Initial Problems

1. What was the Canal Water Dispute? (4)

After the partition of India in 1947, some important water headworks (dams that control river water) in
Pakistani Punjab were left in Indian Punjab. On Aprll 1, 1948, India stoppe d the water supply from the
serlous water shortage in Pakistan. The problem
badly
Firozpur and Madhupur headworks. This caused a put s
thirty and it million
affected Pakistan's inigation system, which depended on
six rivers and canals ,

of acres of farmland at risk. Soon, both countries started talks to solve this problem. By May 1948, India
allowed some water to flow agaln. The issue was finally settled when both countres signed the Indus
Water Treaty (IWT) In September 1960

2. Describe the problem of the divislon of financial assets. (4)

The British decided to divide financial assets in the ratio of 17 to India and 5 to Pakistan. In June 1947, an
agreement was reached to pay 750 million rupees to Pakistan out of a fotal of 4 billion rupees in the
Reserve Bank Initially, 200 million rupees were paid, but the remaining amount was withheld due to the
outbreak of the first Kashmir war in 1948. Amid concens that Pakistan might use the money for weapons
against India, Gandhi insisted on providing an additional 500 milliomrupees, leaving the remaining 50
million rupees unpaid.

3. Describe the refugee problem. (4)

After partition in 1947,communal riots broke out, especially after the Radcliffe Award. Millions were
left in the "wrong country, forcing about 10 million people (Muslims and non-Muslims) to migrate
across the border. Migrant caravans were attacked, leading to mass killings.
Nearly 1 millon were
killed, and 20 million became homeless. Karachl alone recelved 2 million refugees..

4. Describe the problem of the division of the military assets. (4)

In August 1947, all weapons remained in India. The British later agreed to divide, giving 36% to Pakistan
and 44% to India. Pakistan was sent mostiy old and damaged weapons. Soldiers were allowed to
choose between the two countries: most Muslims Jolned Pakistan, and non-Muslims chose India.
Pakistan got only 2,500 trained Muslim officers instead of the 4,000 It needed.

The division of the armed forces in 1947 created serious problems for Pakistan. The British announced
that the Indian Army would be divided in a 65:35 ratlo, favoring India. Pakistan needed 150,000 soldiers
and 4,000 officers,)but only 2,500 trained Muslim officers were available. To fill the gap, Pakistan had to
give temporary commisslons and hire around 500 British officers, including its first two Army Chiefs.
India also gave Pakistan damaged and useless weapons, including scrap machinery and
unserviceable aircraft. Out of 14 Armour divislons, Pakistan received only 6; out of 40 Artillery divisions,
only 8; and out of 21 Infantry divisions, just 8. Although Pakistan received 60 milllon rupees as its share
from ordnance factories and later built the Ordnance Factory at Wah, the country started its journey
with weak military strength. However, institutions like the Staff College Quetta and Service Corps College
Kakul (later Pakistan Military Academy) became important assets for building the new army.
 2

Q5 How sues
wasPakistanfed was futatan blemsel
wilth a refugee proin ving refuger
tecri
s sess
5. Why faced
in 19477 (n5- b mi na

The refugee crisis of 1947 began when communal

violence broke out in India after the announcement of
Description the 3rd June Plan. Even though both Congress and the
Muslim League appealed for peace, riots spread quickly.
of
Many Muslims wanted to migrate to their new homeland,
Pakistan, but their journeys were extremely dangerous.
Refugee Caravans of familles were attacked by extremist Hindus
and Sikhs, leading to terrible killings. The Radcliffe Award,
Crisis which divided Bengal and Punjab into Indian and
Pakistani provinces, made the situation worse, as many
people suddenly found themselves in the "wrong"
country. Muslims living in parts of
Punjab and nearby provinces were forced
while in non-Muslim princely stat to leave India.
es, local rulers even used their troops to atta
Karachi alone received
about 2 milllon migrants. ck Muslims.

