BLEPP TEST BANK 2025 – KID ASUNCION

Developmental Psychology: (Items 1-500) b) The set of skills a child has already mastered.
1. A researcher studies the same group of children at ages 5, 7, and 9 to assess changes in their c) The range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with
cognitive abilities. This is an example of a(n) _________ research design. guidance.
a) Cross-sectional d) The final stage of cognitive development.
b) Longitudinal 9. When a newborn's cheek is stroked, they turn their head toward the stimulation. This is known
c) Sequential as the ________ reflex.
d) Experimental a) Moro
2. Baby Kean accidentally discovers that he can make a rattling sound by shaking a toy. He then b) Babinski
repeatedly shakes the toy to hear the sound again. According to Piaget, this is an example of a: c) Rooting
a) Primary circular reaction d) Sucking
b) Secondary circular reaction 10. A child who believes that a tall, thin glass holds more water than a short, wide glass, even when
c) Tertiary circular reaction they see the water poured from one to the other, is demonstrating a lack of:
d) Mental representation a) Object permanence
3. Which of the following statements best represents the concept of "nature" in the nature vs. b) Egocentrism
nurture debate? c) Conservation
a) A child's social environment significantly influences their personality. d) Animistic thinking
b) The genetic inheritance from one's parents is a primary determinant of behavior. 11. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, the influence of the culture's values
c) The quality of prenatal nutrition has a lasting impact on development. and the country's laws on a child's development is part of the:
d) Schooling and education shape an individual's cognitive skills. a) Microsystem
4. A mother is in the delivery room and has been told by the doctor that the baby's head is now b) Mesosystem
visible at the opening of the vagina. This is known as: c) Exosystem
a) Crowning d) Macrosystem
b) Effacement 12. A two-year-old calls every four-legged animal "doggie." According to Piaget, this is an example
c) Transition of:
d) Lightening a) Accommodation
5. According to Erik Erikson's theory, the primary psychosocial task of adolescence is to resolve b) Assimilation
the crisis of: c) Equilibration
a) Trust vs. Mistrust d) Organization
b) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 13. Which of the following is NOT one of the "Big Five" personality traits?
c) Initiative vs. Guilt a) Openness
d) Identity vs. Role Confusion b) Conscientiousness
6. An individual who makes moral decisions based on the desire to maintain social order and c) Agreeableness
uphold laws is functioning at which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development? d) Empathy
a) Preconventional 14. Mary Ainsworth's "Strange Situation" experiment was designed to assess:
b) Conventional a) Infant temperament
c) Postconventional b) The quality of infant-caregiver attachment
d) Unconventional c) Cognitive development in toddlers
7. A teratogen is best described as: d) Motor skills development
a) A gene that causes a specific birth defect. 15. An elderly man who looks back on his life with a sense of satisfaction and acceptance has
b) Any environmental agent that can cause damage during the prenatal period. successfully resolved Erikson's crisis of:
c) A nutrient essential for healthy fetal development. a) Intimacy vs. Isolation
d) The process of cell division in the zygote. b) Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Vygotsky's concept of the "zone of proximal development" refers to: c) Ego Integrity vs. Despair
a) The range of tasks a child can perform independently. d) Identity vs. Role Confusion
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16. A researcher finds that children with larger vocabularies tend to have parents who read to 24. A developmental psychologist argues that human development is a continuous process of
them more often. This represents a: quantitative change, much like a ramp. This psychologist is emphasizing which aspect of de-
a) Positive correlation velopment?
b) Negative correlation a) Continuity
c) Causal relationship b) Discontinuity
d) Experimental finding c) Stability
17. The period of the zygote ends with which of the following events? d) Plasticity
a) Conception 25. The Apgar scale is used to:
b) The formation of the blastocyst a) Assess the health of a newborn baby shortly after birth.
c) Implantation in the uterine wall b) Measure an infant's cognitive abilities.
d) The development of the embryonic disk c) Determine the presence of genetic abnormalities
18. A child in the preoperational stage often has difficulty understanding that others may have dif- d) Evaluate the quality of the parent-infant bond.
ferent perspectives or feelings. This is known as: 26. A teenager who feels that they are constantly being watched and judged by others is experi-
a) Centration encing what Elkind called the:
b) Irreversibility a) Personal fable
c) Egocentrism b) Invincibility fable
d) Scaffolding c) Imaginary audience
19. Which parenting style is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness? d) Identity crisis
a) Authoritative 27. At what stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, does abstract and hypothetical
b) Authoritarian thinking emerge?
c) Permissive a) Sensorimotor
d) Uninvolved b) Preoperational
20. The "visual cliff" experiment was designed to test an infant's: c) Concrete operational
a) Color vision d) Formal operational
b) Depth perception 28. The gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation is known as:
c) Auditory acuity a) Habituation
d) Object permanence b) Classical conditioning
21. The sequence of language development in infancy typically proceeds as follows: c) Operant conditioning
a) Babbling, cooing, first words, telegraphic speech d) Sensitization
b) Cooing, babbling, telegraphic speech, first words 29. According to the information-processing approach, the component of the mental system
c) Cooing, babbling, first words, telegraphic speech where sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly is the:
d) Babbling, cooing, telegraphic speech, first words a) Sensory register
22. In Freud's theory, a boy's desire to possess his mother and his feelings of hostility toward his b) Short-term memory store
father constitute the: c) Working memory
a) Electra complex d) Long-term memory
b) Oedipus complex 30. Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving messages from other cells?
c) Anal stage a) Axon
d) Latency period b) Myelin sheath
23. Which of the following is a primary criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? c) Synapse
a) It overemphasizes the role of social interaction. d) Dendrite
b) It may not accurately reflect the moral reasoning of females and individuals from collectivist 31. A child who shows distress when the mother leaves and is not easily comforted upon her re-
cultures. turn is likely exhibiting which type of attachment?
c) It focuses too much on behavior rather than reasoning. a) Secure
d) The stages are not universally applicable across different age groups. b) Avoidant
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c) Insecure-resistant/ambivalent 39. In a sequential research design, a researcher would:
d) Disorganized a) Study different groups of people at one point in time.
32. The process by which the two hemispheres of the brain become specialized for different func- b) Study the same group of people over a long period.
tions is known as: c) Combine cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches by studying several age groups over
a) Myelination time.
b) Synaptic pruning d) Manipulate an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable.
c) Lateralization 40. An infant who is calm, has a regular routine, and adapts easily to new situations would be clas-
d) Neurogenesis sified by Thomas and Chess as having a(n) ________ temperament.
33. Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill? a) Easy
a) Running b) Difficult
b) Jumping c) Slow-to-warm-up
c) Grasping a crayon d) Unclassified
d) Climbing stairs 41. The most rapid period of physical growth in the human lifespan occurs during:
34. A middle-aged individual who focuses on mentoring the next generation and contributing to a) Infancy
society is demonstrating what Erikson called: b) Early childhood
a) Intimacy c) Adolescence
b) Identity d) The prenatal period
c) Generativity 42. What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?
d) Integrity a) To store neurotransmitters.
35. The "master gland" of the endocrine system, which controls the release of hormones from all b) To speed up the transmission of neural impulses.
other endocrine glands, is the: c) To connect the two hemispheres of the brain.
a) Adrenal gland d) To produce new neurons.
b) Thyroid gland 43. A child understands that a dog is a mammal, and that a cat is also a mammal. They then learn
c) Pituitary gland that whales, despite living in the sea, are also mammals. This requires the child to adjust their
d) Pineal gland existing scheme for "mammal." This process is an example of:
36. An individual's unique genetic makeup is their _________, while their directly observable char- a) Centration
acteristics are their _________. b) Assimilation
a) Phenotype; Genotype c) Accommodation
b) Genotype; Phenotype d) Seriation
c) Chromosome; Gene 44. Which of the following is considered a normative history-graded influence on development?
d) Gene; Chromosome a) Reaching puberty
37. Which of Kubler-Ross's stages of dying involves a person trying to make a deal with a higher b) The experience of the COVID-19 pandemic
power to prolong their life? c) Winning the lottery
a) Denial d) Getting married in your late twenties
b) Anger 45. The strange, distorted, and irrational beliefs held by some individuals with schizophrenia most
c) Bargaining closely resemble which characteristic of preoperational thought?
d) Depression a) Magical thinking
38. Theory of mind refers to: b) Egocentrism
a) The ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when out of sight. c) Conservation failure
b) A coherent understanding of one's own and others' mental states—feelings, perceptions, d) Transductive reasoning
and thoughts. 46. An individual who strictly follows a recipe to bake a cake is demonstrating ________, whereas
c) The ability to think logically about abstract concepts. an individual who creates a new dish without a recipe is demonstrating ________.
d) The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities. a) Crystallized intelligence; Fluid intelligence
b) Fluid intelligence; Crystallized intelligence
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c) Practical intelligence; Analytical intelligence 54. If a child's parents have a "laissez-faire" attitude, allowing the child to do whatever they want
d) Analytical intelligence; Creative intelligence without setting limits or rules, they are exhibiting a(n) ________ parenting style.
47. A core assumption of the lifespan perspective on development is that: a) Authoritative
a) Development largely ceases after adolescence. b) Authoritarian
b) Development is multidimensional, multidirectional, and plastic. c) Permissive
c) Genetic factors are the primary drivers of change throughout life. b) Uninvolved
d) Early experiences are far more influential than later experiences. 55. The concept of "androgyny" refers to:
48. During which prenatal period are the major organs of the body formed, making the organism a) A lack of gender identity.
most vulnerable to teratogens? b) The integration of masculine and feminine personality traits in the same individual.
a) Germinal period c) A strong identification with the gender role opposite to one's biological sex.
b) Embryonic period d) The belief that one's biological sex is different from their gender identity.
c) Fetal period 56. The leading preventable cause of intellectual disability and birth defects in the developed
d) Perinatal period world is:
49. An adolescent's belief that their own experiences are unique and that no one can possibly un- a) Malnutrition
derstand what they are going through is known as the: b) Exposure to lead
a) Imaginary audience c) Prenatal exposure to alcohol
b) Personal fable d) Rubella
c) Invincibility fable 57. An individual with a "Type A" behavior pattern is typically characterized by:
d) Foreclosure status a) Patience and a relaxed demeanor
50. What is the main difference between a "critical period" and a "sensitive period" in develop- b) Competitiveness, impatience, and hostility
ment? c) Introversion and social anxiety
a) A critical period is a time when a particular type of development must happen if it is ever d) Apathy and lack of motivation
going to happen; a sensitive period is a time when a certain type of development is most likely 58. According to attachment theory, the "internal working model" is:
to happen. a) A set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood of
b) A sensitive period is related to physical development, while a critical period is related to providing support.
cognitive development. b) The biological mechanism that drives infants to seek proximity to their caregivers.
c) A critical period is longer than a sensitive period. c) The final stage of attachment development.
d) There is no significant difference; the terms are interchangeable. d) A cognitive framework for understanding the physical world.
51. The "discontinuity" view of development argues that development: 59. Which of the following is an example of a non-normative life event?
a) is a smooth, gradual process of change. a) A child starting elementary school at age 6.
b) occurs in a series of distinct, qualitatively different stages. b) An adolescent experiencing puberty.
c) is stable and unchanging over time. c) A 30-year-old woman being diagnosed with a rare form of cancer.
d) is primarily influenced by environmental factors. d) An adult retiring from work at age 65.
52. The ability to arrange items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight, is called: 60. Down syndrome is caused by:
a) Conservation a) A mutation in a single gene.
b) Seriation b) The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.
c) Classification c) A dominant genetic disorder.
d) Reversibility d) Exposure to a specific teratogen during prenatal development.
53. According to Vygotsky, the private speech of young children is: 61. A researcher is concerned that the children in her study are behaving differently because they
a) A sign of immaturity and egocentrism. know they are being observed. This is an example of the:
b) A way for them to practice social communication. a) Placebo effect
c) A tool for self-guidance and problem-solving. b) Rosenthal effect
d) An early indicator of a language disorder. c) Hawthorne effect
d) Cohort effect
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62. The ability to recognize that an object remains the same even when its retinal image changes 70. A one-year-old infant is given a toy they have never seen before. They first try to suck on it, then
is called: bang it on the floor, and then try to throw it. This is an example of a:
a) Perceptual constancy a) Primary circular reaction
b) Object permanence b) Secondary circular reaction
c) Shape constancy c) Tertiary circular reaction
d) Size constancy d) Mental representation
63. In Marcia's theory of identity development, an individual who has not explored different options 71. Socioemotional selectivity theory proposes that as people age, their social networks tend to:
and has not made a commitment to a specific identity is in the _________ status. a) Expand to include a wider variety of people.
a) Identity achievement b) Become smaller as they focus on emotionally meaningful relationships.
b) Moratorium c) Remain stable in size but change in composition.
c) Foreclosure d) Dissolve completely as they become more isolated.
d) Identity diffusion 72. The process of synaptogenesis involves:
64. The graying of hair, wrinkling of skin, and decline in physical strength are all examples of: a) The formation of the myelin sheath around axons.
a) Primary aging b) The elimination of underused neural connections.
b) Secondary aging c) The creation of new connections between neurons.
c) Ageism d) The migration of neurons to their final destination in the brain.
d) Pathological aging 73. A key difference between Freud's and Erikson's theories is that Erikson:
65. A child who says "I runned fast" instead of "I ran fast" is demonstrating an error called: a) Believed that development was complete by adolescence.
a) Underextension b) Placed a greater emphasis on social and cultural factors.
b) Overextension c) Focused exclusively on psychosexual stages.
c) Overregularization d) Did not believe in the concept of the unconscious mind.
d) Telegraphic speech 74. A child who fails the classic "three-mountains" task is demonstrating:
66. Which statement best reflects the concept of epigenetics? a) A lack of conservation.
a) Genes determine the entire course of development, irrespective of the environment. b) Animistic thinking.
b) The environment is the sole determinant of an individual's traits. c) Egocentrism.
c) Development results from the ongoing, bidirectional interplay between heredity and the en- d) An inability to perform seriation.
vironment. 75. In the context of operant conditioning, taking away a teenager's phone because they missed
d) Genetic predispositions are only expressed under specific environmental conditions. their curfew is an example of:
67. At the preconventional level of moral reasoning, a person's behavior is guided by: a) Positive reinforcement
a) The desire for social approval and to maintain good relationships. b) Negative reinforcement
b) Universal ethical principles and a personal sense of justice. c) Positive punishment
c) The direct consequences of their actions, such as punishment or reward. d) Negative punishment
d) The need to uphold laws and maintain social order. 76. The term "emerging adulthood" refers to the developmental period:
a) From ages 12 to 18.
68. The "sandwich generation" refers to middle-aged adults who are: b) From ages 18 to the late 20s.
a) Caught between their own needs and the needs of their aging parents and their children. c) From ages 30 to 45.
b) Experiencing a midlife crisis. d) From ages 65 and older.
c) The most financially stable generation. 77. An experimenter hides a toy under a blue blanket, and the infant finds it. The experimenter then
d) Struggling with empty nest syndrome. hides the toy under a red blanket while the infant watches, but the infant continues to look for
69. Which type of memory shows the most significant decline in late adulthood? it under the blue blanket. This is an example of the:
a) Semantic memory a) A-not-B error
b) Procedural memory b) Violation-of-expectation method
c) Episodic memory c) Lack of conservation
d) Implicit memory d) Egocentric thought
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78. The ability to think about one's own thought processes is known as: a) The naming explosion
a) Metacognition b) Fast mapping
b) Metamemory c) Telegraphic speech
c) Introspection d) Babbling
d) Theory of mind 87. Which of the following senses is the LEAST developed at birth?
79. The biological unfolding of the genetic plan for an individual is known as: a) Hearing
a) Learning b) Taste
b) Maturation c) Touch
c) Growth d) Vision
d) Socialization 88. According to Piaget, a child's ability to engage in make-believe play is a significant achievement
80. A person who believes that "right" is whatever is sanctioned by their society's laws is at which of the ________ stage.
stage of Kohlberg's theory? a) Sensorimotor
a) Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose Orientation b) Preoperational
b) Stage 3: "Good Boy-Good Girl" Orientation c) Concrete operational
c) Stage 4: Social-Order-Maintaining Orientation d) Formal operational
d) Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation 89. An individual who is high in neuroticism would be expected to:
81. Which theoretical perspective would be most likely to focus on how children learn gender a) Be calm, secure, and self-satisfied.
roles by observing and imitating the behavior of others? b) Be organized, careful, and disciplined.
a) Psychoanalytic theory c) Be anxious, insecure, and self-pitying.
b) Cognitive-developmental theory d) Be sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate.
c) Social learning theory 90. The concept of "goodness of fit" refers to:
d) Ethological theory a) The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands and expecta-
82. The maximum number of years an individual can live under ideal conditions is known as: tions.
a) Life expectancy b) The genetic compatibility of parents.
b) Life span c) The quality of prenatal care.
c) Active lifespan d) The secure attachment bond between an infant and caregiver.
d) Average life expectancy 91. Which of the following is an example of an age-graded influence on development?
83. The physical and emotional response to the loss of a loved one is called: a) The Vietnam War
a) Grief b) A parent's divorce
b) Bereavement c) Starting first grade around age 6
c) Mourning d) A family moving to a new country
d) Palliative care 92. The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life is
84. When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian called:
tube, the process of ________ has occurred. a) Lateralization
a) Mitosis b) Plasticity
b) Meiosis c) Myelination
c) Conception d) Pruning
d) Implantation 93. Palliative care focuses on:
85. Which of the following is a key limitation of cross-sectional research? a) Curing the patient's illness.
a) It is expensive and time-consuming. b) Prolonging the patient's life at all costs.
b) It is susceptible to participant dropout (attrition). c) Providing relief from pain and suffering and improving quality of life.
c) It cannot provide information about individual change over time. d) Assisting with the legal and financial aspects of dying.
d) It is ethically problematic. 94. A child who recognizes that the amount of pizza they have is the same whether it is in one
86. A toddler's vocabulary explosion, where they rapidly learn many new words, is also known as: whole piece or cut into eight slices is demonstrating:
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a) Object permanence at home, which has activated and strengthened specific genetic potentials for musical talent.
b) Seriation Which developmental concept does this scenario best illustrate?
c) Transitive inference a) Canalization
d) Conservation of number b) Reaction range
95. In Bronfenbrenner's model, the interaction between a child's parents and their teachers would c) Niche-picking
be part of the: d) Epigenesis
a) Microsystem 102. Which of the following statements provides the MOST accurate distinction between Vygot-
b) Mesosystem sky's and Piaget's views on private speech?
c) Exosystem a) Piaget viewed private speech as a sign of cognitive maturity, while Vygotsky saw it as ego-
d) Chronosystem centric and immature.
96. A child is shown two identical balls of clay. The experimenter then rolls one ball into a long, b) Vygotsky believed private speech serves a self-guiding function, whereas Piaget believed it
thin "sausage" shape. The child is then asked which one has more clay. A child in the concrete was nonsocial and served no useful purpose.
operational stage would correctly answer: c) Both Piaget and Vygotsky agreed on the social origins of private speech, but differed on its
a) "The ball has more clay." ultimate function in cognitive development.
b) "The sausage has more clay." d) Vygotsky argued that private speech disappears by age 7, while Piaget argued it transforms
c) "They both have the same amount of clay." into inner speech.
d) "I don't know." 103. A researcher is studying the long-term effects of a preschool intervention program. She com-
97. An individual with Klinefelter syndrome: pares a group of 20-year-olds who attended the program with a group of 20-year-olds from the
a) Is a female with a missing X chromosome (XO). same community who did not. She finds that the intervention group has higher average earn-
b) Is a male with an extra X chromosome (XXY). ings. However, she cannot definitively conclude the program caused this difference because
she did not use random assignment. This study is best described as:
c) Has an extra chromosome 21.
a) A longitudinal experiment
d) Is a female with an extra X chromosome (XXX).
b) A field experiment
98. The most common type of dementia, characterized by a progressive decline in memory and
other cognitive functions, is: c) A quasi-experimental design
a) Parkinson's disease d) A cross-sectional correlational study
b) Huntington's disease 104. All of the following are considered valid criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development
EXCEPT:
c) Alzheimer's disease
a) It may have underestimated the competencies of infants and young children.
d) Vascular dementia
b) It does not adequately account for the role of social and cultural influences on cognition.
99. When studying the influence of heredity on a particular trait, a researcher might compare
_________ twins, who share 100% of their genes, with _________ twins, who share about 50% c) It places too much emphasis on the role of language in driving cognitive development.
of their genes. d) It describes developmental stages that are not as fixed and universal as originally proposed.
a) Fraternal; Identical 105. An infant born with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) shows significant deficits in ex-
b) Dizygotic; Monozygotic ecutive functions like planning and impulse control later in life. This outcome is most directly
linked to the teratogenic effect of alcohol on which part of the fetal brain during prenatal de-
c) Monozygotic; Dizygotic
velopment?
d) Identical; Fraternal
a) The brainstem
100. A developmental psychologist who believes that language is acquired primarily through rein-
b) The cerebellum
forcement and imitation would be most aligned with which theorist?
c) The prefrontal cortex
a) Noam Chomsky
d) The hippocampus
b) Lev Vygotsky
106. A teenager states, "I won't cheat on this test because the rule is that we shouldn't, and if
c) Jean Piaget
everyone cheated, the whole system of education would break down." According to Kohlberg's
d) B.F. Skinner
theory, this reasoning is characteristic of which stage?
101. A 4-year-old child, whose parents are professional musicians, can identify complex musical
a) Stage 3: The "Good Boy-Good Girl" Orientation
chords by ear. A developmental psychologist attributes this to the constant exposure to music
b) Stage 4: The Social-Order-Maintaining Orientation
c) Stage 5: The Social Contract Orientation
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d) Stage 6: The Universal Ethical Principle Orientation c) Confounding variable
107. In the context of the A-not-B error, which of the following modifications to the task would d) Moderating variable
make it MORE LIKELY for a 10-month-old infant to succeed (i.e., search in location B)? 113. According to the Dynamic Systems Theory of motor development, which factor is considered
a) Increasing the length of the delay between hiding and searching. the LEAST influential in a baby's ability to learn to walk?
b) Hiding the object in location B multiple times before testing. a) The maturation of a specific, pre-programmed genetic "walking" module in the brain.
c) Using two blankets that are identical in color and texture. b) The development of muscle strength and balance.
d) Having the infant observe the hiding from a standing position rather than a sitting position. c) The infant's motivation and goals (e.g., wanting to get a toy).
108. A middle-aged man leaves his successful corporate job to become a high school teacher and d) Environmental supports and constraints (e.g., a smooth floor vs. a thick rug).
coach, stating he wants to "give back" and guide the next generation. This action is the most 114. Two adolescents are discussing a moral dilemma. James argues from a perspective of justice
direct and positive resolution of which of Erikson's psychosocial crises? and individual rights, while Sarah argues from a perspective of care, responsibility, and pre-
a) Identity vs. Role Confusion serving relationships. The theoretical framework that would most directly account for and val-
b) Intimacy vs. Isolation idate both of these perspectives is that of:
c) Generativity vs. Stagnation a) Lawrence Kohlberg
d) Ego Integrity vs. Despair b) Carol Gilligan
109. Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate regarding infant temperament and at- c) Jean Piaget
tachment? d) Urie Bronfenbrenner
a) A difficult temperament in an infant can be a risk factor for the development of an insecure 115. A Filipino adolescent feels a strong sense of duty to their family and often makes decisions
attachment relationship. based on maintaining group harmony, a value known as pakikisama. They choose to pursue a
b) The "goodness-of-fit" between an infant's temperament and the caregiver's parenting style degree in nursing, as their parents wish, despite a personal passion for visual arts. In the con-
is a better predictor of attachment quality than temperament alone. text of Marcia's identity statuses, this scenario most closely aligns with:
c) Infant temperament is the primary determinant of attachment style, overriding the influence a) Identity Achievement
of caregiver sensitivity. b) Moratorium
d) Securely attached infants can have a range of temperaments, from easy to difficult. c) Foreclosure
110. An 80-year-old woman reflects on her life. She thinks about her estranged son, whom she d) Identity Diffusion
has not spoken to in 20 years after a bitter argument. She feels a deep sense of regret and 116. All of the following statements about memory in late adulthood are generally true, EXCEPT:
wishes she had handled things differently. According to Robert Butler, this woman is engaging a) Implicit memory (e.g., riding a bike) and semantic memory (general knowledge) are more
in a process of: resilient to decline than episodic memory (specific life events).
a) Disengagement b) Difficulties with memory are often related to problems with retrieval strategies rather than
b) Activity theory a complete loss of information.
c) Life review c) Recognition tasks tend to be more difficult for older adults than recall tasks.
d) Socioemotional selectivity d) Associative memory, the ability to link pieces of information together, shows significant de-
111. Consider the development of drawing in children. A child who first scribbles randomly, then cline.
begins to create basic shapes, then combines these shapes to represent objects (e.g., a circle 117. Which of the following scenarios is the best example of active gene-environment correlation
and lines for a person), and finally creates realistic, detailed scenes is demonstrating which (niche-picking)?
key principle of physical development? a) A sociable child elicits more positive social interactions from others.
a) Cephalocaudal trend b) Parents who are skilled readers provide a home rich in books for their child.
b) Proximodistal trend c) An athletically gifted teenager tries out for every sports team at school.
c) Differentiation and integration d) An infant with a difficult temperament is treated more harshly by her parents.
d) Synaptic pruning 118. A child correctly solves a conservation-of-liquid task but cannot apply the same logical prin-
112. A psychometrician wants to investigate the relationship between screen time and language ciples to a hypothetical problem about fairness that is presented verbally. This child is most
development in toddlers. She is concerned that parents who allow more screen time might likely in which of Piaget's stages?
also be less likely to read to their children. In this scenario, the frequency of parents reading to a) Sensorimotor
their children represents a potential: b) Preoperational
a) Independent variable c) Concrete operational
b) Dependent variable
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d) Formal operational 125. Which of the following is an example of disenfranchised grief?
119. A pregnant woman is exposed to a significant dose of a teratogen during the 30th week of a) A widow openly mourning the death of her husband of 50 years.
gestation. The most likely outcome for the fetus is: b) A man grieving the death of his ex-wife, a loss his social circle does not recognize as signif-
a) Major structural abnormalities of the heart or limbs. icant.
b) Failure of the neural tube to close properly. c) A child crying after the death of a grandparent.
c) Disrupted brain development and functional deficits in areas like learning and attention. d) A community holding a public memorial for a respected leader.
d) Spontaneous abortion or failure of implantation. 126. An individual in Marcia's moratorium identity status would be best described by which of the
120. Which statement most accurately contrasts crystallized intelligence (Gc) with fluid intelli- following?
gence (Gf)? a) "I've thought about it, and I know what I want to do with my life."
a) Gc is primarily determined by genetic factors, whereas Gf is determined by education and b) "I haven't really thought about my future, and I don't see any reason to."
experience. c) "My parents want me to be a doctor, so I'm going to be a doctor."
b) Gf peaks in young adulthood and then declines, while Gc can continue to increase through- d) "I'm exploring a lot of different options and trying to figure out what fits me best."
out middle and late adulthood. 127. The concept of horizontal décalage, as described by Piaget, refers to the observation that:
c) Gc involves the speed of information processing, while Gf relates to accumulated a) Children develop skills in a universal, unvarying sequence.
knowledge. b) A child's understanding of one concept can be more advanced than their understanding of
d) Both Gf and Gc follow the same developmental trajectory, declining sharply after age 60. another, even if the underlying logic is similar.
121. According to Information Processing Theory, the "central executive" is a crucial component c) Cognitive development proceeds at different rates in different cultures.
of working memory. A deficit in the central executive would most likely manifest as: d) Once a child masters a logical operation, they can apply it to all relevant problems.
a) An inability to remember factual information, like historical dates. 128. A mother and her toddler are playing. The mother points to a picture of a cat and says "Look,
b) Difficulty in consciously focusing, dividing attention between tasks, and controlling a cat!" The toddler, who is also looking at the picture, then says "cat." This interaction, where
thoughts. the caregiver and child focus on the same object, is crucial for language development and is
c) A problem with sensory registration, such as not noticing a flashing light. known as:
d) A failure of long-term memory retrieval. a) Fast mapping
122. A researcher simultaneously studies three groups of people: 30-year-olds, 50-year-olds, and b) Joint attention
70-year-olds. She finds that the 70-year-olds score lower on a measure of cognitive flexibility. c) Scaffolding
While this may indicate an age-related decline, the results may also be confounded by: d) Referential communication
a) Attrition 129. Consider the major theories of development. Which of the following pairings of theorist and
b) Practice effects core concept is INCORRECT?
c) Selective dropout a) Bowlby: Internal working model
d) Cohort effects b) Bandura: Vicarious reinforcement
123. A child understands that his pet "Shih Tzu" is a "dog," and that a "dog" is an "animal," and that c) Bronfenbrenner: Zone of proximal development
an "animal" is a "living thing." This ability to mentally organize objects into hierarchies of clas- d) Skinner: Operant conditioning
ses and subclasses is known as: 130. A 5-year-old child who was previously toilet-trained begins wetting the bed again after the
a) Seriation birth of a new sibling. A psychoanalytic theorist would most likely interpret this behavior as:
b) Transitive inference a) A failure of operant conditioning.
c) Hierarchical classification b) Regression to an earlier developmental stage due to anxiety.
d) Horizontal décalage c) A lack of maturation in the central nervous system.
124. In the context of Chomsky's theory of language acquisition, the fact that young children in the d) An issue of goodness-of-fit with the new family structure.
Philippines can acquire the complex grammatical rules of Tagalog or Cebuano without explicit 131. Which of the following statements about synaptic pruning is TRUE?
instruction is considered evidence for: a) It is a pathological process that occurs only in cases of neurological disease or injury.
a) The influence of operant conditioning. b) It primarily occurs during the prenatal period and ceases after birth.
b) The existence of a Language Acquisition Device (LAD). c) It is a necessary process that makes the brain more efficient by eliminating underutilized
c) The critical role of scaffolding. neural connections.
d) The social-interactionist perspective. d) It refers to the creation of new synapses to support learning and memory.

