by the levels of production and consumption of a
economy. Accordingly, the maximization of well-being must have a close
relationship both with the optimal use of the productive resources of the economy
as with the conditions for the regularization of consumption. In Pareto optimality
it implies that the resources are distributed efficiently. Because thus
to say, the existence of compensations.

Efficient in terms of Pareto is one of the basic principles of the first

welfare theorem. There are quite a few requirements needed to find
this economy of well-being, but some are:

Efficiency in the distribution of goods among consumers.

to understand that he took development as an expandable form of freedoms
realities since these freedoms depend on several factors such as the
social and economic institutions that include access to a
quality basic education access to health the opportunity to participate in
market, this refers to the ability to carry out exchanges and
industrialization plays an essential role in the life of society.
economic progress and anything else related to social development
expand freedoms. A famous example is when a government comes to be
judged based on the specific capabilities of its individuals, judged in
function of the concrete capacities of its individuals, specifying this a little
example would fit in the session intervention of repressive states the explanations
systematic social issues the lack of access to information or proper sanitation
Good clothing and nutrition among many others affect freedoms as they
individuals do not have a dignified life that they can live and enjoy all of this
resolves the lack of capabilities and therefore the lack of development. On the other hand, it could

to say that citizens have the constitutional right to vote, however, for
Amartya Sen this will mean nothing anymore, he asks questions such as if the
political dimension participation brings together all the conditions for citizens
may exercise the ability to vote. This set of conditions may be
many types from access to health and education to the ability to
to transport themselves to the polls. This affects those real capabilities. The capabilities

Real ones are known as positive capabilities with specific capabilities.

it refers to knowledge and skills that enable comprehensive development in
the society that affects these capabilities the inequality the poverty the injustice
social and the quality of life to enhance productivity must be a means to achieve it.
human development.

Another contribution of this great economist philosopher is the formation of a new

paradigm in the measurement of development in societies human development
putting development as the means for societies to think of themselves from
The Human Development Index is based on three dimensions.
health, education, and general well-being consider material goods as
Real.

26
His work has been the basis for studies on the Human Development Index due to his
vision of an economy in which the central element is the human being as the driving force

of the concept of development as freedom in which poverty and the lack of

economic opportunities are seen as obstacles in the exercise of freedoms
fundamentals where development means expanding the freedom of the
human beings. The doctor considers that economic and social policies
they have a direct effect on human well-being. In addition, it talks about the concept of
the abilities or training that concern human life and not exactly to
the way human lives actually happen depends on the degree of freedom of
that is provided to lead another type of life. From the economy, it should allow the
development of these people's capabilities increasing their options
vital options this starting assumption is faced with those of the economy of
classic well-being intersected by the logic of maximizing the level of well-being
individual he
The capabilities approach has had numerous applications that have had
important political effects from a new way of approaching measurement of the
poverty up to the job to determine the causes of famines
passing through studies on the role of women in economic development. Thus
Doctor Sen in his book Development and Freedom from the year 2000 presents some
themes that he picked up from a series of lectures given at the World Bank
in the capacity of a present presidential member such as freedom
fundamentals of justice importance of democracy the agency of women
and social change, culture, and human rights among other topics.

PROPOSALS:
Through our proposals for health and education, we will help the development of
country. Providing the tools to the population so they can achieve an optimal
quality of life.
HEALTH: A PERU WITH MORE HEALTH.

In the last two years, our health system reflected the countless
shortcomings they have. These increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. This,
it showed us the countless problems of our precarious healthcare system.
Hello, we will encourage health professionals since, in most of the
health centers require different specialists. Among the most requested are

27
Gynecologists, pediatricians, cardiologists, and nephrologists. In many health centers.
we did not find these specialties.

We believe that the poor distribution of specialists in our country has caused
that most specialists are found in the most populated cities of
country and in rural areas specialized attention is scarce. Therefore, only
They have general practitioners. Likewise, patients must be attended to.
to be referred to other cities.

On the other hand, we believe that the lack of medications and supplies is a problem.
really common in our country, as people to get the
medications have to wait months for them to arrive or obtain them on their own
own means. We know that there are many low-income people who do not
they have access to these medications. Therefore, their ailments and diseases
they worsen. Therefore, we will combat the monopoly that exists in the acquisition of
medications for our most in need population through the SIS.

