Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Project Report

EEE305: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves

Section 01
Spring 2025
Project Task 02
Comparative Study of Different Wireless Power Transfer Methods
Student Details
Name ID
ABDUL ASHIF KHAN MAHIN 2022-3-80-080

Submission Date: 23 May 2025

Course Instructor: Dr. Farhana Parveen
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Theory: The development of wireless technologies has
transformed communication and helped connect the world like
never before. Use of wireless technology has also been made for
the transmission of electric power wirelessly. It can reduce heavy
line losses; increase the portability of power systems. It also
integrates communication technologies and electric power to the
same platform. These technologies are now also being used to
transmit electricity without wires. This can help reduce energy loss
and make power systems more portable. It also brings together
communication and power systems on one platform. This paper
gives an in-depth look at different methods of wireless power
transmission. It also discusses how this technology can be used in
smart grid applications, like charging electric vehicles. The paper
examines how practical these methods are, how they work, their
results, and compares them to find the best and most cost-effective
option for low-power, short-distance uses. The study's findings
suggest that WPT can serve as a feasible substitute for traditional
wired power transmission. This technology has the potential to offer
several advantages, including enhanced convenience, decreased
expenses, and heightened safety.
Introduction: Generating and delivering electricity is a key part
of modern science and technology. Wireless power transmission
(WPT) plays an important role in this progress. WPT is especially
useful in places where using wires is difficult or impossible, such as
rough terrain, space, or powering wireless devices. It also supports
wireless communication systems like 3G, 4G, LTE, and voice-over-
LTE, which are important areas linked to WPT.
WPT is gaining attention as a powerful new way to deliver electricity
that could change how we transmit power. Recently, interest and
use of WPT have grown rapidly, making power transmission easier
in many areas.
This technology is ideal for situations where using wires or batteries
is too expensive or not practical, especially in tough environments.
WPT is becoming more common in everyday life, shown by the
growing number of products on the market, such as WiTricity,
uBeam, Ossia, Energous, Proxi, and Powercast. Figure 1 shows a
basic diagram of how WPT works.

Figure 01: Block Diagram of Wireless Power Transfer method.

History: The idea of "wireless electricity" means sending

electrical energy without using wires. This concept began with early
discoveries in electromagnetism. In 1826, André-Marie Ampère
found a link between electricity and magnetism. Later, in 1831,
Michael Faraday explained how changing magnetic fields can
create electric currents, which is known as electromagnetic
induction.
Nikola Tesla is considered a key figure in the development of
wireless power. He invented the polyphase alternating current (AC)
system, which uses high-voltage, high-frequency currents. His
work led to modern electric motors, generators, and the use of
radio waves for power transmission through resonance. Tesla had
over 700 inventions and patents, including the rotating magnetic
field and the polyphase AC system.
Tesla also experimented with a grounded resonant circuit and was
able to light a small lamp using electromagnetic induction. These
tests took place in his Colorado lab. In 1901, he built the
Wardenclyffe Tower in New York to send power and telephone
signals wirelessly over long distances. Although he faced many
difficulties and couldn't complete the project, it was a major step in
wireless power technology.
Another important figure, Ernst F.W. Alexanderson, created an
alternator in 1906 that improved long-distance radio
communication. His innovations were important for shipping and
military use, and he also contributed to electric trains, motors, and
ship engines.
Professor Reginald Fessenden also played a role in early wireless
communication. In Maryland, he transmitted voice signals
wirelessly over 1600 meters using tall antennas. While the sound
quality was poor and noisy, it was the first time spoken words were
clearly sent without wires. Later, in 1906, Fessenden worked with
Alexanderson to create a high-frequency alternator that allowed
radio waves to travel even farther, laying the groundwork for long-
range wireless communication.
 Wireless Power Transfer using Inductive coupling
Any Wireless Power Technology must have two core components
for it to work: a transmitter and a receiver. In the case of Inductive
Coupling, the transmitter and receiver are two separate coils
wound on materials with high permeability. This increases the
efficiency of the circuit by increasing the inductance of the coils.
The transmitter transfers AC power to the receiver which can then
be converted to DC for use applications. As DC power transfer has
higher energy loss hence the model comprises transferring AC
power. In Inductive power transfer, longitudinally arranged dipole
fields are produced. These fields decrease with the cube of
distance between the transmitter and the receiver. Hence one of
the factor’s affecting efficiency is the distance between the two
coils. Hence, the closer the receiver and the transmitter, the better
the efficiency.
Inductive coupling uses only magnetic fields to transfer power, so
it's also called "magnetic coupling." It works based on Faraday's
law of induction, which says that a changing magnetic field can
create voltage (or electromotive force) in a nearby coil. The amount
of power transferred through inductive coupling depends on the
frequency and the mutual inductance (how well the coils are
linked). The mutual inductance between sending and receiving
coils can be calculated using this formula.