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132. An elderly adult who volunteers at a local library, takes computer classes, and maintains a d) Incomplete dominance
close circle of friends is best exemplifying the principles of which theory of aging? 139. A dying patient says, "I understand now that my time is short. I want to spend the remaining
a) Disengagement Theory weeks surrounded by my family, and I've made peace with what is happening." This sentiment
b) Socioemotional Selectivity Theory is most characteristic of Kübler-Ross's stage of:
c) Activity Theory a) Bargaining
d) Continuity Theory b) Depression
133. According to Baumrind's research, which parenting style is most likely to produce children c) Acceptance
who are well-adjusted, independent, and socially competent, especially in Western cultures? d) Denial
a) Authoritarian, because it provides clear structure and rules. 140. A three-year-old watches her older brother get a cookie for cleaning his room. Later, the
b) Permissive, because it fosters creativity and freedom. three-year-old cleans her own room, expecting a cookie. This is a clear example of learning
c) Uninvolved, because it promotes self-reliance. through:
d) Authoritative, because it balances demandingness with responsiveness. a) Classical conditioning
134. Which research question is best suited to a microgenetic research design? b) Operant conditioning
a) How does vocabulary size change between ages 2 and 4? c) Habituation
b) What is the step-by-step process by which a child learns to solve a specific type of math d) Vicarious reinforcement
problem over a two-week period? 141. The core difference between primary aging and secondary aging is that:
c) Are 10-year-olds better at memory tasks than 8-year-olds? a) Primary aging is genetically influenced and unavoidable, while secondary aging results from
d) How do early attachment patterns relate to adult relationship quality? lifestyle and environmental factors.
135. The phenomenon where an individual's expectations about an older person's capabilities b) Primary aging affects physical abilities, while secondary aging affects cognitive abilities.
lead that person to perform more poorly on a task is an example of: c) Primary aging is reversible with medical intervention, while secondary aging is not.
a) A self-fulfilling prophecy d) Primary aging occurs in late adulthood, while secondary aging begins in middle adulthood.
b) The Flynn effect 142. A child who has developed a secure attachment to their primary caregiver is more likely to
c) Stereotype threat exhibit all of the following in later childhood EXCEPT:
d) Primary aging a) Higher self-esteem and social competence.
136. The ability to understand that a statement can be logical (e.g., "All wugs are glips; Fido is a b) Greater curiosity and eagerness to explore.
wug; therefore, Fido is a glip") even if it deals with nonsensical, hypothetical content, is a hall- c) Over-dependence on adults in school settings.
mark of: d) More positive and less conflicted peer relationships.
a) Concrete operational thought 143. Consider the Moro, rooting, and Babinski reflexes. What is the primary significance of these
b) Transitive inference reflexes in a newborn assessment?
c) Formal operational thought a) They are early indicators of the infant's future intelligence.
d) Inductive reasoning b) They signify the health and proper functioning of the central nervous system.
137. Which of the following represents the MOST advanced form of play according to Parten's c) They are the foundational skills for later voluntary motor movements like walking.
stages of social play? d) They primarily serve to facilitate the feeding process.
a) A child sits alone, engrossed in stacking blocks. 144. In Bronfenbrenner's model, a government policy that mandates paid parental leave would be
b) Two children sit side-by-side, each playing with their own set of dolls, without interacting. considered part of the:
c) A group of children work together to build a single, large sandcastle, assigning roles and co- a) Microsystem
ordinating their actions. b) Mesosystem
d) Several children are in the same area of a playground, all climbing the jungle gym, but not c) Exosystem
playing with one another. d) Macrosystem
138. The fact that many human traits, such as intelligence and personality, are influenced by the 145. When presented with Heinz's dilemma, a young boy says, "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug
combined effects of many different genes is known as: because he'll get caught and go to jail." This response reflects which level of moral reasoning?
a) Dominant-recessive inheritance a) Preconventional
b) Polygenic inheritance b) Conventional
c) Genetic imprinting c) Postconventional

