FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ODUGBO

Benue State, Nigeria

Department of Computer Science

Course Code:
CSC 325

Course Title:
Introduction to Computer Networking

Prepared By:
Mr. George Ali
Introduction to Computer Networks
Computer networks first developed in 1950 for military and defense purpose. At that time, they
are mainly used to send data through telephone lines and had limited use in business or science.
Today computer networks are essential for businesses also. Modern networks offer more than
just connecting devices. They play a key role in helping businesses adapt to the digital world and
succeed. These networks have become more flexible, automated, and secure, making them even
more important in today’s business environment.

What is computer Network?

A computer network, is the process of connecting two or more computing devices, such as
desktop computers, mobile devices, routers or applications, to communicate and enable the
transmission and exchange of information and resources.
Connection between two or more Computers, so that they can communicate with each other is
called computer networking.
Networks enable seamless data transfer, collaboration, and connectivity across different
locations.
Why is computer networking important?
1. Ability to share data/information from one computer to another. Computer networks can
carry different data formats like - text, images, audio, videos, and services.
2. Enables the sharing of resources by users on the same network. For example, Users in the
same network can use the same resources (such as printers, scanners, cameras etc.) that
are connected to their network.
3. Computer networks allow people to use the same application and create a forum of
general interactivity. For instance, the social media channels and services such as
Facebook, Instagram, twitter and a host of others that are hosted on the Internet.
Therefore, giving access and interactivity to the billions of people connected to the social
network platform.
4. The goal is to make all programs, equipment’s (like printers etc), and especially data,
available to anyone on the network without regard to the physical location of the resource
and the user.
5. A computer network can provide a powerful communication medium among employees.
Virtually every company that has two or more computers now has e-mail
(electronic mail), which employees generally use for a great deal of daily communication
Basic Hardware components of a network:
Network Cables
Network cables are the transmission media to transfer data from one device to another. A
commonly used network cable is category 5 cable with RJ – 45 connector.

Servers
Servers are computers that hold shared files, programs, and the network operating system.
Servers provide access to network resources to all the users of the network. There are
many different kinds of servers, and one server can provide several functions. For example, there
are file servers, print servers, mail servers, communication servers, database servers, fax servers
and web servers, to name a few.

Clients
Clients are computers that access and use the network and shared network resources. Client
computers are basically the customers (users) of the network, as they request and receive
services from the servers.

Bridges
A bridge connects two separate Ethernet network segments. It forwards packets from the source
network to the destined network.

Gateways
A gateway connects entirely different networks that work upon different protocols. It is the entry
and the exit point of a network and controls access to other networks.
Network Interface Cards
NIC is a component of the computer to connect it to a network. Network cards are of two types:
Internal network cards and external network cards.

Routers
A router is a connecting device that transfers data packets between different computer networks.
Typically, they are used to connect a PC or an organization’s LAN to a broadband
internet connection. They contain RJ-45 ports so that computers and other devices can connect
with them using network cables.

Repeaters, Hubs, and Switches

Repeaters, hubs and switches connect network devices together so that they can function as a
single segment. A repeater receives a signal and regenerates it before re-transmitting so that it
can travel longer distances.
A hub is a multiport repeater having several input/output ports, so that input at any port
is available at every other port.

Types of Computer Network

Computer networks are further divided and categorized into the following:
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
A LAN connects computers over a relatively short distance, such as those within an office
building, school or hospital. LANs are typically privately owned and managed.
LAN can be a simple network like connecting two computers, to share files and network among
each other while it can also be as complex as interconnecting an entire building. LAN networks
are also widely used to share resources like printers, shared hard-drive etc.
Local Area Network (LAN)

Examples:
Computer Labs of Institutions, Computer Network in an Office, etc.

Applications of LAN
1. One of the computer in a network can become a server serving all the remaining
computers called clients. Software can be stored on the server and it can be used by the
remaining clients.
2. Connecting locally all the workstations in a building to let them communicate with each
other locally without any internet access.
3. Sharing common resources like printers etc. are some common applications of LAN.