𝑀 = 𝑘 × √(𝐿1 × 𝐿2 )
Where, k is the coupling coefficient. It is a dimensionless
parameter. Another factor which affects the efficiency of WPT is
misalignment tolerance. Misalignment is the displacement of the
receiver coil with respect to the transmitter coil that leads to a
decline in both the efficiency and power transfer of the IPT system.
Since,
𝐴
⃗ . 𝑑𝐴
∅𝐵 = ∬ 𝐵
0

To get the strongest magnetic flux, the angle between the magnetic
field and the coil’s surface should be 0 degrees [since cos (0) = 1].
This happens when the transmitter and receiver coils are perfectly
aligned on top of each other.
Here, figure 02 shows a simple version of an inductive coupling
circuit. On the left side is the transmitter, which includes an AC
power source (Vp) and a primary coil (Lp). On the right side is the
receiver, which has a secondary coil (Ls) and a load (Rload) that
represents the rest of the circuit, including a bridge rectifier and
other electronics.
The AC source powers the primary coil, creating a magnetic field.
This field induces voltage in the secondary coil. The voltage in the
receiver coil can then be converted (rectified) into usable power.

Figure 02: Basic circuit diagram of WPT using inductive coupling.

To calculate the link efficiency of the coupling circuit, Figure 03 is
used. Since Figure 02 is a generalized block of Figure 03; it
neglects the coil resistances of the receiver and transmitter. From
transformer theory, we know that the two coils employ the coupling
coefficient (k) and that both the inductances Lp and Ls are affected
by k. From transformer theory we know that, reducing the circuit
with respect to primary side will yield:

Figure 03: Inductive circuit referred to the primary side and coil
losses included.

Efficiency:
Inductive coupling generally offers moderate efficiency (around 70-
90%) for short distances (typically under 10 cm). Efficiency drops
sharply as distance increases.
Where,
𝑘 2
𝑅 = ( ) (𝑅𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝑅𝑐2 )
𝑛
 Figure 04: Equivalent circuit for the calculation of link efficiency.

The equivalent resistance and inductance are given by:

The link efficiency is given by,

It can be observed that one of the factors the link efficiency is
dependent on is the square of primary inductance of the coil. A
higher value of mutual coupling ’k’ is also desirable for better link
efficiency.
Safety: Inductive coupling is a common and generally safe
method for wireless power transfer when designed correctly.
However, there are some safety concerns that need to be
managed, especially around foreign objects and overheating.
(i) Temperature Monitoring:
Built-in Safety Features: Many inductive systems monitor
temperature and detect foreign objects to prevent overheating or
damage.
Accident Prevention: These systems help reduce the risk of
electrical fires or other safety issues.

Figure 05: Temperature monitoring device by induction coupling.

(ii) Foreign Object Detection (FOD):
Metal Object Detection (MOD) and Living Object Detection (LOD)
are crucial safety features in inductive charging systems, as the
magnetic fields involved can cause unintended heating. MOD
addresses the risk of metal objects accidentally entering the
charging zone and heating up, which can be hazardous,
particularly to children or animals. Similarly, LOD focuses on the
potential danger to living beings, as exposure to magnetic fields
may generate unwanted heat or electric currents in their bodies.

Figure 06: Foreign object detection.