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d) Unconventional c) A child who does not learn a first language by age 7 and subsequently never achieves flu-
146. The "violation-of-expectation" method is used by researchers to study infant cognition. The ency.
method is based on the assumption that infants will: d) An adolescent who learns a second language and can speak it fluently, but with a noticeable
a) Look longer at an event that violates their expectations or understanding of the world. accent.
b) Cry when they see something that is impossible or surprising. 153. A father is often inconsistent in his responses to his infant's cries. Sometimes he is warm and
c) Habituate more quickly to a familiar event than an unfamiliar one. responsive, while other times he is intrusive or neglectful. The infant, in turn, often appears
d) Attempt to manually interact with an object that behaves unexpectedly. dazed, confused, and may show contradictory behaviors like approaching the father while
147. A 10-year-old child is able to understand that if A > B and B > C, then A > C. This ability to looking away. This infant is most likely to be classified as having which attachment style?
logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions is known as: a) Secure
a) Conservation b) Insecure-Avoidant
b) Seriation c) Insecure-Resistant/Ambivalent
c) Transitive inference d) Disorganized/Disoriented
d) Reversibility 154. A group of developmental researchers argues that behavior is the result of a complex inter-
148. Which of the following statements about adolescent brain development is most accurate? play of genetic, biological, psychological, and social factors, and that change at any one level
a) The adolescent brain is fully mature by age 16, resembling an adult brain in all respects. can influence all other levels. This perspective is most consistent with which major theoretical
b) Development of the amygdala (involved in emotion) outpaces the development of the pre- framework?
frontal cortex (involved in judgment), contributing to risk-taking behavior. a) The maturational approach
c) Synaptic pruning ceases before adolescence, and the brain's main activity is myelination. b) The mechanistic model
d) The cerebellum is the last brain region to fully develop, with maturation continuing into the c) The organismic model
late 20s. d) The developmental systems perspective
149. An individual who chooses a career and a belief system that is the direct opposite of what 155. A child is shown a balance scale. The experimenter places a 5-unit weight at a distance of 3
their parents advocated for is likely in which identity status, according to Luyckx's expanded units from the fulcrum. The child is then asked where they should place a 3-unit weight on the
model? other side to make the scale balance. The ability to systematically test hypotheses to solve
a) Identity Achievement this problem is a key indicator of which of Piaget's stages?
b) Ruminative Moratorium a) Preoperational
c) Conformist Foreclosure b) Concrete operational
d) Counter-identifying Foreclosure c) Formal operational
150. An elderly man believes that "all young people are lazy and entitled." This is an example of: d) Sensorimotor
a) Ageism 156. All of the following are considered valid distinctions between stranger anxiety and separation
b) A normative age-graded influence anxiety EXCEPT:
c) A personal fable a) Stranger anxiety typically emerges earlier in infancy than separation anxiety.
d) The Flynn effect b) Stranger anxiety is a response to the presence of an unfamiliar person, while separation
anxiety is a response to the absence of a primary caregiver.
151. An individual who is considered a "master" in their profession demonstrates fluid, expert, and
intuitive thinking that seems to go beyond the logical, step-by-step reasoning of most adults. c) The intensity of both stranger anxiety and separation anxiety can be mediated by the care-
This type of advanced thinking is sometimes referred to by developmental theorists as: giver's presence and the context of the situation.
a) Dialectical thought d) Both are considered normative fears that reflect the infant's growing cognitive development
and attachment bonds.
b) Postformal thought
157. Which statement provides the most accurate and nuanced understanding of bullying during
c) Propositional thought
middle childhood?
d) Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
a) Bullies are typically rejected by their peers and have low social standing.
152. Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the principle of a sensitive period rather
b) Bullying is primarily a physical act and rarely involves relational aggression.
than a critical period?
c) Some bullies are socially skilled and popular, using aggression to maintain their status and
a) An infant goose forming an irreversible bond with the first moving object it sees.
dominance within the peer group.
b) A fetus failing to develop limbs due to teratogen exposure during the embryonic stage.
d) The most effective anti-bullying interventions focus solely on punishing the bully.

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158. A researcher is studying a rare genetic disorder that affects only 1 in 100,000 children. To 164. In the context of language development, the sentence "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously"
gather enough data, she combines the results of 25 different, smaller studies on the disorder. is grammatically correct but semantically nonsensical. A child's ability to recognize that the
This research technique is known as a: sentence structure is correct, despite its bizarre meaning, demonstrates an understanding of:
a) Longitudinal study a) Phonology
b) Meta-analysis b) Morphology
c) Sequential design c) Syntax
d) Case study d) Pragmatics
159. The concept of "selective optimization with compensation" (SOC) provides a model for suc- 165. A high school student decides to become a vegetarian after watching a documentary about
cessful aging. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the "compensation" compo- the environmental impact of meat production. She has evaluated her own moral standards
nent of this model? and has chosen a belief system that aligns with her personal ethics, even though it differs from
a) An aging pianist decides to focus on playing fewer, slower pieces to maintain his high stand- her family's norms. This is indicative of which level of moral reasoning?
ard of performance (Optimization). a) Preconventional
b) An elderly man who can no longer drive arranges for a taxi service or asks family for rides to b) Conventional
stay socially active. c) Postconventional
c) A 75-year-old chooses to focus her energy on her close family relationships rather than d) Amoral
maintaining a large social circle (Selection). 166. A 5-year-old girl is "helping" her father bake cookies. Her father gives her a small amount of
d) A retired professor continues to read and attend lectures in his field to maintain his cognitive dough to play with. The girl says, "I want more!" Her father takes her small ball of dough, flat-
skills. tens it into a large pancake, and says, "Okay, now you have more." The girl is satisfied. This
160. Which of the following cognitive abilities is LEAST likely to show a significant decline in child's thinking is best explained by the Piagetian concept of:
healthy older adults? a) Animism
a) Processing speed b) Egocentrism
b) Working memory capacity c) Centration
c) Procedural memory d) Irreversibility
d) The ability to ignore distractions 167. Which of the following is a primary difference between hospice care and palliative care?
161. A child watches a video of a woman, "Sally," who places a marble in a basket and leaves the a) Palliative care is only for patients who have six months or less to live, while hospice care is
room. While Sally is gone, another woman, "Anne," takes the marble from the basket and not.
moves it to a box. The child is then asked, "Where will Sally look for her marble when she re- b) Hospice care is a specific type of palliative care that is provided for terminally ill patients,
turns?" A child who has developed a theory of mind will answer: often foregoing curative treatments.
a) "In the box." c) Palliative care focuses only on physical pain, while hospice care is holistic.
b) "In the basket." d) Hospice care can only be provided in a hospital setting.
c) "She will ask Anne where the marble is." 168. A researcher wants to understand the lived experience of a child prodigy. Over the course
d) "I don't know." of a year, she conducts extensive interviews with the child, her parents, and teachers, and ob-
162. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, a person who is obsessively neat, orderly, and serves the child in various settings. This type of intensive, in-depth investigation of a single in-
stingy may be fixated at which psychosexual stage? dividual is a(n):
a) Oral a) Ethnography
b) Anal b) Correlational study
c) Phallic c) Case study
d) Latency d) Experimental study
163. The Flynn effect is the phenomenon of: 169. All of the following are examples of how the mesosystem, according to Bronfenbrenner, can
a) The gradual decline in the age of menarche over the past century. influence a child's development, EXCEPT:
b) The observed rise in performance on intelligence tests over generations. a) A parent-teacher conference where the parent and teacher coordinate their strategies to
c) The tendency for individuals to perform worse on tasks when their negative stereotype is help the child with their schoolwork.
activated. b) A child's parents actively dislike their child's best friend, creating tension for the child.
d) The increase in life expectancy in industrialized nations. c) A child's access to community healthcare, which is determined by their parents' employ-
ment status and health insurance.
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d) A child's ability to form friendships at school is enhanced by social skills learned at home. d) Telegraphic speech
170. According to Carstensen's Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, what is the primary motivation 177. Research on "empty nest syndrome" suggests that for most parents, the departure of the last
that shifts people's social goals as they age and perceive their time as more limited? child from home:
a) The desire to gain more knowledge and information about the world. a) Is a profound crisis leading to depression and a loss of purpose.
b) The drive to achieve higher social status and influence. b) Leads to a significant increase in marital satisfaction and personal well-being.
c) The goal of maximizing emotionally meaningful and positive experiences. c) Has very little effect on their overall life satisfaction.
d) The need to conform to societal expectations of how older people should behave. d) Affects fathers more negatively than mothers.
171. A six-year-old child recognizes that a person's gender remains the same even if they change 178. A researcher is concerned that the questions on her test of "moral knowledge" are all based
their clothing or hairstyle. According to Kohlberg's theory of gender development, this child has on scenarios more familiar to individuals from urban, Western cultures. She is questioning the
achieved: __________ of her test.
a) Gender labeling a) Reliability
b) Gender stability b) Internal validity
c) Gender consistency c) Ecological validity
d) Gender schema d) Cultural fairness (or lack thereof)
172. Consider the heritability of intelligence. Which of the following statements is most accurate? 179. According to the "Grandmother Hypothesis" in evolutionary psychology, menopause and a
a) The heritability of IQ is estimated to be around 0.90, meaning it is almost entirely genetic. long post-reproductive lifespan in human females may have evolved because:
b) Heritability estimates for IQ tend to be lower in high-SES (socioeconomic status) popula- a) It reduces the number of offspring, increasing the quality of care for each one.
tions compared to low-SES populations. b) It allows older women to enhance their own survival by conserving energy.
c) The heritability of IQ tends to increase from childhood to adulthood. c) It allows post-menopausal women to increase their inclusive fitness by helping to raise their
d) Heritability describes how much of an individual's IQ is due to their genes. grandchildren.
173. The "word gap" refers to the research finding that: d) It is simply a non-adaptive byproduct of modern humans living longer than their ancestors.
a) Children from different cultures have vastly different rates of vocabulary growth. 180. A child correctly solves Piaget's pendulum problem by systematically testing one variable at
b) By age 3, children from high-income families have heard millions more words than children a time (e.g., changing the string length while holding the weight constant). This child is demon-
from low-income families. strating:
c) There is a significant difference between the number of words a child can understand (re- a) Concrete operational thought
ceptive vocabulary) and the number they can use (expressive vocabulary). b) The hypothetico-deductive reasoning characteristic of the formal operational stage.
d) Bilingual children often have smaller vocabularies in each language compared to monolin- c) Seriation
gual children. d) Transitive inference
174. Which of the following is the best example of relational aggression? 181. A 40-year-old woman is deciding whether to accept a promotion that requires relocating,
a) A boy who pushes another child off a swing. which would mean her children have to change schools and her husband would need to find a
b) A teenager who starts a physical fight over a perceived insult. new job. She carefully weighs the pros and cons, considers the long-term impact on her family,
c) A group of girls who decide to ignore and stop talking to a former friend to damage her social and acknowledges the trade-offs involved. This type of practical, realistic thinking is charac-
standing. teristic of:
d) A child who has a temper tantrum and breaks a toy. a) Formal operational thought
175. The process of myelination is critical for mature brain functioning because it: b) Postformal thought (e.g., pragmatic thought)
a) Creates new synaptic connections between neurons. c) The personal fable
b) Increases the speed and efficiency of neural impulse transmission. d) Crystallized intelligence
c) Eliminates weak or unused synapses. 182. Which statement most accurately reflects the current scientific consensus on the "nature
d) Protects the neuron from toxic environmental agents. vs. nurture" debate?
176. A toddler who uses the word "car" to refer to all moving vehicles—including trucks, buses, a) Nature (genetics) is ultimately more powerful than nurture (environment) in shaping com-
and motorcycles—is demonstrating: plex traits.
a) Overextension b) Nurture (environment) can override most genetic predispositions.
b) Underextension c) The debate is obsolete; development is the result of a complex, continuous, and bidirec-
c) Fast mapping tional interaction between genetics and environment.