We will improve the conditions of the establishments and equipment, since many
Sometimes we see that these health centers are in a state of abandonment.
Starting with their poorly maintained bathrooms, deteriorated consulting rooms. Additionally,

equipment and implements in poor condition. Such as, tomographs, echocardiographs,

incubators, ventilators, among others.

To improve the healthcare system in our country, we propose the proposal “ a

Healthy Peru: We will implement an action plan throughout the country.
to improve the quality of the health system and the implementation of policies
public.

We will increase public spending on the health sector.

We will purchase high-quality medical equipment and supplies in the various

medical establishments nationwide.

The specialists will be distributed nationwide to fulfill the specialties.

that are required in rural areas where there is a greater deficiency of these.

Increase the purchase of sufficient medications to supply the centers of

national health. This ensures the supply of these.

28
We will hire more health staff to serve in medical centers.
posts and hospitals.

EQUAL EDUCATION:

We know that our country has somewhat precarious education. Peru is the
ranked number 27 in the quality of the education system. These shortcomings are

increased during the pandemic when virtual classes were held. Nowadays the
the majority of the children have returned to school. But we see that these schools
they present serious infrastructure problems, in addition to the lack of materials for the
The development of classes with normality has increased.

Deficient infrastructure of schools, small spaces for a large number of

students, lack of folders and materials to carry out school activities., lack
of computers, training reduction for teachers.

To this end, we promote the proposal 'Equal Education'

We will guarantee equal education to reduce the regrettable gaps today.

a day for our students, that guarantees the development of citizens
capable of performing attitudes for critical thinking. Likewise,
to propose policies for equity in education, which implies educating accordingly
with individual differences and needs, without economic conditions,
demographic, geographic, ethical or gender factors pose an obstacle to
learning

We will increase public spending on education.

We will implement training schools for teachers so that they can
update your knowledge with the latest.
We will implement school folders and materials at the national level for the
development of the classes.
We will build schools, with adequate spaces for the students.
We will guarantee education in rural areas, maintaining a certain number.
of teachers permanently in these areas.
We will update the educational material with the latest trends and advancements in
education.

29
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND DIGITAL TOOLS TO IMPROVE THE
Profitability of informal businesses and SMEs.
As is well known in our country, a large percentage of citizens are
informal activities and this generates revenue losses due to taxes
for the construction of works for the benefit of the citizens. Thus, employment
informal concerns approximately three out of every four Peruvians in the population
Economically Active.

According to statistical data for the first quarter of 2022, 74 out of every 100 workers
he had informal employment, although the trend in the last 15 years places the rate of
informality above 70%, the situation worsened in 2020 due to the
COVID-19 crisis. This is why our party proposes to assist and
to empower entrepreneurs, as well as micro and medium-sized enterprises in the
digital platforms to encourage formalization and thus increase
employment for our citizens.

FOR A SAFE JOB.

implementation of an employment policy led by the state in a
exceptional in partnership with citizens and the private sector.

We propose policies that reduce unemployment and generate jobs.

improving the quality of the labor market. We also conceive the need to
contar con un sistema de educación y formación eficiente, que dote a los
workers with the skills required by employers and contribute to them
opportunities and incentives to educate and train themselves throughout their working life,
explain the international organization in its report.

We know that workers need to have the appropriate skills in

a context in which the demand for skills will tend to evolve with
speed and people will be able to continue working at older ages.
So, we suggest that our management will design novel tools that
facilitate lifelong learning and make it more flexible.

30
ERADICATE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Through our congressmen create, modify norms for the benefit of the
integrity of women. Likewise, to encourage education from schools,
based on gender equality to raise awareness among our students regarding the
abuse of all kinds against women. Also, to empower our women in
benefit of their self-esteem and teaching them not to allow any type of violence and
learn to defend your rights in the corresponding institutions responsible
to defend the value of women as such.

Conclusions

In a crisis like the one our country is facing, strict rules must be established that
sanction any anti-patriotic measure. Why anti-patriotic? Because what does not contribute
the development of the country is considered with this term in addition to providing great

tax exemptions for multinational companies to all of them

must be disqualified from holding a political office for more than 10 years.