Characteristics of LAN
1. LAN's are private networks, not subject to tariffs or other regulatory controls.
2. LAN's operate at relatively high speed when compared to the typical WAN.
3. There are different types of Media Access Control methods in a LAN, the prominent ones
are Ethernet, Token ring.
4. It connects computers in a single building, block or campus, i.e. they work in a restricted
geographical area

Applications of LAN
 One of the computer
in a network can
become a server
serving all the
remaining
computers called clients.
Software can be stored
on the server and it can
be used by the
remaining clients.
 Connecting Locally all
the workstations in a
building to let them
communicate with each
other locally without any
internet access.
 Sharing common
resources like printers
etc are some common
applications of LAN.
Applications of LAN
 One of the computer
in a network can
become a server
serving all the
remaining
computers called clients.
Software can be stored
on the server and it can
be used by the
remaining clients.
 Connecting Locally all
the workstations in a
building to let them
communicate with each
other locally without any
internet access.
 Sharing common
resources like printers
etc are some common
applications of LAN.
Advantages of LAN
 1. Resource Sharing: Computer resources like printers, modems, DVD-ROM drives and
hard disks can be shared with the help of local area networks. This reduces cost and
hardware purchases.

2. Software Applications Sharing: It is cheaper to use same software over network instead
of purchasing separate licensed software for each client a network.

3. Easy and Cheap Communication: Data and messages can easily be transferred over
networked computers.

4. Centralized Data: The data of all network users can be saved on hard disk of the server
computer. This will help users to use any workstation in a network to access their data.
Because data is not stored on workstations locally.

5. Data Security: Since, data is stored on server computer centrally, it will be easy
to manage data at only one place and the data will be more secure too.

6. Internet Sharing: Local Area Network provides the facility to share a single
internet connection among all the LAN users. In Net Cafes, single internet
connection sharing system keeps the internet expenses cheaper.

Disadvantages of LAN
1. Privacy Violations: The LAN administrator has the rights to check personal data files of
each and every LAN user. Moreover he can check the internet history and computer use
history of the LAN user.

2. Data Security Threat: Unauthorized users can access important data of an organization if
centralized data repository is not secured properly by the LAN administrator.

3. LAN Maintenance Job: Local Area Network requires a LAN Administrator because,
there are problems of software installations or hardware failures or cable disturbances in
Local Area Network. A LAN Administrator is needed at this full time job. 

4. Covers Limited Area: Local Area Network covers a small area like one office, one
building or a group of nearby buildings.

5. High Setup Cost: Although the LAN will save cost over time due to shared computer
resources, but the initial setup costs of installing Local Area Networks is high.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A MAN is a high-speed network that connects two or more local networks (LANs) in a
metropolitan area like a city or district.
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large network that connects two or more Local Area
Networks (LANs) within a specific geographical region, such as a city or town. Unlike LANs,
MANs are typically not owned by a single organization. Instead, they are managed by one or
more network service providers who offer networking services to businesses and institutions.

MANs are often used as high-speed networks to enable the efficient sharing of resources across a
region. They also serve as a bridge to connect multiple local networks, allowing them to
communicate and share data over a wider area.

Advantages of Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

1. Wide Coverage
2. High-Speed Connectivity
3. Resource Sharing

Disadvantages of Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

1. High Initial Setup Cost

2. Maintenance Complexity
 3. Potential Downtime

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A network which combines multiple MANs and LANs is known as Wide Area Network; a WAN
network covers wide geographical area typically covering multiple cities, regions, countries, or
even continents.

Advantages of WAN

1. Broad Geographic Coverage: Connects devices across cities, countries, or continents.

2. Centralized Data Access: Enables centralized management and access to data from
remote locations.
3. Improved Communication: Supports email, video conferencing, VoIP, and instant
messaging across long distances.
4. Resource Sharing: Allows sharing of files, applications, and hardware (like printers)
across locations.
5. Business Continuity: Facilitates remote backups and disaster recovery systems.

Disadvantages of WAN

1. High Setup Cost: Requires expensive infrastructure like leased lines, routers, and
switches.
2. Complex Maintenance: Needs skilled IT personnel for troubleshooting and upkeep.
3. Slower Speeds: May experience latency or slower data transfer compared to local
networks.
4. Security Risks: More vulnerable to cyberattacks due to its vast exposure.
5. Dependency on Service Providers: Relies on ISPs or telecom companies for connectivity.

INTRODUCTION TO WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)

The Internet

The Internet is defined as a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
TCP/IP protocol to communicate with each other. It connects millions of computers, devices, and
servers across the world, allowing them to share information, send data, and access various
online services such as websites, emails, videos, and more.

World Wide Web (WWW)

The World Wide Web (WWW), often called the Web, is a system of interconnected webpages
and information that you can access using the Internet. It was created to help people share and
find information easily, using links that connect different pages together. The Web allows us to
browse websites, watch videos, shop online, and connect with others around the world through
our computers and phones.

All public websites or web pages that people may access on their local computers and other
devices through the internet are collectively known as the World Wide Web or W3.

The Web is often confused with the Internet.

The Internet is the physical network, while the Web is a service that runs on it.