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d) Nature and nurture are separate forces that contribute roughly equally to developmental b) Guilt is associated with feeling bad about a specific behavior ("I did a bad thing"), while
outcomes. shame is associated with feeling bad about oneself ("I am bad").
183. An infant is presented with two visual stimuli: a simple black-and-white checkerboard and a c) Shame is considered a basic emotion, while guilt is a self-conscious emotion.
detailed drawing of a human face. Based on Robert Fantz's work on infant perception, the in- d) Guilt is more likely to lead to defensive and blaming behaviors than shame.
fant is most likely to spend more time looking at: 190. A child in the preoperational stage believes that her teddy bear is sad because she left it out-
a) The checkerboard, because infants prefer high-contrast patterns. side in the rain. This attribution of lifelike qualities to an inanimate object is called:
b) The human face, because infants are predisposed to attend to face-like stimuli. a) Egocentrism
c) Both stimuli equally, as they have no preference at this age. b) Magical thinking
d) Whichever stimulus is placed on their right side, due to brain lateralization. c) Animistic thinking
184. The "visual cliff" experiment demonstrates that infants develop depth perception. What is d) Centration
the most critical factor that enables an infant to show fear or wariness of the "cliff"? 191. The gradual decline in the body's reproductive capacity, which begins in the 30s for both men
a) The maturation of the visual cortex. and women, is known as:
b) The infant's experience with self-locomotion (e.g., crawling). a) Menopause
c) The infant's ability to hear their mother's vocal cues. b) Andropause
d) The development of object permanence. c) Senescence
185. A college student is required to take a philosophy course. Initially, she sees every issue in d) The climacteric
terms of clear right and wrong. As the semester progresses, she begins to understand that 192. Which of the following research findings would provide the strongest evidence for a genetic
many issues have multiple valid perspectives and that context matters. This shift is best de- component to a particular trait?
scribed by Perry's theory of epistemic cognition as a move from: a) Fraternal twins raised together are more similar on the trait than non-twin siblings.
a) Commitment within relativism to relativism. b) The trait is consistently observed across different cultures and environments.
b) Relativism to dualism. c) Adopted children show more similarity on the trait to their biological parents than to their
c) Dualism to relativism. adoptive parents.
d) Commitment within relativism to dualism. d) A high positive correlation exists between parenting style and the expression of the trait in
186. At an office party, a young employee tells a slightly inappropriate joke, not realizing the com- children.
pany's CEO is standing behind him. This social misstep reflects a failure in: 193. The ability to return to a state of equilibrium after experiencing a significant stressor or trauma
a) Syntax is known as:
b) Semantics a) Hardiness
c) Pragmatics b) Resilience
d) Phonology c) Post-traumatic growth
187. Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of emerging adulthood, as proposed by Jef- d) Coping
frey Arnett? 194. A child is asked to sort a deck of cards with different shapes and colors. First, she is asked to
a) The age of identity exploration sort by color. She does this successfully. Then, she is asked to switch tasks and sort the same
b) The age of instability cards by shape. The child continues to sort the cards by color, even after being corrected. This
c) The age of feeling in-between difficulty in shifting cognitive sets is an example of:
d) The age of stability and security a) A failure of conservation.
188. In Vygotsky's theory, "scaffolding" is most effective when: b) A deficit in working memory.
a) The expert provides the child with the correct answer immediately. c) A perseveration error.
b) The support is tailored to the child's current performance level and is gradually withdrawn d) Transductive reasoning.
as the child's competence grows. 195. Which of the following is a key developmental task of Robert Peck's theory for middle adult-
c) The child is allowed to struggle with a task independently for an extended period. hood, expanding on Erikson's work?
d) The expert breaks the task down into the smallest possible steps, regardless of the child's a) Ego Differentiation vs. Work-Role Preoccupation
ability. b) Valuing Wisdom vs. Valuing Physical Powers
189. A key difference between guilt and shame is that: c) Body Transcendence vs. Body Preoccupation
a) Guilt is a more public emotion, while shame is more private. d) Ego Transcendence vs. Ego Preoccupation

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196. The most common form of child maltreatment is: d) Stage 4: Social-Order-Maintaining Orientation
a) Physical abuse 203. Which of the following is the best example of a gross motor skill?
b) Sexual abuse a) Tying shoelaces
c) Emotional abuse b) Writing with a pencil
d) Neglect c) Using scissors to cut paper
197. According to social learning theory, a child's gender identity is primarily formed through: d) Kicking a soccer ball
a) The resolution of the Oedipus/Electra complex. 204. A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between the number of books in a child's
b) The child's own cognitive construction of gender schemas. home and their reading achievement scores. However, this correlation could be misleading
c) The process of observing and imitating same-sex models and being reinforced for gender- because parents who buy many books may also be genetically more intelligent and pass those
appropriate behavior. genes to their children. This alternative explanation illustrates which type of gene-environment
d) A biological unfolding of a genetic blueprint for gender. correlation?
198. The "paradox of aging" refers to the finding that: a) Active (niche-picking)
a) Despite declines in physical health and cognitive speed, older adults report higher levels of b) Evocative
emotional well-being and life satisfaction than younger adults. c) Passive
b) Older adults perform better on crystallized intelligence tests but worse on fluid intelligence d) Epigenetic
tests. 205. According to Erikson, the primary psychosocial conflict for a person in their early 20s is:
c) Society reveres the wisdom of age but also practices widespread ageism. a) Trust vs. Mistrust
d) Life expectancy has increased, but the active, healthy lifespan has not increased at the b) Identity vs. Role Confusion
same rate. c) Intimacy vs. Isolation
199. A newborn's state of arousal is being assessed. The infant's body is mostly inactive, their d) Generativity vs. Stagnation
eyes are open and attentive, and their breathing is even. This state is known as: 206. All of the following statements about memory and aging are generally considered accurate
a) Regular sleep EXCEPT:
b) Irregular sleep a) Older adults often experience "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomena more frequently than
c) Drowsiness younger adults, indicating a problem with retrieval.
d) Quiet alertness b) Procedural memory, such as knowing how to ride a bicycle, shows a steep and significant
200. Which statement best captures the essence of a "theory" in the scientific study of human decline in healthy late adulthood.
development? c) Semantic memory, or general world knowledge, is relatively well-preserved in late life.
a) A specific, testable prediction about behavior. d) Older adults may be more susceptible to memory distortions based on suggestion or mis-
b) A summary of empirical findings from multiple studies. information.
c) An integrated set of principles that describes, explains, and predicts behavior and develop- 207. The process by which a child modifies an existing cognitive schema to incorporate new infor-
ment. mation is known as:
d) An untested opinion or personal belief about how people grow. a) Assimilation
201. The cephalocaudal principle of development describes a pattern of growth that proceeds b) Accommodation
from: c) Equilibration
a) The center of the body outward. d) Organization
b) The head downward to the rest of the body. 208. The "Strange Situation" test, developed by Mary Ainsworth, was designed to measure the:
c) Simple skills to more complex ones. a) Infant's intelligence quotient (IQ).
d) The extremities of the body inward. b) Quality of the infant-caregiver attachment bond.
202. An individual is told that a specific action is morally right because it is in their own best inter- c) Infant's temperament type.
est and results in a tangible reward. This reasoning is characteristic of which of Kohlberg's d) Presence of developmental delays.
stages? 209. A 14-year-old believes that she is the only person who has ever felt such intense love and
a) Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation heartbreak, and that her parents could not possibly understand her unique feelings. This is a
b) Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose Orientation classic example of what David Elkind termed the:
c) Stage 3: "Good Boy-Good Girl" Orientation a) Imaginary audience