Despite everything reductionist that may characterize Robert Nozick, regarding

the functions of a State, this author does not deviate from the traditional conception about
the reason for the existence of a State. Although various approaches have
intended to situate the function of the State from diverse and somewhat
contradictory, as is the case with Hobbes and Locke, for example, both conclude
that the existence of a State is necessary, as a way to get out of the situation of
generalized war contained in the state of nature. Nozick, who draws from
that same tradition asserts that the existence of that institution is not only necessary,
but rather it is something that is naturally implied. That is, the state is not something we decide.

create, but arises from naturally human dispositions, although for

Nozick is just a minimal state. These natural provisions have to do with
the essential components of the human being. First of all, it identifies freedom and
In second place, without being less important than the first, property. Nozick affirms.
What characterizes humans from other beings is that they know themselves as agents.
free within social mechanisms and, moreover, has the capacity to
to appropriate the 94 different resources generated by both the land and the resources themselves

social relationships as a whole. In this sense, by asserting the existence of

State, in a minimum condition, bases its justification on the fact that

31
we are finite and powerless beings to defend ourselves against all possible attacks from
those who are victims of our freedom and property. Therefore, he says, that the State is
necessary as long as its function is to exclusively connect with the
property and freedom, as an inseparable ally of these. In addition to what
earlier, Nozick sees that the problem for freedom and property is that beings
humans, despite the finiteness of their defense capabilities, possess an infinity of
unsatisfied desires and, leaning on Locke, will say that it is necessary for them to arise.

conflicts among the inhabitants of a territory. For this reason, it is necessary that,
after the initial complaints that place them in what he calls the hypothetical
state of nature, arises as the best means of resolving such disputes, the
State

The Pareto Optimality principle states that it is always possible to reach a point
higher well-being in society. For which new ones must be sought
combinations in the consumer's basket (combinations of goods). By
which means that the different states that the economy or the
markets can have. This indicator aims to ensure that in the
markets find an optimal point that benefits all of society, and to
At the same time, I helped the consumer's well-being to be as high as possible.

Amartya Sen viewed development as an expandable form of real freedoms.

since these freedoms depend on various factors such as institutions
social and economic factors that encompass access to basic education
of quality access to health the opportunity to participate in the market, with this
it refers to the ability to make exchanges and constitutes a role
esencial en la vida de la sociedad la industrialización, el progreso económico y
Anything else related to social development expands freedoms.

The real capacities are known as positive capacities with capacities.

specifically refers to knowledge and skills that enable achieving a
integral development in society that affects these capabilities the inequality the
poverty, social injustice, and quality of life must be improved for productivity to be achieved.
a means for human development.

Bibliography:

32
[Link] NOZICK, Robert. Anarchy, State and Utopia. Fondo de Cultura
Economic. Mexico: 1988. 102 103 PARDO RUEDA, Rafael.

Saavedra Silva - Nozick's Liberal Theory - Thesis - Scribd

htps://[Link]/document/365004045/Saavedra-Silva-The-Liberal-Theory-of-Nozick-Thesis-T30-
07-S12tInteaglet.

Saavedra Silva - Nozick's Liberal Theory - Thesis - Scribd

htps://[Link]/document/365004045/Saavedra-Silva-The-Liberal-Theory-of-Nozick-Thesis-T30-
07-S12t-Intgooset.

THE LIBERAL THEORY OF ROBERT NOZICK YONNY ALEXANDER,htps://[Link]/doc/5507925/the-teor

liberal day of robert-nozick-yonny-alexander.

Thesis on Nozick | PDF | Libertarianism | State (politics) - Scribd

htps://[Link]/document/231153905/Thesis-On-Nozik.

The liberal theory of Robert Nozick - La Salle,htps://[Link]/cgi/[Link]?

you aretcle=1015&contextphilosophytras.

Roberto (1999), The Theories of Justice after Rawls. A Brief Manual

political philosophy. Editorial Paidós. Barcelona. Spain.

Rawls, John (1995); “Teoría de la Justicia”. Fondo de Cultura Económica. Madrid.

Spain.

Wilfredo Pareto (1938). Manual of Political Economy. Translation of French edition

from 1927

Robert H. Frank (2001) Microeconomics and Behavior, fourth edition, McGraw-Hill

Interamerican of Spain S.A.U

[Link]
The Theory of Capabilities in Amartya Sen - [Link]

[Link]

[Link]

33