(iii) Radio Frequency (RF) exposure:
Radio Frequency (RF) exposure is an important consideration in
wireless charging systems, which are designed to operate within
established health standards to ensure safe levels for human
exposure. While most systems are generally safe in everyday use,
certain scenarios—such as charging electric vehicles—may
require additional precautions to maintain safety and comply with
RF exposure guidelines.
Application: There are many uses of wireless power transfer
methods, especially the inductive coupling method.
Wireless charging has become increasingly widespread across
various sectors. In consumer electronics, devices like
smartphones, smartwatches, tablets, earbuds, and wearables now
commonly support wireless charging through standards like Qi,
offering cable-free convenience. Electric vehicles (EVs) benefit
from inductive charging pads in parking spaces and at public
transport stops, enabling efficient recharging for cars, buses, and
taxis. In homes, kitchen appliances and smart furniture are
incorporating inductive surfaces for seamless, wireless power.
Medical applications include implanted devices such as
pacemakers and insulin pumps, which recharge safely without
surgery, as well as hygienic, sealed tools. In industrial settings,
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and sensors are powered
wirelessly, improving safety and efficiency. The Internet of Things
(IoT) leverages wireless power for smart sensors and wearable
tech, reducing reliance on battery replacements. Finally, aerospace
and defense use cases include drones and space equipment that
recharge through contactless systems where traditional wiring is
impractical.
Strengths and Weaknesses of WPT in Inductive
coupling method:

Inductive Coupling Method in Wireless Power Transfer

Strengths Weaknesses
(i) The system is very simple in (i) The main problem of inductive
design, requiring only a transmitter coupling is its short transmission
and receiver coil and a magnetic distance. Power transfer efficiency
field. drops significantly when the
transmitter and receiver coils are not
well aligned or are too far apart.
(ii) The use of magnetic fields for (ii) For optimal performance, the
power transfer is generally transmitter and receiver coils need
considered safer than other to be carefully aligned. Any
methods like electromagnetic misalignment significantly reduces
radiation. the power transfer efficiency.
(iii) Inductive coupling can achieve (iii) Due to the limitations in range
high power transfer efficiency over and the need for alignment,
short distances, making it suitable inductive coupling is not ideal for
for applications like charging applications requiring wireless
electronic devices. Inductive power transfer over longer
coupling operates at low distances.
frequencies, which contributes to its
high efficiency.
(iv) It's used in various applications, (iv) While efforts are made to
including charging toothbrushes, enhance the system's robustness, it
laptops, mobile phones, and even can still be complex to design a
medical implants. system that can effectively transfer
power when the coils are not
perfectly aligned.
 Wireless Power Transfer using Capacitive coupling
Capacitive coupling wireless power transfer can replace
conventional inductive coupling wireless power transfer because it
has negligible eddy-current loss, relatively low cost and weight, and
good misalignment performance. However, capacitive coupling
wireless power transfer has a limitation in charging electric vehicles
due to too small coupling capacitance via air with a very high
frequency operation. The new capacitive wireless power transfer
uses glass as a dielectric layer in a vehicle. The area and dielectric
permittivity of a vehicle’s glass is large; hence, a high-capacity
coupling capacitor can be obtained. In addition, switching losses of
a power conversion circuit are reduced by quasi-LLC resonant
operation with two transformers. As a result, the proposed system
can transfer large power and have high efficiency. A 1.6 kW
prototype was designed to verify the operation and features of the
proposed system, and it has a high efficiency of 96%.

Figure 07: Block diagram of capacitive coupling method.

Efficiency: Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT) operates by
generating a strong electric field between two conductive plates,
known as the coupler. This field induces a displacement current
across a dielectric material, allowing electrical energy to flow
without direct contact. The energy is then received and converted
back into usable power, enabling efficient wireless charging
through capacitive coupling. Efficiency in Capacitive Power
Transfer (CPT) can be significantly enhanced through several
methods. Operating at higher frequencies reduces the impedance
of the coupling capacitance, facilitating more effective power
transfer. Incorporating resonant circuits helps match the
impedance between the transmitter and receiver, further boosting
efficiency. Additionally, optimizing the design of the couplers such
as using materials with higher permittivity and innovative structural
configurations—can lead to improved energy transfer
performance.