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b) Personal fable d) Associative play
c) Invincibility fable 217. In operant conditioning, __________ increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
d) Identity foreclosure by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
210. The most common chromosomal disorder, which results from an extra 21st chromosome, a) Positive reinforcement
is: b) Negative reinforcement
a) Klinefelter syndrome c) Positive punishment
b) Turner syndrome d) Negative punishment
c) Down syndrome 218. The physical, cognitive, and social-emotional domains of development:
d) Fragile X syndrome a) Are distinct and develop independently of one another.
211. A child successfully solves a conservation of mass problem with clay but fails a conservation b) Interact with and influence each other in a holistic way.
of volume problem (displacing water). This phenomenon, where a child can apply a concept c) Are determined solely by genetic factors.
to some situations but not others, is called: d) Cease to change after adolescence.
a) Centration 219. A researcher uses a sequential design to study cognitive decline. What is the primary ad-
b) Horizontal décalage vantage of this design over a standard longitudinal design?
c) Transductive reasoning a) It is less expensive and time-consuming.
d) Animism b) It allows the researcher to separate the effects of aging from cohort effects.
212. Lev Vygotsky emphasized that cognitive development is driven by: c) It eliminates the problem of participant attrition.
a) The resolution of psychosexual conflicts. d) It provides more in-depth, qualitative data.
b) The individual's independent exploration of the world. 220. The biological event that signals the end of a female's reproductive capacity is called:
c) Social interaction with more knowledgeable members of a culture. a) Menarche
d) A biologically determined maturational timetable. b) Menopause
213. Which parenting style is characterized by being high in responsiveness but low in demands? c) Andropause
a) Authoritative d) Spermarche
b) Authoritarian 221. A child who says, "My toy car is sad because its wheel broke," is exhibiting:
c) Permissive a) Egocentrism
d) Uninvolved b) Animistic thinking
214. Which of the following statements about prenatal development is the most accurate? c) Conservation
a) The germinal period is the time when the developing organism is most vulnerable to terato- d) Seriation
gens. 222. An infant who shows a secure attachment to their caregiver will typically do which of the fol-
b) All major organs and body structures are formed during the fetal period. lowing during the "Strange Situation" procedure?
c) The age of viability, when a fetus can potentially survive outside the womb, is typically a) Ignore the caregiver when they are in the room and show no distress when they leave.
reached between 22 and 26 weeks. b) Cling to the caregiver, become extremely upset when they leave, and resist comfort upon
d) The placenta's primary function is to provide a soft cushion for the developing fetus. their return.
215. The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible is known as: c) Use the caregiver as a secure base, show distress when they leave, and be easily soothed
a) Object permanence upon their return.
b) Mental representation d) Appear confused and disoriented throughout the entire procedure.
c) Conservation 223. According to information-processing theories, the "hardware" of the mind is the __________,
d) Egocentrism and the "software" is the __________.
216. A group of children is observed at a playground. One child, Liam, plays alone with a truck. a) Brain structures; cognitive strategies
Beside him, another child, Sophia, plays alone with dolls. They do not interact or share toys. b) Cognitive strategies; brain structures
According to Parten's stages of play, this is an example of: c) Sensory input; behavioral output
a) Onlooker play d) Long-term memory; working memory
b) Solitary play
c) Parallel play
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224. Which of the following is the best example of a normative history-graded influence? 232. An 8-year-old is able to arrange a series of sticks in order from shortest to longest. This ability
a) A Filipino teenager getting a driver's license at age 17. is known as:
b) The collective experience of living through the Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991. a) Classification
c) A family winning the lottery. b) Conservation
d) A child's parents getting divorced. c) Seriation
225. A key criticism of Carol Gilligan's theory is that: d) Reversibility
a) It focuses too much on the male experience of morality. 233. A researcher studies the development of humor by comparing a group of 7-year-olds, a group
b) The observed differences in moral reasoning between genders may be less significant than of 9-year-olds, and a group of 11-year-olds at the same point in time. This is an example of a
originally proposed and more related to the situation than gender itself. __________ research design.
c) It fails to account for the role of culture in shaping moral values. a) Longitudinal
d) It is based primarily on research with pre-operational children. b) Cross-sectional
226. The proximodistal trend refers to the developmental pattern where growth proceeds from: c) Sequential
a) Head to tail d) Microgenetic
b) The center of the body outward to the extremities 234. In the context of aging, the "SOC" model stands for:
c) The extremities inward to the center a) Social, Occupational, and Cognitive development.
d) Birth to death b) Selection, Optimization, and Compensation.
227. A person in Marcia's identity foreclosure status would most likely say: c) Stability, Openness, and Conscientiousness.
a) "I'm not sure what I believe; I'm trying to figure it all out." d) Sarcopenia, Osteoporosis, and Crystallized intelligence.
b) "I've never really thought about politics; it doesn't seem important." 235. The single cell that is formed from the union of a sperm and an ovum is called a:
c) "I am a member of the Iglesia ni Cristo because that's how my family raised me." a) Gamete
d) "After exploring several religions, I've chosen to be a free-thinker." b) Fetus
228. Which theoretical perspective would be most interested in how observing a successful, high- c) Embryo
status individual influences an adolescent's career choice? d) Zygote
a) Psychoanalytic theory 236. The A-not-B error involves infants:
b) Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory a) Failing to search for a hidden object.
c) Social learning theory b) Persisting in searching for an object in a location where they previously found it, despite
d) Ethological theory seeing it hidden in a new location.
229. A child is shown two rows of seven coins. In the first row, the coins are spaced closely to- c) Believing that an object that is out of sight ceases to exist.
gether. In the second row, the coins are spread far apart. When asked which row has more d) Showing a preference for novel objects over familiar ones.
coins, the child points to the second row. This child has not yet mastered: 237. Which of the following statements about puberty is INCORRECT?
a) Seriation a) It is a period of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation.
b) Conservation of number b) The timing of puberty is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
c) Object permanence c) On average, girls begin their pubertal growth spurt earlier than boys.
d) Transitive inference d) The sequence of pubertal events is highly variable and differs for almost every adolescent.
230. A primary function of the myelin sheath is to: 238. An individual's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, which tend to increase with age,
a) Provide nutrients to the neuron. constitute their:
b) Store neurotransmitters for later release. a) Fluid intelligence
c) Increase the speed of neural transmission. b) Crystallized intelligence
d) Form new connections with other neurons. c) Practical intelligence
231. The term "pragmatics" in language development refers to the: d) Emotional intelligence
a) Rules for forming sentences. 239. The most severe form of postpartum depression, which can include delusional thinking and
b) Meaning of words and sentences. hallucinations, is known as:
c) Sound system of a language. a) Postpartum blues
d) Social rules and conventions of using language in context. b) Peripartum depression
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c) Postpartum anxiety c) Abstract reasoning
d) Postpartum psychosis d) Scaffolding
240. The process of synaptogenesis refers to the: 248. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, the influence of the local government's poli-
a) Formation of new connections between neurons. cies on school funding, which in turn affects a child's educational experience, is an example
b) Elimination of underused neural connections. of the:
c) Coating of axons with a fatty sheath. a) Microsystem
d) Migration of neurons to their proper location in the brain. b) Mesosystem
241. A child who uses the word "doggie" only to refer to his own family's golden retriever, not to c) Exosystem
any other dogs, is demonstrating: d) Macrosystem
a) Overextension 249. Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill?
b) Underextension a) Jumping over a puddle
c) Telegraphic speech b) Throwing a baseball
d) Holophrastic speech c) Building a tower with small blocks
242. A person who justifies their actions by saying, "I did it because it's what a good daughter d) Riding a tricycle
would do to make her parents proud," is operating at which stage of Kohlberg's theory? 250. According to Freud, the successful resolution of the Oedipus complex results in the child's:
a) Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose Orientation a) Development of a strong ego.
b) Stage 3: "Good Boy-Good Girl" Orientation b) Identification with the same-sex parent and the formation of the superego.
c) Stage 4: Social-Order-Maintaining Orientation c) Transition into the genital stage.
d) Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation d) Fixation at the phallic stage.
243. The "sandwich generation" refers to middle-aged adults who: 251. A researcher is studying language development and finds that deaf children who are not ex-
a) Are experiencing a midlife crisis. posed to sign language invent their own gestural communication systems that have grammar-
b) Are typically at the peak of their careers and earning potential. like properties. This finding best supports which view of language acquisition?
c) Feel caught between the needs of their aging parents and their own children. a) The behaviorist (Skinner) perspective
d) Have the highest rates of life satisfaction. b) The nativist (Chomsky) perspective
244. A key insight from the information-processing approach is that development is characterized c) The social-interactionist perspective
by: d) The cognitive (Piaget) perspective
a) A series of qualitatively distinct stages. 252. The term "androgyny" refers to individuals who:
b) The resolution of unconscious conflicts. a) Are uncertain about their gender identity.
c) Gradual, quantitative improvements in cognitive capacities like attention, memory, and pro- b) Display both "masculine" and "feminine" personality traits.
cessing speed. c) Are sexually attracted to both men and women.
d) The influence of reinforcement and punishment. d) Believe their biological sex is different from their gender identity.
245. Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of grief in the Kübler-Ross model? 253. Which of the following is the best description of a "critical period" in development?
a) Denial a) A time when development is most sensitive to environmental influences, but not exclusively
b) Bargaining so.
c) Forgiveness b) A time when a specific developmental event must occur for it to occur at all.
d) Acceptance c) The period of adolescence when identity is formed.
246. According to Baumrind, the authoritarian parenting style is characterized by: d) The first three years of life, which determine all future development.
a) Low demands, high responsiveness 254. A child who can think logically about concrete events but has difficulty with abstract or hy-
b) High demands, low responsiveness pothetical concepts is in which of Piaget's stages?
c) Low demands, low responsiveness a) Sensorimotor
d) High demands, high responsiveness b) Preoperational
247. The ability to think about thought itself is known as: c) Concrete operational
a) Metacognition d) Formal operational
b) Theory of mind
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255. The most rapid physical growth and development of the entire lifespan occurs during: a) Is focused on curing the patient's underlying disease.
a) The prenatal period b) Is only provided in the last few weeks of life.
b) Infancy c) Aims to relieve pain and suffering and improve the quality of life at any stage of a serious
c) Early childhood illness.
d) Adolescence d) Is exclusively for elderly patients.
256. A temporary and supportive learning structure provided by a more skilled person to help a 264. The process of "fast mapping" helps to explain:
less skilled person master a task is called: a) How infants learn to crawl.
a) The zone of proximal development b) How children can learn the meaning of a new word after only a brief exposure.
b) Scaffolding c) The development of object permanence.
c) Private speech d) The rapid formation of synapses in early brain development.
d) Guided participation 265. According to Erikson's theory, the successful resolution of the crisis in late adulthood, Ego
257. An individual with an insecure-avoidant attachment classification would likely: Integrity vs. Despair, leads to the virtue of:
a) Show extreme distress when the caregiver leaves and be difficult to soothe upon return. a) Love
b) Appear dazed, confused, and show contradictory behaviors. b) Care
c) Use the caregiver as a secure base for exploration. c) Hope
d) Show little distress when the caregiver leaves and avoid them upon return. d) Wisdom
258. What is the primary purpose of the Apgar scale? 266. A child who fails the "three-mountains task" is demonstrating:
a) To assess a newborn's reflexes and neurological health. a) A lack of conservation.
b) To quickly assess a newborn's overall physical condition right after birth. b) Transductive reasoning.
c) To measure an infant's potential for cognitive development. c) Egocentrism.
d) To evaluate the quality of the mother-infant bond. d) An inability to classify objects.
259. A group of teenagers who share similar values, interests, and styles of dress form a: 267. Which of the following statements about teratogens is LEAST accurate?
a) Crowd a) The effect of a teratogen depends on the dose and duration of exposure.
b) Clique b) The genetic makeup of both the mother and the developing organism can influence the ter-
c) Friendship dyad atogen's effects.
d) Controversial group c) The impact of a teratogen is the same regardless of when in the prenatal period exposure
260. Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to: occurs.
a) Accumulate facts and general knowledge. d) Some teratogens can cause damage even before the mother knows she is pregnant.
b) Reason abstractly and solve novel problems. 268. A dying person who says, "I just want to live long enough to see my grandchild's graduation"
c) Use language effectively. is in which of Kübler-Ross's stages?
d) Manage one's own emotions. a) Denial
261. The understanding that the basic properties of an object (like mass or number) remain the b) Anger
same even when its appearance changes is called: c) Bargaining
a) Object permanence d) Depression
b) Reversibility 269. The "discontinuity" view of development holds that:
c) Conservation a) Development is a smooth, gradual, and continuous process.
d) Classification b) Development occurs in a series of distinct, qualitatively different stages.
262. Which of the following is a key limitation of using a cross-sectional design to study aging? c) Development is largely stable and unchanging after childhood.
a) It is expensive and takes a long time to complete. d) The environment is the primary driver of all developmental change.
b) It can be confounded by cohort effects, making it difficult to distinguish age changes from 270. A toddler who says "go car" instead of "I want to go in the car" is using:
generational differences. a) A holophrase
c) It suffers from high rates of participant dropout or attrition. b) Overregularization
d) It is not useful for comparing different age groups. c) Telegraphic speech
263. Palliative care is best defined as care that: d) Babbling
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271. An individual who explores various career options and personal values but has not yet made d) Cognitive growth is primarily a matter of brain maturation.
a firm commitment is in Marcia's _________ identity status. 279. The age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is called:
a) Achievement a) Osteoporosis
b) Foreclosure b) Presbycusis
c) Diffusion c) Sarcopenia
d) Moratorium d) Presbyopia
272. Which of the following is a primary emotion, present in the first few months of life? 280. A key difference between a clique and a crowd is that:
a) Guilt a) Cliques are larger than crowds.
b) Pride b) Membership in a crowd is based on reputation and stereotypes, while clique membership
c) Surprise is based on friendship.
d) Embarrassment c) Crowds are more common in middle childhood, while cliques emerge in adolescence.
273. The information-processing component that directs the flow of information and regulates d) Cliques involve mixed-gender groups, while crowds are same-gender.
cognitive activities such as attention and problem-solving is the: 281. The "goodness-of-fit" model emphasizes the importance of the match between a child's
a) Sensory register __________ and their __________.
b) Long-term memory a) Intelligence; school environment
c) Central executive b) Temperament; caregiving environment
d) Working memory c) Attachment style; peer group
274. A child's temperament is primarily thought to be: d) Genetic potential; nutritional intake
a) The result of their upbringing and parenting style. 282. A teenager who regularly engages in risky behaviors, such as driving recklessly, because they
b) A stable, constitutionally-based aspect of their personality that is present from birth. believe they are immune to harm is demonstrating the:
c) A reflection of their attachment quality. a) Imaginary audience
d) Malleable and easily changed throughout childhood. b) Personal fable
275. According to research, the most common emotional response of parents to the "empty nest" c) Invincibility fable
is: d) Foreclosure status
a) A prolonged period of depression and grief. 283. What is the primary task of a developmental scientist?
b) An increase in marital satisfaction and a sense of freedom. a) To prove which single theory of development is correct.
c) A feeling of anxiety about their children's well-being. b) To describe, explain, predict, and influence development from conception to death.
d) Very little emotional change. c) To focus solely on the cognitive changes that occur during childhood.
276. The concept that development is influenced by a multitude of interacting forces and cannot d) To treat developmental disorders and psychopathologies.
be explained by any single theory is known as the: 284. Which of the following is an example of disengagement theory?
a) Lifespan perspective a) An older adult who maintains a busy schedule of volunteering and social activities.
b) Psychoanalytic perspective b) An older adult who gradually withdraws from social roles and relationships, and society, in
c) Cognitive perspective turn, withdraws from them.
d) Behaviorist perspective c) An older adult who uses hearing aids to compensate for hearing loss.
277. The ability to mentally reverse a series of steps is called: d) An older adult who focuses on a few very close, emotionally fulfilling relationships.
a) Seriation 285. In Freud's theory, the part of the personality that acts as the moral conscience and incorpo-
b) Reversibility rates societal standards is the:
c) Decentration a) Id
d) Conservation b) Ego
278. Which statement best describes Vygotsky's view of cognitive development? c) Superego
a) Children are independent scientists who discover the world on their own. d) Libido
b) Cognitive development proceeds through a universal series of stages.
c) Children learn and develop by internalizing the language and tools of their culture through
social interaction.
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286. A child is shown a Bandura-style experiment where an adult model behaves aggressively to- c) Physical growth is slow and steady, while motor skills become more refined.
ward a Bobo doll. According to social learning theory, the child is most likely to imitate this d) This is the period of peak physical strength and endurance.
behavior if the adult model is: 294. According to Peck's theory of psychological development in later adulthood, "ego differenti-
a) Punished for their actions. ation" involves:
b) Ignored by other adults in the room. a) Finding personal worth in activities beyond one's work role.
c) Praised or rewarded for their actions. b) Overcoming physical limitations by focusing on social and cognitive strengths.
d) A stranger to the child. c) Accepting the reality of death without being preoccupied by it.
287. Which of the following is NOT one of the "Big Five" personality traits? d) Valuing wisdom gained from experience over physical power.
a) Neuroticism 295. Which of the following is a primary criticism of Piaget's cognitive theory?
b) Agreeableness a) It overemphasizes the role of culture and social interaction.
c) Intelligence b) It may have underestimated the cognitive abilities of infants and young children.
d) Openness to experience c) It focuses too heavily on emotional development.
288. A child who has achieved "theory of mind" understands that: d) It fails to describe development in terms of stages.
a) All people think about the world in the exact same way. 296. A child's ability to recognize that a hotdog is still a hotdog whether it is whole or cut into five
b) Other people have their own unique beliefs, desires, and intentions that may differ from their pieces is an example of:
own. a) Identity
c) Inanimate objects have thoughts and feelings. b) Seriation
d) Moral rules are absolute and cannot be changed. c) Reversibility
289. The period of the embryo (weeks 3-8 of gestation) is particularly crucial because: d) Classification
a) The organism is growing most rapidly in size. 297. In a study on aggression, a researcher defines aggression as "the number of times a child hits
b) The groundwork for all major body structures and organs is laid down. or kicks another child." This specific, measurable definition is the study's:
c) The organism becomes viable and can survive outside the womb. a) Hypothesis
d) The mother first feels the fetus moving. b) Theory
290. The term "plasticity" in development refers to the idea that: c) Operational definition
a) Developmental pathways are fixed by early experiences. d) Variable
b) Genetic factors are the most powerful influence on development. 298. The most common type of family structure in the world is:
c) Individuals have the capacity for change and can be molded by experience throughout the a) The nuclear family
lifespan. b) The single-parent family
d) Development stops once an individual reaches maturity. c) The extended family
291. Which research method is best suited for determining a cause-and-effect relationship? d) The blended family
a) Correlational study 299. An individual who feels fulfilled and proud when looking back on their life has successfully
b) Naturalistic observation resolved which of Erikson's crises?
c) Experimental study a) Intimacy vs. Isolation
d) Case study b) Generativity vs. Stagnation
292. A child who says "I breaked the glass" instead of "I broke the glass" is making an error known c) Ego Integrity vs. Despair
as: d) Identity vs. Role Confusion
a) Overextension 300. Which of the following is the best example of a holophrase?
b) Underextension a) A baby repeatedly saying "babababa."
c) Overregularization b) A toddler pointing to a bottle and saying "milk" to mean "I want milk."
d) Holophrastic speech c) A child saying "me go" to mean "I want to go."
293. Which statement accurately describes a major trend in physical development during middle d) A child asking "Why is the sky blue?"
childhood (ages 6-11)?
a) Growth is rapid and accompanied by significant hormonal changes.
b) Fine motor skills are well-developed, but gross motor skills decline.
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301. An individual who believes that laws and rules are flexible instruments for furthering human 307. The fact that a single gene can affect multiple, seemingly unrelated aspects of the phenotype
purposes and can be changed through fair procedures is reasoning at which of Kohlberg's is known as:
stages? a) Polygenic inheritance
a) Stage 3: "Good Boy-Good Girl" Orientation b) Pleiotropy
b) Stage 4: Social-Order-Maintaining Orientation c) Incomplete dominance
c) Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation d) Genetic imprinting
d) Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation 308. A Filipino family highly values kapwa, the concept of a shared inner self or "shared identity."
302. A researcher designs a study to assess the effects of a new memory-training program for How might this cultural value most likely influence a child's moral reasoning, when compared
older adults. She randomly assigns participants to either the training group or a no-treatment to a child from a highly individualistic culture?
control group. She measures their memory performance before and after the program. This a) The Filipino child would likely reach the postconventional level of morality at a younger age.
study is best described as a(n): b) The Filipino child might place a greater emphasis on interpersonal harmony and group wel-
a) Correlational study fare (Stage 3 reasoning) as a mature form of morality.
b) Quasi-experiment c) The Filipino child would be more likely to base decisions on avoiding punishment (Stage 1
c) Experimental design reasoning).
d) Case study d) The Filipino child would be less likely to understand moral dilemmas involving community
303. Which of the following statements provides the most nuanced and accurate distinction be- and relationships.
tween temperament and personality? 309. Which of the following scenarios is the best example of secondary aging?
a) Temperament is environmentally determined, while personality is genetic. a) A universal decline in the eye's ability to focus on nearby objects (presbyopia).
b) Temperament refers to the stable behavioral and emotional reactions that form the biolog- b) The gradual graying of hair throughout middle adulthood.
ical core of personality. c) The development of lung cancer in a 60-year-old due to a lifetime of smoking.
c) The two terms are synonymous and can be used interchangeably in developmental science. d) A genetically programmed, age-related decline in muscle mass (sarcopenia).
d) Personality is observable in infancy, while temperament does not emerge until adoles- 310. A child learns the word "ball" to refer to their red, round toy. They then see an orange and call
cence. it "ball." According to Piaget, this is an example of _________. When their mother corrects
304. The process of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a crucial part of early brain develop- them, saying "That's an orange," the child must adjust their concept of "ball." This adjustment
ment because it: is an example of _________.
a) Increases the speed of neural transmission. a) Accommodation; Assimilation
b) Is necessary for forming the initial surplus of neurons. b) Organization; Equilibration
c) Helps to remove unnecessary or non-functional neurons, sculpting the brain's structure. c) Assimilation; Accommodation
d) Coats the axons with a fatty substance to protect them. d) Equilibration; Organization
305. A child is shown a picture with a boy, a girl, a dog, and a cat. When asked to "point to the 311. In the context of the "Big Five" personality traits, which trait is the strongest predictor of job
animals," the child correctly points to the dog and the cat. This demonstrates the child's ability performance and academic success?
in: a) Extraversion
a) Seriation b) Agreeableness
b) Conservation c) Conscientiousness
c) Hierarchical classification d) Openness to Experience
d) Transitive inference 312. A researcher is studying peer acceptance in a third-grade classroom. They ask each child to
306. A key finding of the violation-of-expectation method is that infants as young as 3.5 months rate every other child in the class on a "likeability" scale. Children who receive a large number
look longer at "impossible" events (e.g., a car passing through a solid object) than "possible" of both positive and negative votes are classified as:
events. This suggests that, contrary to Piaget's theory, infants: a) Popular
a) Are born with a fully developed understanding of logic. b) Rejected
b) Have a rudimentary grasp of object permanence and physical laws much earlier than previ- c) Neglected
ously believed. d) Controversial
c) Cannot distinguish between possible and impossible events.
d) Have better visual acuity than cognitive understanding.

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313. The ability of the brain to reorganize its structure and function in response to experience, par- c) Touch, taste, and hearing are relatively well-developed, while vision is the least developed
ticularly after an injury, is known as: sense.
a) Lateralization d) Newborns are unable to feel pain or respond to touch.
b) Myelination 320. Which of the following is a primary criticism of the information-processing approach to cog-
c) Neurogenesis nition?
d) Plasticity a) It overemphasizes the role of unconscious and irrational thoughts.
314. Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence proposes three distinct types of intelli- b) It may not adequately capture the richness and complexity of real-life thinking, creativity,
gence. Which of the following is NOT one of them? and social cognition.
a) Analytical intelligence c) It fails to provide a detailed, step-by-step analysis of cognitive tasks.
b) Practical intelligence d) It is incompatible with modern research on brain development.
c) Creative intelligence 321. An individual with Turner Syndrome (XO) is characterized by:
d) Emotional intelligence a) A male phenotype with an extra X chromosome.
315. A toddler is speaking with his mother and says, "Want juice." This two-word utterance is an b) A female phenotype with a missing X chromosome.
example of: c) The presence of an extra chromosome 21.
a) A holophrase d) A male phenotype with an extra Y chromosome.
b) Telegraphic speech 322. The internal working model, as proposed by John Bowlby, is best described as:
c) Overregularization a) A set of reflexes necessary for survival.
d) Babbling b) A cognitive framework comprising mental representations for understanding the world, the
316. According to the developmental systems perspective, the relationship between genes and self, and others, based on early attachment experiences.
environment is bidirectional. Which of the following is the best example of the environment c) The biological drive for an infant to seek proximity to its caregiver.
influencing genetic expression? d) A specific stage of moral development.
a) A child with a genetic talent for music seeks out piano lessons. 323. A 70-year-old retired architect spends his time mentoring young students and has estab-
b) A stressful home environment triggers the expression of genes linked to anxiety and depres- lished a foundation to support innovative public housing. This is a prime example of successful
sion. resolution of which of Erikson's stages?
c) A child inherits genes for high intelligence from their parents. a) Intimacy vs. Isolation
d) A friendly infant elicits more smiles and coos from caregivers. b) Generativity vs. Stagnation
317. During which of Piaget's stages does the ability for hypothetico-deductive reasoning first c) Ego Integrity vs. Despair
emerge? d) Identity vs. Role Confusion
a) Sensorimotor 324. A child is told the following rule: "If you hit a glass with a feather, it will break." Then the child
b) Preoperational is told, "Don hits a glass with a feather." A child in the concrete operational stage would likely
c) Concrete operational respond:
d) Formal operational a) "That's not true, a feather can't break a glass."
318. A longitudinal study of children who were in a high-quality preschool program finds that as b) "The glass will break."
adults, they have higher earnings and lower rates of criminal behavior than a control group. c) "It depends on how hard Don hits it."
This demonstrates that: d) "I don't know."
a) Development is multidirectional. 325. All of the following are considered potential benefits of bilingualism in childhood EXCEPT:
b) Development is plastic and can be influenced by intervention. a) Enhanced cognitive flexibility and control of attention.
c) Development is primarily driven by genetics. b) A delay in the onset of age-related cognitive decline.
d) Normative history-graded influences are most important. c) A larger vocabulary in each individual language compared to monolingual peers.
319. Which statement most accurately describes the state of a typical newborn's sensory abili- d) Increased metalinguistic awareness.
ties?
a) Vision is the most developed sense at birth, while hearing is poor.
b) All senses are fully developed and equivalent to an adult's.