I mpact and
The violence grew so severe that in Sept
ember 1947, martial law had to be imposed
effect of to stop the massacre of Muslims. In resp
onse Muslims in Pakistan also attacked
in Delhi
Partitior.. Sikhs, forcing them to leave. In the end, arou,nd Hindus and
20 millon people were displaced on both
sides of the border, and nearly one millon Hindu
s, Muslims,
and Sikhs were killed. This mass migratio
n created
enormous suffering, as families were torn
apart and millions
were left homeless.

Pakistan, being a new and financlally weak country,

was
not prepared to handle such a huge crisis. The
government
struggled to provide retugees with food, shelter, clothing,
and medical ald, Some refugees ariv
ed with belongings,
but many came empty-handed after fleei
ng violent
attacks. This put enormous pressure
on Pakistan's limited
resources and created long-ter
m challenges for the new
nation,To address this crisis, Quald-e-A
zam set up a Rellef
Fund to help rehabilitate the [Link]
Initiativ goods to support their fellow countrym citiz ens gene rously contributed money and
en. Despite all these efforts, the refu
lasting Impact on Pakistan, highlighting the hum gee problem lefta
an cost of partition and the difficult
stru ggles
fescue the country faced during its earlestyears
. Liauat Nehru Pact
6. How successfully did India and Pakistan hand
le the Kashmir Issue?
ab How succesful was Indiaant patistar
The Kashmir issue began right after the parti in hardleng the Kashmir Issues
tion of 1947 and has remained one of the biggest caus es of
ntru andtension between India and Pakistan. At that time,
the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was ruled
xplonte,by a Hindu ruler, Maharaja Harl Singh, even though the major
people-were Muslims. Because of its strategic ity of its population-about 4 millon
location bordering Tibet, China, Afghanistan, and
ofRussla,
Kashmir
Kashmirwas very important. The Maharaja, instead of joining
either India or Pakistan, tried to
Issueremain independent.
The situation grew worse in September 1947, when attempts were made
to expel Muslims from Kashmir.
As a result, more than 200,000 Muslims fled to Pakistan. Facing
increasing unrest, the Maharaja finally
impac asked India for help. Indian troops entered Kashmir through Gurdaspur, a Muslim-ma
had been given to India under the Radcliffe Award. This land route made India's jority district that
entry into Kashmir
and possible, leading many to believe that the move was part of a pre-planned strategy to bring
Kashmir
develop
ment
under Indian control. At the same time, Quaid-e-Azam ordered Pakistan's army to help Kashmir, but
the
country's first ArmyChief, General Grassey (a British officer), refused to act. Despite this, local Kashmiri
fighters rose up against the Maharaja's rule and succeeded in liberating a large part of Kashmir. This
created a compllcated situation, as one part of Kashmir came under Pakistani control, while the rest
remained under India.
Ye ater
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r
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se S
2 3
en
co ceme
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in the UN, resulting

in a ceasefire and
complaint against Pakistan
u
n

ion with India

rd

In the aftermath, India filed

a
expr esse d diss atis fact
re

n the two nations. Paki stan

the division of Kashmir betwee rendum to
nto

capital, Srinagar. India's promise of a refe

qui
retaining the larger portion, including the remains unfulfilled, adding to the ongoing
d
f

c
determine the wishes of the Kashm
iri people
tensions. The 'Kashmir Issue' continues to be a signif
icant source of contention betweenIndia
a resolution, yet no consensus has
been
and Pakistan, with Pakistan appealing to the UN for
achleved to date.