Safety: Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer (CPT) is generally

safe to use, but there are a few safety concerns to be aware of,
especially at higher power levels. One issue is the possibility of
electric fields leaking around the coupling plates; if someone
touches nearby conductive objects, there's a small risk of electric
shock. Another concern is arcing, where electricity jumps through
the air at high voltages. This can damage components and even
cause the system to fail, so careful design and safety measures are
important.
Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer (CPT) holds great promise, but
like any technology, it comes with a few safety considerations that
need to be carefully managed. One concern is leakage electric
fields—while the coupling plates are usually insulated, small
amounts of electric field can still escape, potentially causing a
shock if someone touches nearby metal objects. Another issue is
arcing, especially in high-power setups like EV charging. When
voltages get high, electricity can jump through the air between the
plates and surrounding parts like the car chassis or road, which can
damage components and pose safety risks. The human body’s
impedance can also affect the system, possibly impacting both
safety and performance. Fortunately, there are effective solutions.
Using materials like PTFE (Teflon) that can handle high voltages
helps prevent arcing. Proper insulation and shielding around the
plates reduce the chance of electric field leakage, and smart control
circuits can detect problems and automatically shut the system
down if needed. Thoughtful design—like how the plates are
arranged and what materials are used—also plays a big role in
keeping things safe. Overall, with the right precautions, CPT can
be both efficient and safe.
Application:
Application for safety: Safety in Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT)
systems generally falls into two main categories: Foreign Object
Detection (FOD) and Voltage Stress Management. These areas
are critical for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of wireless
power systems, and they help determine which application designs
are most suitable.
1. Foreign Object Detection (FOD)

Foreign objects can negatively affect the efficiency of Capacitive

Power Transfer (CPT) systems by absorbing power and turning it
into heat, which may disrupt normal operation or even trigger a
system shutdown for safety. These objects generally fall into three
categories like Living beings (such as people or animals), Metallic
objects and Dielectric materials.
In applications like electric vehicle (EV) charging, these objects are
typically modeled using equivalent circuits to assess their impact.
To detect them, methods such as monitoring variations in the
transmitter's capacitance have been developed, allowing the
system to identify when a foreign object is present.
Research indicates that when such objects approach the capacitive
coupler, they can interfere with the system’s frequency tuning,
reducing performance. Therefore, robust foreign object detection is
crucial for ensuring safety and maintaining reliable system
operation.
2. Voltage Stress Management
Voltage stress is a key safety concern in wireless charging
systems, whether they’re powering small devices or large ones like
electric vehicles. The main challenge is to keep the electric fields
produced by the charging plates at safe levels, especially in
situations where people might come into contact with the system,
like in medical devices or EV chargers.
To deal with this, engineers have come up with several clever
solutions:
 • In low-power systems, tools like CL networks, step-down
transformers, and buck converters help tone down the voltage
and make the system less sensitive to disturbances.
• For high-power systems, optimization techniques are used to
carefully adjust the system components so power can flow
efficiently without raising safety risks.
• Some methods focus directly on the plates themselves, using
pre-designed approaches to lower the electric field emissions
right at the source.
• Others suggest using transformers—either on one or both
sides of the system—to help manage voltage stress and even
make the system more compact.
• There’s also ongoing research into multi-objective
optimization, a strategy that uses math models to strike the
right balance between strong performance and safe operation
by fine-tuning both the power and signal sides of the system.
In simple terms, these efforts are all about making sure wireless
charging systems are not just powerful, but also safe for everyday
use.
Strengths and Weaknesses of WPT in Capacitive
coupling method:

Capacitive Coupling Method in Wireless Power Transfer

Strengths Weaknesses
(i) CPT can transmit power through (i) CPT currently faces challenges
metal objects, unlike inductive WPT, with low coupling capacitance.
which is blocked by metal.
(ii) CPT has the potential to reduce (ii) High voltage stress on the plates
electromagnetic interference (EMI) can be a concern in CPT systems.
compared to inductive WPT.
(iii) CPT offers flexibility in design (iii) Wide-bandgap (WBG) devices
and high efficiency. can impose frequency limitations on
CPT, potentially reducing power
density.
(iv) CPT systems demonstrate (iv) CPT is generally best suited for
strong anti-offset performance, short-range applications due to
meaning they can maintain power constraints on the developed
transfer even if the transmitter and voltage.
receiver are slightly misaligned.
(v) CPT can support multi-device (v) System models can become
charging. complex when integrating multiple
couplers.
(vi) CPT is scalable, allowing for its (vi) Wireless charging infrastructure
use in various applications. requires significant investment, and
WPT is generally more expensive
than traditional galvanic charging.
 Wireless Power Transfer using Magnetic Resonance
Coupling
The Magnetic resonance coupled WPT system is to exchange
energy efficiently by creating a strong magnetic coupling between
two objects that are tuned to resonate at the same frequency. This
phenomenon occurs between the current carrying coils through
their varying or oscillating magnetic fields.