History of the World Wide Web (WWW)

The World Wide Web was originally developed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee while he was
working at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research). His main goal was to
create a system that would help researchers share information and collaborate more efficiently.
CERN had a large, international research community made up of over 1,700 scientists from more
than 100 countries. Many of these scientists worked at CERN only for short periods and spent
the rest of their time at universities or research institutes in their home countries. This created a
strong need for a reliable way to exchange data and communicate across distances.

To support the ongoing development and standardization of the Web, an organization called the
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was later established. It is still led by Tim Berners-Lee,
who is often called the “Father of the Web.”

Key Parts of the Web

The World Wide Web (WWW) is made up of several essential components that work together to
allow users to access and share information online.

1. URL (Uniform Resource Locator): This is the address of a webpage, like

[Link] it tells your browser exactly where to find the page.

2. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): This is the set of rules that lets your browser and
the server talk to each other to send and receive webpages.
3. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): This is the code that tells browsers how to display
a webpage, including where to put text, pictures, and links.
Differences between the Internet and the World Wide Web
It’s easy to mix up the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) because they are closely
related, but they are not the same thing.

S/ Internet World Wide Web (WWW)

N
1 The Internet is a global network of The World Wide Web is a service that
interconnected computers. runs on top of the Internet.

2 It includes all services like email, FTP, video It includes only web-based services
calls, etc. like websites, web pages, and links.
3 Created in the late 1960s (ARPANET era). Invented in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee
at CERN.
4 Works through protocols like TCP/IP for data Works using protocols like
transfer. HTTP/HTTPS to access web content.
5 The Internet connects devices The Web connects information.

Challenges of the World Wide Web

While the Web is a powerful tool for learning, communication, and entertainment, it also comes
with some challenges that users should be aware of:
 1. Privacy Concerns: Some websites track your activities, such as your searches or the pages
you visit, and may share your personal data without your permission.

2. Security Risks: Hackers and cybercriminals can use fake links, ads, or websites to spread
viruses or steal personal information like passwords and bank details.

3. Misinformation: Not everything on the Web is accurate. It’s important to verify facts and
use trustworthy sources before believing or sharing information.

4. Online Bullying (Cyberbullying): Some individuals misuse the Web to harass or insult
others, which can cause emotional harm and stress.

5. Excessive Screen Time: Spending too much time online can affect your focus, reduce
physical activity, and interfere with sleep and schoolwork.

6. Limited Access: In many parts of the world, people still lack reliable or fast Internet
connections, which makes it difficult to access online resources and opportunities.

Introduction to Network Security

Network security refers to the protection of a computer network and its data from unauthorized
access, misuse, or cyberattacks. It involves a combination of technologies, policies, and practices
designed to safeguard the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of network resources

Types of network security

1. Firewalls
A firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network
traffic and decides whether to allow or block specific traffic based on a defined set of
security rules.

2. VPN (Virtual Private Network)

A virtual private network encrypts the connection from an endpoint to a network, often
over the internet. Typically, a remote-access VPN uses IPsec or Secure Sockets Layer to
authenticate the communication between device and network

3. Access control
Not every user should have access to your network. To keep out potential attackers, you
need to recognize each user and each device. Then you can enforce your security policies.
You can block noncompliant endpoint devices or give them only limited access. This
process is network access control (NAC).
4. Application security
Any software you use to run your business needs to be protected, whether your IT staff
builds it or whether you buy it. Unfortunately, any application may contain holes, or
vulnerabilities, that attackers can use to infiltrate your network. Application security
encompasses the hardware, software, and processes you use to close those holes.

5. Email Security
Email gateways are the number one threat vector for a security breach. Attackers use
personal information and social engineering tactics to build sophisticated phishing
campaigns to deceive recipients and send them to sites serving up malware. An email
security application blocks incoming attacks and controls outbound messages to prevent
the loss of sensitive data.

6. Anti-virus and anti-malware software

"Malware," short for "malicious software," includes viruses, worms, Trojans,
ransomware, and spyware. Sometimes malware will infect a network but lie dormant for
days or even weeks. The best antimalware programs not only scan for malware upon
entry, but also continuously track files afterward to find anomalies, remove malware, and
fix damage.

7. Cloud security
Cloud security is a broad set of technologies, policies, and applications applied to defend
online IP, services, applications, and other imperative data. It helps you better manage
your security by shielding users against threats anywhere they access the internet and
securing your data and applications in the cloud.
8. Data loss prevention
Organizations must make sure that their staff does not send sensitive information outside
the network. Data loss prevention, or DLP, technologies can stop people from uploading,
forwarding, or even printing critical information in an unsafe manner.