7. How successful was Jinnah in developing the newly created state of Pakstan? [14]

The early years of Pakistan under Quald-e-Azam Muhammad All Jinnah's leadershlp were filled with
enormous challenges. Following the 3rd 1947 Plan, Jinnah had only a little over two months to
June
prepare for the creation of the world's largest Muslim state. Despite these limitations, he acted swiftly
and decisively. On August 10, 1947, he established the Constituent Assembly and, in his historic August
11 address, emphasized the urgent need for constitution-making. An interim constitution, based on the
Government of India Act 1935, was adopted with necessary amendments. Karachi was chosen as the
capital, the first Civil Secretariat was set up, and Jinnah inaugurated the headquarters of the armed
forces while initiating negotiations with India for military and financial assets. To strengthen defense, the
Pakistan Ordnance Factory (POF) was also established at Wah. Pakistan further marked its place in the
world by joining the United Nations in September 1947, with Jinnah expressing hopes for relations with
India similar to those between the U.S. and Canada.
A unique feature of Jinnah's rule was his retention of executive powers as Governor General.
Although
Pakistan adopted a parliamentary system, Jinnah presided over cabinet meetings and personally took
important decisions, setting a precedent for future heads of state. This concentration of authority partly
reflected the shortage of experienced political leaders, forcing the inclusion of non-political figures in
the cabinet. Unfortunately, the process of constitution-making stalled after
his death, delayed further by
political instability, weak institutions,and the absence of seasoned constitutional experts.
Meanwhile,
Pakistan's relations with India grew tense, especially after the
outbreak of the Kashmir War in 1948,
which shattered Jinnah's dream of peaceful coexistence.
Economically, Jinnah worked hard to lay a solid foundation for Pakistan's
future. The State Bank of
Pakistan was inaugurated in July 1948, allowing the
introduction of Pakistan's own currency. The first
national budget (1948 49) was presented, reflecting relati
ve economic stability despite shortages.
Jinnah also announced Pakistan's First Industrial Policy,
but significant industrial development would
only take place in the 1960s. Pakistan faced immediate
financial hurdles when, out of 750 milllon
rupees due, India withheld 50 milllon rupees, deepe
ning the young nation's struggles. Despite these
problems, Jinnah encouraged economic planning to ensure Pakist
an could stand on its own feet.
Another remarkable aspect of Jinnah's leadership was
his vislon of unity and tolerance. He consistently
opposed religlous Intolerance, provinclalism, and raciallsm,
urging all citizens to think, act, and feel as
Pakistanis above all else. To safeguard the rights of
minorities, he even adopted the title of "Protector-
General of Minoritles" and included a Hindu minister in his cabine
t. He also emphasized that Islamic
principles of justice and equality demanded fair treatment
for non-Muslims who had chosen to stay in
Pakistan. This reflected his deep commitment to
building a tolerant and inclusive state.
Jinnah also worked tirelessly to address the refugee
crisis, which was one of the biggest challenges
facing Pakistan after partition. Millions of Muslims had migrated under violent
circumstances, and
Pakistan lacked the resources to provide adequate food, shelter, and
healthc
are. Jinnah personally
supervised refugee rehabilitation, even shifting his headquarters to Lahore temporarily.
He created a
Rellef Fund to assist refugees, and ordinary citizens generously contributed. Yet, despite his efforts, the
crisis continued to burden Pakistan for years. At the same time, disputes with India over canal waters
and the accession of princely states like Hyderabad, Junagadh, and especially Kashmir, created
constant political pressure and even led to open conflict.
In conclusion, Jinnah's leadership in Pakistan's formative years combined remarkable achievements
with immense challenges. He built the foundations of state institutions, promoted unity and tolerance,
and laid the groundwork for economic stability. However, the unresolved issues of Kashmir, the refugee
crisis, and the vast geographical distance between East and West Pakistan remained long-term
challenges. While Jinnah's determination and vision carried Pakistan through its fragile beginnings,
internal divisions-continued to
many of the difficulties he faced-especially strained ties with India and
shape Pakistan's destiny long after his passing.
 4
g
fu
re
e
8. Why was the divislon of the armed forces and milltary assets a problem for Pakistan In 1947? T
h
n
y
a s
m efu
The division of the armed forces and milifary assets in 1947 posed significant challenges for Pakistan, r a
P
primarily due to the communal imbalance and the inadequacy of Muslim officers. The announcement
on July 1, 1947, stated that the British Indian Armywould be divided, with a ratio of 65 to 35 in India's favor.