Figure 08: WPT on magnetic resonance.

Efficient energy transfer is becoming increasingly important today

because it helps save money, improve our quality of life, and
reduce pollution, among other benefits. Often, energy is transferred
using electromagnetic waves, which can travel either through a
physical medium like transmission lines or through open space
without any support.
When energy travels through waveguides—like metal tubes—it’s
guided along specific paths, but this requires a medium and energy
gradually weakens as it moves along. Another way to transfer
energy is through antennas that radiate electromagnetic waves.
However, this radiation spreads out over a wide area and loses
strength quickly with distance, so to transfer power effectively, you
need antennas that focus energy well and receivers that are large
enough to catch it.
Recently, researchers have explored a different approach that uses
the reactive fields around open resonators. Unlike simple inductive
coupling, which only works over very short distances and requires
precise alignment, adding resonant circuits lets energy be
exchanged over much longer ranges. This happens when two or
more resonators operate at the same frequency and transfer
energy through their reactive fields—a process known as resonant
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT).
You might have heard this called by various names like Wireless
Resonant Energy Links (WREL), WiTricity, or Wireless Energy
Transfer (WET). Wireless power is a game-changer in many
fields—from powering implanted medical devices and sensor
networks to charging electric vehicles and everyday gadgets
without cords.
Importantly, in resonant WPT, energy transfer mainly happens
through magnetic fields rather than electric fields. Magnetic
coupling is less affected by materials around it, which is a big
advantage. Also, to avoid interference and compatibility issues, the
electric fields involved are usually confined in small regions, like
inside capacitors or similar structures, rather than being broadcast
like in antennas.
Even a very weak magnetic connection between resonators can
efficiently transfer power if the resonators are well-designed and
nearly lossless. This chapter will dive into how resonant WPT can
be understood and optimized using network theory, focusing on
concepts like mutual inductance and resonant impedance to
explain how energy moves smoothly from transmitter to receiver.

Figure 09: System for magnetic resonant Wireless Resonant

Energy.

Efficiency:
The following figure shows the configuration of a magnetic
resonance WPT with an intermediate resonant coil. The variables
of k1, k2, km1, m1 and km2, m2 are denoted as coupling
coefficients between coils. The intermediate resonant coil is placed
between the Tx and Rx resonant coils, and the central axis is not
aligned with that of Tx and Rx resonant coils. and are center-to-
center spacing distances between the Tx resonant coil and the
intermediate resonant coil, between Tx and Rx resonant coils,
respectively.
 𝑎1̇ −(𝑗𝜔1 + 𝑇1 ) 𝑗𝑘1𝑚 𝑗𝑘12 𝑎1
(𝑎𝑚̇ ) = ( 𝑗𝑘𝑚1 −(𝑗𝜔𝑚 + 𝑇𝑚 ) 𝑗𝑘𝑚 ) (𝑎𝑚 )
𝑎2̇ 𝑗𝑘21 𝑗𝑘2𝑚 −(𝑗𝜔2 + 𝑇2 + 𝑥𝑇2 ) 𝑎2

Power transfer efficiency for the WPT system using an intermediate

resonant coil is derived as shown in figure 10. For maximum power
efficiency, the parameter is derived as follows:

Figure 10: Efficiencies of non-intermediate and intermediate

systems with varying parameters.
Safety: Wireless power transfer through magnetic resonance
coupling is widely regarded as safe, provided it’s designed correctly
and follows regulatory standards. It relies on magnetic fields to
deliver energy, and both the transfer method and operating
frequency play key roles in determining how much power can be
transmitted safely. These systems are typically engineered to
comply with local guidelines on radio frequency (RF) exposure.
RF Exposure Regulations:
Wireless power transfer systems, including those using coupled
magnetic resonances, are subject to local regulations regarding
electromagnetic radiation exposure.
Frequency and Power Limits:
The specific frequency and the amount of power transferred can
affect safety. Higher frequencies and larger power transfer can
potentially lead to higher exposure levels, requiring careful design
and adherence to safety standards.
Near-Field vs. Far-Field:
Near-field methods, like magnetic resonance, are generally
considered safer than far-field RF energy transfer due to the limited
exposure area and lower power densities.
Biomedical Applications:
Magnetic resonance-based wireless power transfer is used to
power implantable biomedical devices, and it's designed to be
harmless for human tissue.
Application:
(i) Industrial Applications: Wireless power transfer is ideal for
hazardous or hard-to-wire environments because it eliminates
physical connectors that can spark or wear out. This makes it safer
for explosive areas (like refineries), more durable in harsh
conditions (like underwater or high-vibration settings), and more
flexible for moving parts (like robots or rotating machines). It also
enables sealed systems for sterile or remote locations, reducing
maintenance and improving reliability.
(ii) Robotics: Wireless power transfer is perfect for robots and
automated systems that need freedom of movement. It removes
the need for power cables, which can limit mobility, wear out, or
pose safety hazards. This allows for continuous operation, easier
navigation, and more flexible system design—especially in
dynamic environments like warehouses, factories, or service
robotics.
(iii) Electric Vehicles: Wireless power transfer makes charging
electric vehicles (EVs) more convenient and user-friendly by
eliminating the need for physical cables. Drivers simply park over
a charging pad, and the system transfers power automatically. This
reduces wear and tear on connectors, improves safety by avoiding
exposed plugs, and supports easier integration with autonomous
driving and smart parking systems.
(iv) Smart Devices: Charging portable electronic devices like
smartphones, laptops, and other wearable devices.
(v) Biomedical Implants: Wireless power transfer allows small
implanted medical devices such as pacemakers or drug delivery
systems to be powered or recharged without the need for additional
surgeries. This non-invasive method improves patient comfort,
reduces infection risks, and extends the lifespan and functionality
of the devices by enabling ongoing energy supply without replacing
batteries through surgical procedures.

Strengths and Weaknesses of WPT in Magnetic

Resonance coupling method:
Magnetic Resonance Coupling Method in Wireless Power
Transfer
Strengths Weaknesses
(i) By utilizing resonant frequencies, (i) MRC requires the transmitter and
MRC can achieve high power receiver to be tuned to the same
transfer efficiency, making it suitable resonant frequency, which can be a
for applications requiring efficient limitation in some applications.
power delivery.
(ii) Compared to inductive coupling, (ii) The efficiency of power transfer
MRC can transmit power over can be significantly affected by
longer distances, making it attractive misalignment between the
for applications where a larger transmitter and receiver coils.
separation between the transmitter
and receiver is needed.
(iii) MRC can facilitate the (iii) While MRC can achieve long-
simultaneous charging of multiple range transmission, efficiency may
devices, as the magnetic fields can decrease at very long distances due
be shared between devices. to factors like air gap and stray
fields.
(iv) Its potential for delivering safe (iv) The complexity of MRC systems
and harmless power makes it can result in higher costs compared
suitable for powering implantable to simpler WPT methods, according
biomedical devices, according to to [Link].
IEEE Xplore.
 Comparison
Inductive Capacitive Magnetic
Coupling Coupling Resonance
Coupling
Distance Short (few cm) Short to medium Medium (up to
several meters)
Applications Phones, RFID, IoT, wearables, EVs, drones,
Medtech desks industrial use
Safety High Medium High
EMI Risk Low High Moderate
Complexity Low Medium High
Efficiency High at short Moderate High
range
Alignment High High Low
Needed

Conclusion:
Picking the right wireless power method really comes down to what
you need it for. If you're just charging a phone or something close
by, inductive charging is the simplest and works well. If you want
more flexibility—like charging, a few small devices on the same
surface—capacitive charging can be a good fit. But if you're trying
to send power across a room or keep devices powered while they
move around, magnetic resonance is your best bet, even though
it’s a bit trickier and more expensive to set up.
In the future, we'll likely see a mix of these technologies used
together, with better coils and smarter tuning making everything
more efficient. Knowing what each method is good at helps
engineers build better, more practical wireless power systems.
Reference:
[1][Link]
arative_Study_of_Wireless_Power_Transmission_Techniques
[2] [Link]
[3] [Link]
tecno_abril-[Link]
[4][Link]
000411#s0005
[5][Link]
01705X
[6] [Link]