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326. According to research on peer relations, which group of children is at the highest risk for fu- c) A person's sex is biologically based and remains the same even if they dress or behave like
ture adjustment problems such as depression, anxiety, and dropping out of school? the opposite gender.
a) Popular children d) There are specific behaviors and traits associated with being male or female (gender
b) Neglected children schema).
c) Controversial children 333. A 45-year-old woman is at the peak of her career as a surgeon, a profession that requires
d) Rejected children immense knowledge and experience. However, she notices it takes her slightly longer to learn
327. The phenomenon of "infantile amnesia," the inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories new complex procedures than it did when she was 30. This scenario illustrates the typical de-
from before the age of 2-4, is best explained by: velopmental pattern of:
a) The rapid pruning of synapses during this period, leading to memory loss. a) A decline in both fluid and crystallized intelligence.
b) The immaturity of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, which are crucial for memory for- b) A decline in fluid intelligence but continued strength in crystallized intelligence.
mation and storage. c) A decline in crystallized intelligence but continued strength in fluid intelligence.
c) Repression of traumatic early childhood memories, according to psychoanalytic theory. d) An increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence.
d) A lack of interest in remembering events from infancy. 334. An infant startles, throws its arms out, and then brings them back toward its body in response
328. In a research study, one group of participants is 60 years old and the other is 30 years old. to a loud noise or a sudden loss of support. This is the ________ reflex.
The 60-year-olds grew up without the internet while the 30-year-olds grew up with it. Differ- a) Rooting
ences found between the groups on a technology skills test may be due to age-related b) Babinski
changes, but they are also likely influenced by: c) Moro
a) Practice effects d) Grasping
b) Attrition 335. A "death-qualified" jury is one in which all members:
c) Cohort effects a) Have previously served on a homicide case.
d) The Hawthorne effect b) Believe the death penalty is the only appropriate punishment for murder.
329. A parent consistently responds to their child's needs in a sensitive, warm, and appropriate c) Are not opposed to the possibility of imposing the death penalty.
manner. This parenting characteristic is best described as: d) Have experienced the death of a close relative.
a) Demandingness 336. Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill?
b) Permissiveness a) Running across a field
c) Control b) Doing a somersault
d) Responsiveness c) Deftly manipulating a chess piece
330. In Vygotsky's theory, the "zone of proximal development" is the gap between what a child can d) Swimming a lap in a pool
do: 337. The leading cause of preventable birth defects and intellectual disability in the developed
a) In the sensorimotor stage versus the preoperational stage. world is:
b) Independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a more skilled partner. a) Malnutrition
c) Physically and what they can do cognitively. b) Exposure to lead
d) At the beginning of a school year versus at the end. c) Prenatal alcohol exposure
331. Which of the following statements about death and bereavement is most accurate? d) Rubella infection during pregnancy
a) The Kübler-Ross model of grieving stages is a fixed, universal sequence that all dying people 338. A researcher studying the development of self-concept secretly puts a dot of red makeup on
go through. a toddler's nose and places them in front of a mirror. The child touches their own nose in re-
b) The "dual-process model" of coping with bereavement suggests that effective coping in- sponse. This indicates the child has developed:
volves an oscillation between loss-oriented and restoration-oriented stressors. a) Object permanence
c) Bereavement, grief, and mourning are interchangeable terms for the experience of loss. b) Self-recognition
d) Expressing intense anger and depression is a necessary component of healthy grieving for c) Theory of mind
all individuals. d) Secure attachment
332. A child who has achieved gender consistency understands that:
a) They are a boy or a girl (gender labeling).
b) Their gender will remain the same over time (gender stability).

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339. The most significant limitation of correlational research is that it: a) Industrialized, affluent nations where education is prolonged.
a) Is not useful for making predictions. b) Rural, agricultural societies where adult roles are assumed early.
b) Cannot be used to establish cause-and-effect relationships. c) All cultures universally.
c) Is more expensive and time-consuming than experimental research. d) Collectivistic societies more than individualistic ones.
d) Cannot be used to study variables as they exist in the real world. 347. The ability to control internal and external distracting stimuli, a key component of attention,
340. A young child, when asked to explain why it snows, says, "So that I can play outside and build is known as:
a snowman." This type of reasoning, which views events in relation to the self, is an example a) Selective attention
of: b) Divided attention
a) Animism c) Sustained attention
b) Egocentrism d) Inhibition
c) Conservation 348. Which theoretical perspective would most likely attribute phobias to learned associations
d) Centration from early, anxiety-provoking experiences?
341. A pregnant woman's diet, stress levels, and exposure to toxins can subtly alter the expres- a) Psychoanalytic
sion of her child's genes without changing the underlying DNA sequence. This is a direct exam- b) Cognitive
ple of: c) Behaviorist
a) A mutation d) Ethological
b) Polygenic inheritance 349. An infant is repeatedly shown a picture of a red square. Initially, she stares at it, but with each
c) An epigenetic effect repetition, her looking time decreases. When she is then shown a picture of a red circle, her
d) Passive gene-environment correlation looking time increases again. This procedure demonstrates the infant's ability to:
342. In Marcia's model, an individual who has gone through a period of intense exploration and a) Use scaffolding to learn.
questioning of their values and has now committed to a self-chosen identity is in the _________ b) Engage in goal-directed behavior.
status. c) Perceive the difference between a square and a circle.
a) Foreclosure d) Form a secure attachment.
b) Moratorium 350. Research on memory strategies in children shows that younger children are less effective at
c) Identity Achievement memory tasks partly because they:
d) Identity Diffusion a) Have a smaller long-term memory store.
343. In Bronfenbrenner's model, the chronosystem refers to the influence of: b) Fail to spontaneously produce and use strategies like rehearsal and organization.
a) The culture's values and beliefs. c) Have faster processing speed, which interferes with encoding.
b) The immediate family and school environment. d) Are unable to use recognition as a memory tool.
c) The passage of time and historical events on development. 351. Which statement provides the most critical evaluation of the concept of "learning styles"
d) The interactions between different elements of the microsystem. (e.g., visual, auditory, kinesthetic)?
344. Which statement about play in middle childhood is the most accurate? a) It is a robust, well-supported theory that should guide all educational practices.
a) Play becomes less important as children focus more on academics. b) While individuals may have preferences, there is very little scientific evidence that tailoring
b) Solitary and parallel play become the dominant forms of interaction. instruction to a specific learning style improves learning outcomes.
c) Play often involves more complex, rule-based games, and rough-and-tumble play becomes c) Learning styles are determined by genetics and cannot be changed.
common, especially among boys. d) The theory is only applicable to adult learners, not to children.
d) Make-believe play completely disappears by age 7. 352. A 3-year-old is presented with a standard false-belief task (e.g., the Sally-Anne task). What
345. A 50-year-old man feels a growing need to mentor his younger colleagues and contribute to is the most likely outcome?
his community through volunteer work. According to Erikson, he is grappling with the crisis of: a) The child will correctly identify where Sally will look for the marble.
a) Intimacy vs. Isolation b) The child will fail, indicating that they believe Sally shares their own knowledge of the mar-
b) Generativity vs. Stagnation ble's true location.
c) Ego Integrity vs. Despair c) The child will refuse to answer the question.
d) Industry vs. Inferiority d) The outcome will depend entirely on the child's temperament.
346. The concept of "emerging adulthood" is more likely to be experienced by individuals in:

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353. "Active euthanasia" is distinguished from "passive euthanasia" in that active euthanasia: b) A focus on the self ("I am bad"); a focus on the behavior ("I did a bad thing")
a) Involves withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment. c) A focus on the behavior ("I did a bad thing"); a focus on the self ("I am bad")
b) Is legal in all countries. d) Positive outcomes; negative outcomes
c) Involves taking direct action, such as administering a lethal dose of a drug, to end a patient's 361. Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the stability of personality?
life. a) Personality is completely fluid and changes constantly throughout life.
d) Is only performed when the patient is in a coma. b) After age 30, personality traits are essentially "set like plaster" and do not change.
354. Which of the following is the best example of a holophrase? c) There is a high degree of stability in the rank-order of traits over time, but personality can still
a) An infant's "coos" and "aahs." change gradually throughout the lifespan.
b) A toddler pointing to the door and saying "dada" to mean "Dada is leaving through the door." d) Personality is stable in childhood but becomes highly unstable in old age.
c) A child saying "I runned fast." 362. A child demonstrates the ability to solve a conservation problem. However, when asked to
d) An adolescent using complex slang with friends. explain the reasoning, the child can only say "you just poured it" or "it just looks taller." This
355. The age-related hearing loss that affects high-frequency sounds more than low-frequency indicates the child may be on the cusp of, but has not fully mastered, which of Piaget's stages?
sounds is known as: a) Sensorimotor
a) Presbyopia b) Preoperational
b) Presbycusis c) Concrete Operational
c) Tinnitus d) Formal Operational
d) Sarcopenia 363. The fact that human children across diverse cultures develop language through a similar se-
356. A researcher wants to study the development of political ideology. She surveys a group of 20- quence of stages (cooing, babbling, one-word, two-word) is often used as evidence for:
year-olds, 40-year-olds, and 60-year-olds in the year 2025. This research design is _________, a) The behaviorist theory of language acquisition.
and a primary limitation is its vulnerability to _________. b) The critical role of parental reinforcement in language learning.
a) Longitudinal; attrition c) A biological, nativist basis for language development.
b) Cross-sectional; cohort effects d) The idea that language is entirely a product of social convention.
c) Sequential; high cost and complexity 364. A child is asked if it is worse to break one cup on purpose or to accidentally break five cups.
d) Experimental; lack of random assignment A child in Piaget's stage of heteronomous morality would likely say:
357. The process of "pruning" in brain development is best described as: a) Breaking one cup on purpose is worse because the intention was bad.
a) The creation of new neurons. b) Breaking five cups is worse because the amount of damage is greater.
b) The development of the protective myelin sheath. c) Both actions are equally bad.
c) The elimination of underutilized or redundant synaptic connections to improve efficiency. d) It depends on who owns the cups.
d) The brain's ability to rewire itself after injury. 365. The "Hayflick limit" is a concept in biological aging that refers to:
358. A parent who is emotionally distant and withdrawn, and who is overwhelmed by the chal- a) The maximum number of years a species can live.
lenges of parenthood, is exhibiting a(n) _________ parenting style. b) The limited number of times that human cells can divide before they stop.
a) Authoritative c) The decline in immune system functioning with age.
b) Authoritarian d) The age-related shortening of telomeres.
c) Permissive 366. A "stereotype threat" occurs when:
d) Uninvolved a) An individual holds a prejudiced view against a particular social group.
359. The "babbling" stage of language development is significant because: b) An individual's fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about their group impairs
a) It is the infant's first use of meaningful words. their performance on a relevant task.
b) It marks the beginning of the infant's ability to understand language. c) A stereotype is confirmed by an individual's behavior.
c) It includes a wide range of sounds, and over time, it narrows to only the sounds of the infant's d) A society-wide stereotype is challenged and begins to change.
native language. 367. The primary purpose of random assignment in an experimental study is to:
d) It is a sign of a potential language delay if it continues past 6 months. a) Ensure that the sample is representative of the population.
360. A key difference between guilt and shame is that guilt is often associated with _________, b) Make the study easier to conduct.
while shame is often associated with _________. c) Ensure that the experimental and control groups are as similar as possible at the outset,
a) A desire to hide; a desire to confess minimizing preexisting differences.
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d) Eliminate the need for a control group. 375. The term "selective attrition" poses a significant threat to the internal validity of which type
368. An infant turns her head and begins to suck when her cheek is stroked. This is an example of of research design?
the: a) Cross-sectional
a) Moro reflex b) Longitudinal
b) Rooting reflex c) Experimental
c) Babinski reflex d) Case study
d) Tonic neck reflex 376. A 2-year-old child points to a picture of a cow and says "doggie." This is an example of a(n)
369. According to the "dual-process model of adolescent cognition," what are the two competing ___________ error.
systems that influence adolescent decision-making? a) Underextension
a) A slow, deliberate system and a fast, intuitive system. b) Overextension
b) An analytic system and a creative system. c) Overregularization
c) A reward-seeking, socioemotional system and a cognitive control system. d) Holophrastic
d) A nature-based system and a nurture-based system. 377. The "dementia" of Alzheimer's disease is primarily characterized by the presence of
370. Which of the following statements about friendships in late adulthood is generally TRUE? __________ and ___________ in the brain.
a) Older adults tend to have more friends than younger adults, but the relationships are less a) Myelin sheaths; glial cells
intimate. b) Neurofibrillary tangles; amyloid plaques
b) Friendships become less important as family relationships take precedence. c) Enlarged ventricles; reduced gray matter
c) Older adults tend to have fewer friends, but the friendships are deeper, more supportive, d) Lewy bodies; dopamine deficits
and a strong source of life satisfaction. 378. A child's belief that they are the center of the universe and that everything revolves around
d) Friendships in late life are primarily focused on sharing activities rather than emotional inti- them is a hallmark of Piaget's ___________ stage.
macy. a) Sensorimotor
371. The ability to understand that other people can have beliefs that are incorrect or different b) Preoperational
from reality is a cornerstone of: c) Concrete operational
a) Object permanence d) Formal operational
b) Conservation 379. Which statement best describes the relationship between attachment style and later devel-
c) Theory of mind opment?
d) Metacognition a) An infant's attachment style perfectly predicts their adult relationship success.
372. Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of Sternberg's triangular theory b) Attachment style has no long-term predictive value.
of love? c) Secure attachment in infancy is a protective factor that is correlated with better social and
a) Intimacy emotional outcomes, but it does not guarantee them.
b) Passion d) Insecure attachment in infancy makes it impossible to form healthy relationships in adult-
c) Commitment hood.
d) Companionship 380. The practice of a living will or advance directive is an attempt to:
373. A key difference in the cognitive processing of experts versus novices is that experts: a) Ensure that a person's wishes regarding medical treatment are followed if they become in-
a) Rely more on step-by-step, effortful processing. capacitated.
b) Have a slower processing speed due to their large knowledge base. b) Distribute a person's financial assets after death.
c) Are better able to chunk information and automatically recognize patterns. c) Appoint a legal guardian for minor children.
d) Are less flexible in their thinking. d) Hasten the process of dying.
374. An individual who is dealing with the loss of a spouse by immersing themselves in practical 381. A study finds that children who are more aggressive are also more likely to watch violent tel-
tasks like sorting finances, selling the house, and learning new skills is primarily engaging in: evision. From this data, a researcher can validly conclude that:
a) Loss-oriented coping a) Watching violent TV causes aggression in children.
b) Restoration-oriented coping b) Aggressive children prefer to watch violent TV.
c) Disenfranchised grief c) There is a relationship between aggression and watching violent TV, but the causal direction
d) Anticipatory grief is unknown.