This raised concems about maintaining a communal balance within the army.

GeneralAuchinleck, appointed as the Field Marshal of the joint army,oversaw the distribution of
military assets. However, Pakistan faced an immediate requirement for an army of 150,000 soldiers
and
4000 officers, while only 2,500 Muslim officers were available. To address
the shortfall, temporary
commissions and the recruitment of 500 British officers, including the first two Chief
of Army Staff of the
Pakistan Army, became necessary.

India's role in the division further complicated matters

for Pakistan. The military assetsreceived by Pakistan
were far from satisfactory, consisting
of scrap, out-of- order machines, broken weapons,
unserviceable artillery and aircraft. India's actio and
ns in the distribution process created addit
challenges, leaving Pakistan with substand ional
ard equipmen t. Despite
the difficulties, a financial
settlement was eventually reache
d, with Pakistan being granted 60 million
ordnance factories. Subseque
ntly, an ordinance factory was est hupees for its share in the
ablshed at Wah.
The consequences of the division were evident
received six Armour division in the military capabilities of
s compared to India's fourte both nations. Pakistan
Infantry divisions to India's twe en, eight Artillery divisions to
nty-on India's forty, and eight
strategic institutions such as the e. However, it is important to nate that Pakistan gained con
Staff College in Quetta an trol of
later evolved into the Pak d the Service Corps Col
istan Military Academ lege at Kakul, which
[Link] challenges faced
armed forces played
a crucial role in
shaping the early military lan during the division of the
dscape of Pakistan.
9. Formation of a govern
ment was the most Important
Pakistan in [Link] you agr challenge faced by the new
Learn and Write:
ee? Explain. (14) 16-19 minutes ly created state of

nplistic The creation of Pakistan in 1947 wa

challenges right s a his ic achievem
governmenttor
-sunmasıze
from its birth. The ent, but the new nation
Minister Liaqat Ali Khan , led by Quaid- e- fa
Azam Muhammad Ali Jin ce d im mense
atemeat instability, refugee , had to deal with cri nah and Prime
tical issues such as ge
military, Weaknesses, and pol
crises, og raphic
al difficulties, economic
overcome some
of these early proble itical disorganization. Whil
ms, many remained e Pakistan managed to
country in the long run. unresolved and cont
inued to affect the

One of the biggest. challenges was geographical

wings-East and West Pakist divislon. Pakistan was cre
ated with two separate
an—separat ed by 1,600 kilometers of Ind
made govemance ext ian ter rit ory. This vast distance
rem
inefficient, which caused ely difficult. Communication and transport betwee
administrative problems. Th n the two wings were
Bengalis in the east and e cultural and linguisti
c differences between
Punjabis, Sindhis, Balochs,
Despite the government's and Pakhtuns in the we
efforts, this geographic st further deepened divi
led to the break-up of al sep sions.
Pakistan in 1971. ara tio n remained a major iss
ue and ultimately

Another major issue was the

Canal Water Dispute. The bou
awarded Ferozepur and Mad ndary commission, led by Sir
hupur headworks to India, Cyril Radcliffe,
even though they sup
Punjab region. In April 1948, plied water to Pakistan's
India stopped the water sup
ply, lea
Pakistan's main source of liveliho ding to a severe crisis for Pakistani
farmers. Agriculture, which was
an agreement was signed od, was severely affected. In May
between India and Pakistan for 1948,
to buy water at high cos a temporary water
ts. The problem was finally supply, but Pakistan had
brokered by the World Bank. How resolved in 1960 with the Ind
ever, for over a decade, Paki
us Waters Treaty,
stan suffered from water shortages due
to this issue. Under Ayub Khat's GGo rerment with the help of world bank,
Pakistan built 3 dans
 deathtoll: 4 million
5

