Chemical Bonding I:

Basic Concepts
Chapter 8

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Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an
atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that
particpate in chemical bonding.
Group e- configuration # of valence e-
1A ns1 1
2A ns2 2
3A ns2np1 3
4A ns2np2 4
5A ns2np3 5
6A ns2np4 6
7A ns2np5 7
2
Lewis Dot Symbols for the Representative Elements &
Noble Gases

3
 The Ionic Bond
Ionic bond: the electrostatic force that holds ions together in an
ionic compound.
Li + F Li+ F -
1s22s1s
1 22s22p5 1s2[2Ne]
[He]
1s 2s22p6

Li Li+ + e-

LiF e- + F F -

Li+ + F - Li+ F -

4
A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two or more
electrons are shared by two atoms.

Why should two atoms share electrons?

F + F F F
7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-

Lewis structure of F2

single covalent bond lone pairs F F lone pairs

single covalent bond

lone pairs F F lone pairs

5
Lewis structure of water single covalent bonds

H + O + H H O H or H O H
2e-8e-2e-

Double bond – two atoms share two pairs of electrons

O C O or O C O
8e- 8ebonds
double - 8e- double bonds

Triple bond – two atoms share three pairs of electrons

N N or N N
8e-8e
triple -
bond
triple bond
6
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract
toward itself the electrons in a chemical bond.

Electron Affinity - measurable, Cl is highest

X (g) + e- X-(g)

Electronegativity - relative, F is highest

7
The Electronegativities of Common Elements

8
Dipole Moments and Polar Molecules

electron rich
electron poor region
region
e- poor e- rich
H F H F
+ -
+ −

9
EXERCISE!

Arrange the following bonds from most to least

polar:

a) N–F O–F C–F

b) C–F N–O Si–F
c) Cl–Cl B–Cl S–Cl
a) C–F, N–F, O–F
b) Si–F, C–F, N–O
c) B–Cl, S–Cl, Cl–Cl

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 10

CONCEPT CHECK!

Which of the following bonds would be the least

polar yet still be considered polar covalent?

Mg–O C–O O–O Si–O N–O

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 11

 Writing Lewis Structures

1. Draw skeletal structure of compound showing

what atoms are bonded to each other. Put least
electronegative element in the center.
2. Count total number of valence e-. Add 1 for
each negative charge. Subtract 1 for each
positive charge.
3. Complete an octet for all atoms except
hydrogen
4. If structure contains too many electrons, form
double and triple bonds on central atom as
needed. 12
Write the Lewis structure of nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3).
Step 1 – N is less electronegative than F, put N in center
Step 2 – Count valence electrons N - 5 (2s22p3) and F - 7 (2s22p5)
5 + (3 x 7) = 26 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between N and F atoms and complete
octets on N and F atoms.
Step 4 - Check, are # of e- in structure equal to number of valence e- ?

3 single bonds (3x2) + 10 lone pairs (10x2) = 26 valence electrons

F N F

13
Write the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion (CO32-).
Step 1 – C is less electronegative than O, put C in center
Step 2 – Count valence electrons C - 4 (2s22p2) and O - 6 (2s22p4)
-2 charge – 2e-
4 + (3 x 6) + 2 = 24 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between C and O atoms and complete
octet on C and O atoms.
Step 4 - Check, are # of e- in structure equal to number of valence e- ?
3 single bonds (3x2) + 10 lone pairs (10x2) = 26 valence electrons
Step 5 - Too many electrons, form double bond and re-check # of e-

2 single bonds (2x2) = 4

1 double bond = 4
O C O
8 lone pairs (8x2) = 16
Total = 24
O 14
 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

The Incomplete Octet

Be – 2e-
BeH2 2H – 2x1e- H Be H
4e-

B – 3e- 3 single bonds (3x2) = 6

3F – 3x7e- F B F
BF3 9 lone pairs (9x2) = 18
24e- Total = 24
F

15
 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Odd-Electron Molecules

N – 5e-
NO O – 6e- N O
11e-

The Expanded Octet (central atom with principal quantum number n > 2)

F
F F
S – 6e- 6 single bonds (6x2) = 12
SF6 6F – 42e- S 18 lone pairs (18x2) = 36
48e- Total = 48
F F
F
16
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model:

Predict the geometry of the molecule from the electrostatic

repulsions between the electron (bonding and nonbonding) pairs.

# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

AB2 2 0 linear linear

B B

10.1
 0 lone pairs on central atom

Cl Be Cl

2 atoms bonded to central atom 10.1

 VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

AB2 2 0 linear linear

trigonal trigonal
AB3 3 0
planar planar

10.1
10.1
 VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

AB2 2 0 linear linear

trigonal trigonal
AB3 3 0
planar planar
AB4 4 0 tetrahedral tetrahedral

10.1
10.1
 VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

AB2 2 0 linear linear

trigonal trigonal
AB3 3 0
planar planar
AB4 4 0 tetrahedral tetrahedral
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal

10.1
10.1
 VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

AB2 2 0 linear linear

trigonal trigonal
AB3 3 0
planar planar
AB4 4 0 tetrahedral tetrahedral
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
AB6 6 0 octahedral octahedral

10.1
10.1
10.1
 VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

trigonal trigonal
AB3 3 0
planar planar
trigonal
AB2E 2 1 bent
planar

10.1
 VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

AB4 4 0 tetrahedral tetrahedral

trigonal
AB3E 3 1 tetrahedral
pyramidal

10.1
 VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

AB4 4 0 tetrahedral tetrahedral

trigonal
AB3E 3 1 tetrahedral
pyramidal

AB2E2 2 2 tetrahedral bent

O
H H

10.1
 VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal distorted
AB4E 4 1
bipyramidal tetrahedron

(see-saw)

10.1
 VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal distorted
AB4E 4 1
bipyramidal tetrahedron
trigonal
AB3E2 3 2 T-shaped
bipyramidal
F

F Cl

10.1
 VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry
trigonal trigonal
AB5 5 0
bipyramidal bipyramidal
trigonal distorted
AB4E 4 1
bipyramidal tetrahedron
trigonal
AB3E2 3 2 T-shaped
bipyramidal
trigonal
AB2E3 2 3 linear
bipyramidal
I

I 10.1
 VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

AB6 6 0 octahedral octahedral

square
AB5E 5 1 octahedral
pyramidal
F
F F
Br
F F

10.1
 VSEPR
# of atoms # lone
bonded to pairs on Arrangement of Molecular
Class central atom central atom electron pairs Geometry

AB6 6 0 octahedral octahedral

square
AB5E 5 1 octahedral
pyramidal
square
AB4E2 4 2 octahedral
planar
F F
Xe
F F

10.1
10.1
Predicting Molecular Geometry
1. Draw Lewis structure for molecule.
2. Count number of lone pairs on the central atom and
number of atoms bonded to the central atom.
3. Use VSEPR to predict the geometry of the molecule.

What are the molecular geometries of SO2 and SF4?

O S O F
AB4E
AB2E F S F
distorted
bent Tetrahedron
F
(see-saw)
10.1