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d) A third factor, such as parenting style, is the true cause of both. 389. The decline in the average age of menarche over the past 150 years is an example of a:
382. When an infant learns to use a fork, they must adjust their grasping scheme from the way a) Cohort effect
they would grasp a ball. This adjustment is an example of: b) Secular trend
a) Assimilation c) Non-normative influence
b) Accommodation d) Critical period
c) Organization 390. A school psychologist is concerned that a standardized intelligence test developed in the
d) Reflex United States may not accurately measure the abilities of immigrant children from the Philip-
383. Which of the following is an example of a history-graded influence that could affect a cohort's pines due to differences in language and cultural experiences. The psychologist is questioning
development? the test's:
a) A child's parents getting divorced. a) Reliability
b) Reaching puberty around age 12. b) Objectivity
c) The widespread adoption of smartphones and social media. c) Standardization
d) Being born with a genetic predisposition for musical talent. d) Validity across cultures
384. The concept of "androgyny" suggests that the most psychologically healthy individuals are 391. In Bronfenbrenner's model, a parent's workplace, which influences the parent's mood and
those who: schedule and in turn affects the child, is part of the child's:
a) Strictly adhere to traditional gender roles. a) Microsystem
b) Reject all societal gender norms. b) Mesosystem
c) Integrate both stereotypically "masculine" and "feminine" traits into their personality. c) Exosystem
d) Are androgynous in appearance. d) Macrosystem
385. According to psychoanalytic theory, defense mechanisms are employed by the ________ to 392. According to socioemotional selectivity theory, an older adult is more likely to choose to:
protect itself from anxiety. a) Attend a large party where they can meet many new people.
a) Id b) Spend a quiet evening with their spouse and a few close friends.
b) Ego c) Go to a networking event to advance their career.
c) Superego d) Travel to an unfamiliar country alone.
d) Unconscious 393. A 4-year-old child claims that the sidewalk was angry at him and made him trip. This is an
386. Research on resilience shows that a key factor in helping children overcome significant ad- example of:
versity is: a) Transductive reasoning
a) Having a high IQ. b) Animistic thinking
b) Having at least one stable, caring, and supportive relationship with an adult. c) Egocentrism
c) Being from a high socioeconomic status family. d) Artificialism
d) The absence of any genetic risk factors. 394. What is the primary difference between nightmares and night terrors?
387. The "language acquisition device" (LAD) is a theoretical concept proposed by _________ to a) Nightmares occur during REM sleep and are often remembered, while night terrors occur
explain the innate human capacity for language. during NREM sleep and are typically not remembered.
a) B.F. Skinner b) Night terrors are more common in adults, while nightmares are more common in children.
b) Lev Vygotsky c) Nightmares are a sign of a serious psychological disorder, while night terrors are not.
c) Jean Piaget d) Night terrors involve mild anxiety, while nightmares involve intense physiological arousal.
d) Noam Chomsky 395. A child who has a "mastery orientation" toward achievement is likely to attribute their failures
388. A child is playing with a set of nesting dolls. She understands that the smallest doll fits inside to:
the next one, which fits inside the next, and so on. This ability to mentally arrange items in a a) A lack of ability.
logical order is: b) The difficulty of the task.
a) Conservation c) A lack of effort or an ineffective strategy.
b) Seriation d) Bad luck.
c) Classification
d) Animism

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396. The gradual shortening of telomeres at the ends of chromosomes with each cell division is a 402. A researcher attempts to replicate Piaget's conservation tasks in a remote, non-Western cul-
mechanism associated with: ture where formal schooling is not common. She finds that adults in this culture often fail the
a) Genetic mutations conservation-of-liquid task. The most sophisticated and culturally sensitive interpretation of
b) Biological aging this finding is that:
c) The development of cancer a) The adults in this culture have a cognitive deficit and have not reached the concrete opera-
d) The process of meiosis tional stage.
397. Which of the following statements about divorce and its impact on children is the most ac- b) Piaget's theory is fundamentally incorrect, as cognitive development is not universal.
curate? c) The tasks themselves are culturally biased and rely on familiarity with materials and ques-
a) Divorce is universally a negative experience that causes long-term damage to all children. tioning styles that may not be relevant or meaningful in that cultural context.
b) Preschool children are typically the least affected by divorce because they do not under- d) These adults likely have deficits in fluid intelligence but not crystallized intelligence.
stand it. 403. Which of the following statements provides the most precise distinction between an "inter-
c) The quality of the parent-child relationship, parental conflict, and financial stability are more nal working model" (Bowlby) and a "schema" (Piaget)?
important predictors of child adjustment than the divorce itself. a) Internal working models are purely cognitive, while schemas are emotional.
d) Children always adjust better if their parents remain in a high-conflict marriage rather than b) A schema is a general framework for organizing any type of information, while an internal
divorcing. working model is a specific, affect-laden schema about the self and attachment figures.
398. The ability to coordinate information from multiple senses, such as turning one's head toward c) Internal working models are fixed in infancy, while schemas are plastic throughout life.
the source of a sound, is known as: d) Schemas are innate, whereas internal working models are learned entirely through operant
a) Perceptual constancy conditioning.
b) Intermodal perception 404. In a study on adolescent risk-taking, which of the following findings would provide the strong-
c) Habituation est support for the "dual-process model" (i.e., the imbalance between the socioemotional and
d) Sensory integration dysfunction cognitive control systems)?
399. A person who justifies breaking a law by appealing to a higher moral principle, such as the a) Adolescents show high levels of risk-taking both when alone and with peers.
sanctity of life, is reasoning at Kohlberg's ________ stage. b) Adolescent risk-taking is highest when they are with their peers, an effect that is significantly
a) Stage 4 weaker in adults.
b) Stage 5 c) Adolescents can accurately describe the risks of a behavior but choose to engage in it any-
c) Stage 6 way.
d) Concrete operational d) Risk-taking behavior is negatively correlated with fluid intelligence scores.
400. In a classic "rouge test," an 18-month-old infant with a spot of red on her nose is placed in 405. Robert Peck expanded on Erikson's final stage of Ego Integrity vs. Despair by proposing three
front of a mirror. She is most likely to: distinct tasks for late adulthood. Which task involves finding a new sense of self-worth through
a) Touch the mirror where the red spot is. family, friendships, and community life after retirement?
b) Touch her own nose, indicating self-recognition. a) Body Transcendence vs. Body Preoccupation
c) Show no interest in the mirror or the red spot. b) Ego Differentiation vs. Work-Role Preoccupation
d) Think the reflection is another baby and try to play with it. c) Ego Transcendence vs. Ego Preoccupation
401. A longitudinal study finds that children with a specific allele of a dopamine receptor gene d) Valuing Wisdom vs. Valuing Physical Powers
(DRD4) who are raised in chaotic, high-stress environments are significantly more likely to de- 406. A researcher presents a moral dilemma involving a conflict between a law and a personal
velop externalizing behaviors. However, children with the same allele who are raised in stable, promise to a friend. A participant responds, "The law must be upheld because it is the law, but
supportive environments are exceptionally prosocial and well-adjusted. This "for better or for the conflict here makes me question the law's absolute fairness. A just system sometimes
worse" phenomenon is a classic example of: requires re-evaluation of its rules to serve human needs." This response indicates a transition
a) Canalization between which two of Kohlberg's stages?
b) The diathesis-stress model a) Stage 3 and Stage 4
c) Differential susceptibility (the "orchid hypothesis") b) Stage 4 and Stage 5
d) Passive gene-environment correlation c) Stage 5 and Stage 6
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d) Metalinguistic insight
407. All of the following are significant limitations of the "Big Five" trait theory of personality from 413. Research on adult attachment styles suggests that an individual with a "preoccupied" at-
a developmental perspective EXCEPT: tachment style would be characterized by:
a) It provides a rich description of personality structure but offers little insight into the devel- a) A positive view of self and a negative view of others.
opmental processes (e.g., family dynamics, social learning) that produce those traits. b) A positive view of self and a positive view of others.
b) The model may not adequately capture the dynamic, moment-to-moment interplay be- c) A negative view of self and a negative view of others.
tween person and situation. d) A negative view of self and a positive view of others.
c) The traits themselves are not stable and show almost no rank-order consistency across the 414. Consider the concept of "preparedness" from evolutionary psychology. Which of the follow-
lifespan. ing phenomena is the BEST example of this concept in human development?
d) It may not fully account for how personality is expressed or conceptualized in collectivist a) The relative ease with which people can be conditioned to fear snakes and spiders com-
cultures. pared to flowers or outlets.
408. A child born with a cleft palate undergoes corrective surgery. This intervention, which helps b) The ability of infants to learn any language they are exposed to.
to guide development back onto a typical path after a physical anomaly, is an example of: c) The development of expertise in a specific domain like chess or music.
a) Canalization d) The adolescent growth spurt.
b) Niche-picking 415. What is the most significant methodological flaw in studies that claim to find large, stable
c) Epigenesis differences in cognitive abilities between genders?
d) Self-righting tendency a) They almost always use cross-sectional instead of longitudinal designs.
409. According to dynamic systems theory, the "disappearance" of the stepping reflex in infants b) They often fail to account for the large degree of overlap in the distribution of scores between
around 2-3 months of age is best explained by: males and females, focusing only on small differences in the mean.
a) The maturation of higher-level cortical centers that inhibit the reflex. c) They exclusively use qualitative rather than quantitative methods.
b) A lack of reinforcement for the behavior from caregivers. d) They rely on self-report data, which is inherently biased.
c) Changes in the infant's muscle mass and fat distribution, which make lifting the legs more 416. A key distinction between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories is that Piaget emphasized devel-
difficult, rather than a change in the neural program itself. opment as a process of __________, while Vygotsky emphasized it as a process of __________.
d) The infant's transition from the sensorimotor to the preoperational stage. a) Social mediation; individual discovery
410. In a microgenetic study of children learning to use a new problem-solving strategy, a re- b) Discontinuous stages; continuous growth
searcher would be most interested in: c) Individual discovery; social mediation
a) Comparing the average performance of 6-year-olds and 8-year-olds on the task. d) General domain changes; specific domain changes
b) The moment-to-moment changes, variability, and regressions in a child's use of the strategy 417. An elderly individual is asked to recall events from their life. They show a disproportionately
over a short, intensive period. high ability to recall events that occurred between the ages of 10 and 30. This phenomenon is
c) The long-term relationship between early strategy use and later academic achievement. known as the:
d) The correlation between the child's strategy use and their parents' IQ. a) Recency effect
411. A 5-year-old child from a collectivist culture like the Philippines is praised for being "masun- b) Primacy effect
urin" (obedient) and for maintaining harmonious relationships within the family. From the per- c) Reminiscence bump
spective of Baumrind's parenting styles, this might be mislabeled by a Western researcher as d) Pollyanna principle
_________, even though it functions adaptively within its cultural context. 418. A child who shows an understanding that a person can have "mixed emotions" (e.g., feeling
a) Permissive both happy and sad at the same time, like when leaving for a fun summer camp) has reached
b) Uninvolved a more advanced level of:
c) Authoritarian a) Moral reasoning
d) Authoritative b) Emotional understanding
412. The ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language, such as be- c) Theory of mind
ing able to rhyme or identify the first sound in a word, is known as: d) Metacognition
a) Semantic bootstrapping
b) Syntactic bootstrapping
c) Phonological awareness

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419. Which statement best critiques the concept of a "midlife crisis" from a scientific perspec- d) Longitudinal designs cannot be used in cross-cultural research.
tive? 426. An individual who defines "right" action by what will ultimately serve their own needs and
a) It is a universal and unavoidable stage for all middle-aged adults. allows for a "you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours" mentality is reasoning at which of Kohl-
b) Research indicates that a distinct, tumultuous "crisis" is not a normative event; rather, mid- berg's stages?
life is a period of gradual transition and reflection for most people. a) Stage 1
c) The midlife crisis only affects men, not women. b) Stage 2
d) The concept is outdated and has been replaced by the "quarter-life crisis." c) Stage 3
420. The "fetal origins of adult disease" hypothesis (or Barker hypothesis) suggests that: d) Stage 4
a) Adult diseases are primarily determined by genetic inheritance. 427. The ability to mentally represent the world and use symbolic thought is a major achievement
b) The prenatal environment "programs" the fetus for a specific postnatal environment, and a of which of Piaget's stages, freeing the child from the "here and now"?
mismatch can lead to disease later in life. a) The end of the sensorimotor stage
c) Exposure to teratogens only causes immediate birth defects, not long-term health prob- b) The preoperational stage
lems. c) The concrete operational stage
d) All adult diseases can be traced back to a single event during fetal development. d) The formal operational stage
421. A child who has learned the rule for forming the past tense of regular verbs (add "-ed") says 428. Which of the following questions would require the use of a "microgenetic" research design
"I goed" and "I runned." This type of error demonstrates that the child is: to answer most effectively?
a) Simply imitating the incorrect speech of their parents. a) What is the average age at which children master conservation of liquid?
b) Experiencing a language delay. b) How does a child's strategy for solving multiplication problems change over the course of
c) Actively applying a grammatical rule, even in cases where it is incorrect. 10 intensive learning sessions?
d) In the holophrastic stage of speech. c) Is early attachment security related to adult relationship quality?
422. A researcher is studying the effects of aging on wisdom. She defines wisdom as "the ability d) Do memory abilities decline between the ages of 60 and 80?
to give sound advice on complex life problems." This definition is a(n): 429. An infant is born with several reflexes, such as the Moro and rooting reflexes. The primary
a) Hypothesis purpose of assessing these reflexes at birth is to:
b) Theory a) Predict the infant's future intelligence.
c) Independent variable b) Evaluate the functioning of the central nervous system.
d) Operational definition c) Determine the infant's temperament.
423. In the context of teratogenic effects, the "sleeper effect" refers to a situation where: d) Facilitate early social bonding.
a) The teratogen causes the mother to become drowsy. 430. A child with a "helpless" or "entity" view of intelligence is likely to believe that:
b) The harmful effects of prenatal exposure are not apparent until many years after birth. a) Intelligence is a fixed trait that cannot be changed.
c) The teratogen only has an effect if the fetus is in a state of sleep during exposure. b) Effort is the key to success.
d) The mother's body successfully metabolizes the teratogen, preventing any harm to the fe- c) Failure is an opportunity to learn.
tus. d) Their abilities are malleable and can grow with practice.
424. According to Gisela Labouvie-Vief's theory of adult cognitive development, the move from 431. The "dual-process model of coping with bereavement" posits that healthy adjustment in-
adolescent to adult thinking is characterized by a shift from hypothetical thought to: volves an oscillation between which two orientations?
a) Postformal thought a) Denial-oriented and acceptance-oriented
b) Dialectical thought b) Past-oriented and future-oriented
c) Pragmatic thought c) Loss-oriented and restoration-oriented
d) Formal operational thought d) Internally-focused and externally-focused
425. Which of the following is the most significant challenge to the validity of cross-cultural re- 432. The fact that abused children are more likely to have difficult temperaments, which may have
search on parenting styles? elicited more negative reactions from their parents, is an example of:
a) It is difficult to get funding for such studies. a) Passive gene-environment correlation
b) The dimensions of demandingness and responsiveness may not have the same meaning or b) Evocative gene-environment correlation
co-occur in the same way across different cultures. c) Active gene-environment correlation (niche-picking)
c) Children in all cultures respond to parenting in the exact same way. d) Epigenetics

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433. A key difference between "recognition" memory and "recall" memory is that recognition in- c) Exhibit a strong desire for self-sufficiency and suppress feelings, often avoiding close rela-
volves ___________, while recall involves ___________. This distinction helps explain why tionships.
older adults often perform much better on multiple-choice tests than on essay tests. d) Show contradictory and confused behavior in relationships.
a) A simple judgment of familiarity; retrieving information without cues 440. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder that can cause severe intellectual disability.
b) Retrieving information without cues; a simple judgment of familiarity However, if the infant is placed on a special diet low in phenylalanine, they can develop nor-
c) Implicit memory; explicit memory mally. This is a classic example of:
d) Semantic memory; episodic memory a) The principle of canalization.
434. Which statement represents the most sophisticated critique of stage theories of develop- b) How environmental intervention can modify the expression of a genotype.
ment (e.g., Piaget, Erikson, Kohlberg)? c) A dominant genetic disorder.
a) They are completely incorrect and have been disproven by modern research. d) A chromosomal abnormality.
b) They may overestimate the influence of culture and underestimate the role of genetics. 441. Which of the following is NOT one of the three core deficits commonly seen in individuals
c) They often fail to account for the variability within stages and the gradual, overlapping nature with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
of developmental transitions. a) Impaired social interaction and communication.
d) They are only applicable to male development. b) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
435. An adolescent claims, "Everyone is going to notice this tiny pimple on my face; my life is ru- c) Significant intellectual disability that is present in all cases.
ined!" This intense feeling of being on display for others is an example of the: d) Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
a) Personal fable 442. The "selection, optimization, and compensation" (SOC) model is a theory of:
b) Invincibility fable a) Language acquisition
c) Imaginary audience b) Motor development
d) Identity crisis c) Adolescent identity formation
436. The information-processing perspective uses the analogy of a computer to understand cog- d) Successful aging
nition. The concept of "working memory" is most analogous to a computer's: 443. A 4-year-old is asked to participate in a "false belief" task. The experimenter shows the child
a) Hard drive storage a crayon box and asks what is inside. The child says "crayons." The experimenter then reveals
b) Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Random-Access Memory (RAM) that the box actually contains candles. The experimenter then asks, "If your friend comes in
c) Keyboard and mouse and sees the box, what will they think is inside?" The child who has not yet developed a mature
d) Monitor display theory of mind will most likely answer:
437. In a longitudinal study on the effects of poverty, researchers find that chronic stress from a) "Crayons"
living in a dangerous neighborhood (an exosystem factor) alters gene expression related to the b) "Candles"
immune system (a biological factor), which in turn affects school attendance (a microsystem c) "I don't know"
factor). This complex interplay is best explained by: d) "Pencils"
a) Piaget's theory of cognitive stages. 444. A researcher wants to understand the complex social dynamics of a specific group of Filipino
b) Skinner's theory of operant conditioning. teenagers who are members of a "barkada." She spends months observing their interactions,
c) The developmental systems perspective or Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model. conducting informal interviews, and participating in their daily activities. This research method
d) The maturational theory of Arnold Gesell. is known as:
438. The ability to engage in "decentration" allows a child in the concrete operational stage to: a) A structured observation
a) Focus on multiple aspects of a problem at once, which is crucial for solving conservation b) An experiment
tasks. c) An ethnography
b) Think about hypothetical and abstract concepts. d) A case study
c) Arrange items along a quantitative dimension. 445. According to Levinson's theory of adult development, the "midlife transition" (age 40-45) is
d) Believe that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities. characterized by a need to:
439. An individual with a "dismissive-avoidant" adult attachment style is likely to: a) Settle down and establish a niche in society.
a) Desire high levels of intimacy and fear abandonment. b) Re-evaluate the "dream" and acknowledge one's mortality.
b) Feel comfortable with intimacy and autonomy. c) Form an intimate relationship and start a family.
d) Prepare for retirement and physical decline.

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446. A key difference between "empathy" and "sympathy" is that: b) A desire to understand one's genetic predispositions and heritage, which has implications
a) Empathy involves feeling with someone (vicariously experiencing their emotion), while sym- for inclusive fitness.
pathy involves feeling for someone (concern and sorrow). c) A failure in his attachment to his adoptive parents.
b) Sympathy is a more advanced emotional capacity than empathy. d) A social construction of the meaning of "family."
c) Empathy is purely cognitive, while sympathy is purely emotional. 453. In language development, "syntactic bootstrapping" refers to a child's ability to:
d) Sympathy leads to prosocial behavior, whereas empathy does not. a) Use the meaning of a word to figure out its grammatical category.
447. The "word superiority effect" in cognitive psychology demonstrates that it is easier to recog- b) Learn the sound system of their native language.
nize a letter when it is part of a word than when it is presented in isolation. This finding high- c) Use the grammatical structure of a sentence to figure out the meaning of a new word.
lights the importance of __________ in perception and cognition. d) Combine two words into a simple phrase.
a) Bottom-up processing 454. Which of the following is the most accurate summary of research on the effects of daycare
b) Top-down processing on child development?
c) Sensory memory a) Daycare is universally harmful to the parent-child attachment bond.
d) Selective attention b) The effects of daycare are complex; high-quality care can be beneficial for cognitive and
448. An individual who experiences a profound loss but reports experiencing stable or even in- social skills, but the effects are often secondary to the quality of the family environment.
creased levels of psychological well-being over time is demonstrating a pattern of: c) Daycare has no significant effect, positive or negative, on child development.
a) Chronic grief d) Only children from low-income families benefit from daycare.
b) Delayed grief 455. The age-related loss of bone density, which is particularly prevalent in women after meno-
c) Resilience pause, is called:
d) Disenfranchised grief a) Sarcopenia
449. Which statement represents the most fundamental question in the "continuity vs. disconti- b) Osteoporosis
nuity" debate in developmental psychology? c) Presbycusis
a) Is development primarily influenced by genetics or environment? d) Atherosclerosis
b) Is development a smooth, gradual process of quantitative change, or a series of abrupt, 456. An individual argues that "Heinz should steal the drug because a human life is worth more
qualitatively different stages? than any law or property right." This justification, which appeals to self-chosen, universal eth-
c) Are early experiences more important than later experiences in shaping development? ical principles, is characteristic of Kohlberg's Stage:
d) Is development universal across all cultures, or is it culturally specific? a) 4
450. The concept of "reciprocal determinism," a cornerstone of Bandura's social cognitive theory, b) 4.5
proposes that development is the result of a continuous interplay between: c) 5
a) Nature and nurture d) 6
b) Different stages of cognitive growth 457. A researcher finds that the heritability estimate for IQ is higher among children from high-SES
c) Personal factors (cognitions, emotions), environmental influences, and behavior families than among children from low-SES families. The best interpretation of this finding is
d) The id, ego, and superego that:
451. A 7-year-old understands that pouring water from a tall, thin glass into a short, wide glass a) Genetic factors are less important for children in low-SES families.
does not change the amount of water. However, the same child struggles to understand that if b) The enriched environment of high-SES families allows children to more fully express their
"A is greater than B" and "B is greater than C," then "A must be greater than C" without seeing genetic potential for intelligence, making genetic variation a larger source of the observed IQ
the actual objects. This illustrates: differences.
a) The limitations of preoperational thought. c) The environment is the sole determinant of IQ in low-SES families.
b) The concrete nature of concrete operational thought. d) The IQ test used is biased against children from high-SES families.
c) The emergence of formal operational reasoning. 458. The concept of "emerging adulthood" has been criticized for:
d) A deficit in working memory. a) Being applicable only to males.
452. A 30-year-old man who was adopted at birth seeks out his biological parents. An evolutionary b) Being a construct that primarily reflects the experiences of individuals in industrialized,
psychologist would be most likely to attribute this behavior to: wealthy societies and may not be a universal developmental stage.
a) An unresolved Oedipal complex. c) Ignoring the importance of identity formation.
d) Focusing too much on biological changes.

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459. A child's ability to use a map to find a hidden object in a room demonstrates the development c) A combination of stimulant medication and behavior therapy.
of: d) Dietary interventions, such as eliminating sugar.
a) Dual representation 466. What is the primary function of the "ego" in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
b) Animistic thinking a) To gratify the primal urges of the id immediately.
c) Egocentrism b) To act as the moral conscience and enforce societal rules.
d) Conservation c) To mediate between the demands of the id, the constraints of the superego, and the reality
460. Which of the following is a key difference between dementia and age-related cognitive de- of the external world.
cline? d) To store repressed memories and desires.
a) Age-related decline is reversible, while dementia is not. 467. A researcher wants to determine if a new reading program causes an improvement in reading
b) Dementia involves a pathological decline in cognitive function that is severe enough to in- scores. Which research design is the only one that can establish a cause-and-effect relation-
terfere with daily life, whereas age-related decline is typically milder and non-pathological. ship?
c) All elderly individuals will eventually develop dementia. a) A correlational study with a large sample size.
d) Age-related decline affects memory, while dementia only affects language. b) A naturalistic observation of children in a classroom.
461. The "still-face" paradigm is a research method used to study: c) A longitudinal study tracking children over several years.
a) Infant depth perception. d) A randomized controlled experiment.
b) Infant emotional regulation and social expectations. 468. The "growth mindset," as described by Carol Dweck, is closely related to a child's:
c) The development of object permanence. a) General intelligence (g factor)
d) The effects of teratogens. b) Theory of mind
462. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the brain's hem- c) Attributions for success and failure
ispheres (lateralization)? d) Attachment style
a) The left hemisphere is exclusively responsible for all language and logical processing, while 469. A primary contribution of the ethological perspective to developmental psychology is its em-
the right hemisphere is exclusively responsible for all spatial and emotional processing. phasis on:
b) While there is some specialization, the two hemispheres work in close concert, and com- a) The role of unconscious conflicts in shaping behavior.
plex tasks require communication and integration between them. b) The adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history.
c) Lateralization is complete at birth and does not change with experience. c) The way cognitive processes change over time.
d) The right hemisphere is dominant in left-handed people, and the left hemisphere is domi- d) The influence of reinforcement and punishment.
nant in right-handed people for all functions. 470. In the context of language, the smallest unit of sound that can signal a change in meaning is
463. An individual who changes their behavior to conform to a group's standards, even if it goes a __________, while the smallest unit of meaning is a __________.
against their own beliefs, in order to be liked and accepted, is demonstrating: a) Morpheme; Phoneme
a) Informational social influence b) Phoneme; Morpheme
b) Normative social influence c) Syntax; Semantics
c) Obedience to authority d) Semantics; Syntax
d) Deindividuation 471. A one-year-old infant is wary of a new babysitter. He looks at his mother's facial expression
464. A dying patient, their family, and the medical staff all know that the patient is dying but do not to help him appraise the situation. If his mother looks happy and relaxed, he is more likely to
speak about it openly, instead acting as if the patient will recover. This is an example of what warm up to the babysitter. This is an example of:
Glaser and Strauss called: a) Scaffolding
a) An open awareness context b) Social referencing
b) A closed awareness context c) Joint attention
c) A suspicion awareness context d) Habituation
d) A mutual pretense context 472. Which of the following factors is the STRONGEST predictor of a child's adjustment following
465. The most effective treatment for children with ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disor- a parental divorce?
der) is typically: a) The child's age at the time of the divorce.
a) Solely stimulant medication. b) The level of conflict between the parents before, during, and after the divorce.
b) Solely behavior therapy. c) The socioeconomic status of the family.

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d) Whether the child lives with the same-sex parent. c) Socialization
473. The concept of "postformal thought" suggests that adult cognition is characterized by an un- d) Scaffolding
derstanding that: 480. An individual who is in Marcia's "identity diffusion" status would be characterized by:
a) There is a single, correct answer to every problem. a) High exploration, high commitment
b) Logic is the only valid way of knowing. b) Low exploration, high commitment
c) Thinking is often relativistic, contextual, and must contend with contradiction and ambiguity. c) High exploration, low commitment
d) Cognitive development ceases after adolescence. d) Low exploration, low commitment
474. The finding that identical twins are more similar in intelligence than fraternal twins provides 481. The term "selective attrition" in a longitudinal study refers to the problem that:
evidence for the role of ________ in intelligence. The finding that adopted children's IQ scores a) Participants may become "test-wise" from repeated assessments.
are correlated with their adoptive parents' scores provides evidence for the role of ________. b) The participants who drop out of the study may be systematically different from those who
a) Environment; heredity remain, biasing the results.
b) Heredity; environment c) The historical context may change over the course of the study.
c) Environment; environment d) The researchers may unintentionally influence the participants' behavior.
d) Heredity; heredity 482. The "violation-of-expectation" research method is based on the core assumption that infants
475. A child who can line up a set of sticks from shortest to longest (seriation) and understands will:
that if stick A is longer than stick B, and stick B is longer than stick C, then stick A must be a) Cry when they see something surprising.
longer than stick C, is demonstrating: b) Look longer at an event that defies their expectations.
a) Hypothetico-deductive reasoning c) Habituate more quickly to a novel stimulus.
b) Reversibility and classification d) Try to replicate any action they see.
c) Conservation and seriation 483. The most common type of child maltreatment reported to authorities is:
d) Seriation and transitive inference a) Physical abuse
476. The "disengagement theory" of aging has been largely discredited. Which theory was pro- b) Sexual abuse
posed as a direct contrast, arguing that older adults' life satisfaction is highest when they main- c) Psychological maltreatment
tain their previous levels of social involvement? d) Neglect
a) Continuity Theory 484. The concept of the "internal working model" is most closely associated with which theoreti-
b) Activity Theory cal perspective?
c) Socioemotional Selectivity Theory a) Social Learning Theory
d) Erikson's Theory b) Attachment Theory
477. The brain structure that plays a key role in processing emotional information, particularly c) Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory
fear, and develops more rapidly during adolescence than the prefrontal cortex, is the: d) Behaviorism
a) Hippocampus 485. An elderly woman who has lived a full life and looks back on her experiences with a sense of
b) Cerebellum satisfaction and acceptance has successfully resolved Erikson's crisis of:
c) Amygdala a) Generativity vs. Stagnation
d) Thalamus b) Ego Integrity vs. Despair
478. Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria used to define "bullying"? c) Intimacy vs. Isolation
a) Repetition (occurs more than once) d) Trust vs. Mistrust
b) Intentional harm (physical or psychological) 486. The ability to consider multiple variables at once and systematically test hypotheses, such
c) A power imbalance between the bully and the victim as in the pendulum problem, is a hallmark of:
d) The presence of a physical injury a) Preoperational thought
479. The fact that the sequence of motor development (e.g., rolling over, sitting up, crawling, walk- b) Concrete operational thought
ing) is largely the same for infants across different cultures supports the role of _________ in c) Formal operational thought
development. d) Postformal thought
a) Learning
b) Maturation

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487. The "goodness-of-fit" model suggests that the best developmental outcomes occur when: c) The presence of others can inhibit prosocial behavior.
a) A child has an "easy" temperament. d) Early attachment styles predict later relationship quality.
b) A parent uses an authoritative parenting style, regardless of the child's temperament. 495. The most rapid period of brain development, particularly synaptogenesis, occurs during:
c) A child's temperament is well-matched with the environmental demands and parenting a) Adolescence
style. b) Middle adulthood
d) A child's genetic potential is maximized through early education. c) The first few years of life
488. Which statement best reflects the concept of "epigenetics"? d) Late adulthood
a) Genes are destiny; they determine all developmental outcomes. 496. A child who understands that their pet beagle is a dog, and that all dogs are mammals, and
b) The environment can directly alter the DNA sequence of an individual's genes. all mammals are animals, is demonstrating:
c) Environmental factors can influence the expression of genes without changing the underly- a) Conservation
ing DNA. b) Seriation
d) Development is a 50/50 split between genetic and environmental influences. c) Hierarchical classification
489. A child who can pass conservation tasks but cannot yet think abstractly is in which of Piaget's d) Reversibility
stages? 497. The research design that involves studying several different age groups over a period of time,
a) Sensorimotor combining cross-sectional and longitudinal methods, is called:
b) Preoperational a) Experimental
c) Concrete operational b) Correlational
d) Formal operational c) Microgenetic
490. According to the "scaffolding" concept, a teacher helping a child learn to read would: d) Sequential
a) Give the child a very difficult book and let them figure it out alone. 498. Which part of the brain is responsible for judgment, impulse control, and long-term planning,
b) Provide just enough assistance to help the child read a slightly challenging passage, gradu- and is one of the last areas to fully mature?
ally withdrawing support as the child's skill increases. a) Amygdala
c) Read the entire book to the child without letting them try. b) Hippocampus
d) Focus only on phonics drills and ignore comprehension. c) Prefrontal cortex
491. A 40-year-old adult who is focused on raising her children, mentoring younger colleagues, d) Cerebellum
and volunteering in her community is demonstrating: 499. The "visual cliff" experiment was designed to test an infant's:
a) Stagnation a) Object permanence
b) Generativity b) Attachment security
c) Identity achievement c) Depth perception
d) Ego integrity d) Color vision
492. The primary criticism of Kübler-Ross's stages of dying is that: 500. A psychologist concludes a study by stating, "The data indicate a robust interaction between
a) The stages do not occur in a fixed, universal sequence for all people. genetic vulnerability and early environmental stress in predicting the onset of depression." This
b) The theory does not include a stage for anger. conclusion aligns most closely with which model?
c) It is not applicable to individuals with a terminal illness. a) A purely nativist model
d) It focuses too much on the physical aspects of dying. b) A purely behaviorist model
493. Which of the following is a "non-normative" influence on development? c) The diathesis-stress model
a) Starting school around age 6. d) Piaget's stage model
b) Experiencing puberty during adolescence.
c) A family winning a major lottery prize.
d) Retiring from work in one's 60s.
494. The Flynn effect refers to the finding that:
a) IQ scores have been steadily increasing from one generation to the next in many parts of the
world.
b) People tend to remember events from their adolescence and young adulthood more vividly.
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