The retugee crisls was another urgent problem. Around 10 nillian Muslims migrated to Pakistan, whilo
many Hindus and Sikhs left for India. This mass migration resutted in Wdespread violence. Trains carrying
refugeeswere attacked, and thousands of people were kilted in rlots. Nearty 20 milion people arived in
Pakistan without food, shelter, or [Link] gavernment had imiled resources to accommodate them.
To address this crisls, Jinnah established the Cenfraf Refugee Counciland launched rellef funds. The
United Natilons (UN) also stepped in to help with rehabilifatlon efforts. Although Pakistan managed to
settle many refugees over time, the problem of land distribution and lack of ermployment continued for
several years. Peal It wasn't solved untit the time of Ayuh, it was serer al
Azan rehat,lletaded algusd/ 75.000 refuge
The accession of princely states also created poltical [Link] to the partition plan, princely
states were free to join either India or Pokistan. However, India forcibly annexed Hyderabad and
Junagadh, despite their ulers wanting to join Pokistan, The most serlous issue was Kashmir, a Muslim
majorily state mled by a Hindu Maharaja. When Kashmirl Musims revolted against the Maharaja's rule,
he sought India's help and signed the Instrument of Accession, allowing Indian troops to enter Kashmit.
This led to the First Indo-Pak War (1947-48). A ceasefre was reached with the help of the UN, resulting in
the divislon of Kashmir between Pakistan and [Link], Ihe Kashmir issue remained unresolved
and continues to be a major point of conflict between the two nations.

Pakistan also faced sertous economic [Link] newcountry inherited a weak economic structure,
as most industries and financial institutions were in India. Jute exports were Pakistan's main source of
income, but the jute mills were located in India. Additionally, financial assets were unfairty divided. Out
of 750 millon owed to Pakistan, India intially gave only 200 milon. Later, due to Mahatma Gandhi'sIn
insistence, another 500 millon was transferred, but the remaining 50 millon was never paid.
response to these financial challenges, Jinnah established the State Bank of Pakistan July 1, 1948.
on
and introduced the Industrial Pollcy Siatement to promote industrial development. These efforts helped
stabilize Pakistan's economy, but Industrial growth remained slow for many years.

The military situation was another area where Pakistan was at a disadvantage. The army was divided
along religious lines, and Pakistan inherited far fewer resources. Pakistan needed 4,000 officers, but only
2,500 Muslim officers were available. Moreover, out of 16 ordnance factorles, allwere located in India,
leaving Pakistan with outdated and wom-out military supplies. To address this issue, Jinnah appointed
500 British officers, including General Douglas Gracey as Commander-in-Chief. Addlitionally, *60 millilon
was used to build the Pakistan Ordnance Factory (POF) at Wah to manufacture arms locally. These
steps helped strengthen Pakistan's military, but it remained weaker than India's for years.

Social problems also posed a challenge. Pakistan was made up of diverse ethnic groups, including
Punjabis, Sindhis, Balochs, Pakhtuns, and Bengalls. These groups had distinct cultures and languages,
making it difficult to establish national unity. Additionally, the literacy rate was only 16%, making
education a major concem. Jinnah worked to promote national integration by encouraging people to
see themselves as Pakistanis rather than members of different ethnic groups. He also declared himself
Protector General of Minoritles, ensuring religious freedom for non-Muslims. However, ethnic and
linguistic divisions remained a long-term challenge.

Politically, Pakistan faced severe difficulties in establishing a functioning government. Unlike India,which
inherited strong institutions, Pakistan had no major government buildings or trained officials. The country
lacked experienced politicians, and government affairs were managed in temporary offices set up in
military barracks. Jinnah took on multiple responsibilities, serving as Governor-General, President of the
Constituent Assembly, and Chair of Cabinet Meetings. Despite his efforts, the government remained
weak, and political instability worsened after his death in 1948.

Reinstde The govermment of Pakistan faced enormous difficulties in the first year of its existence. Jinnah and his
the administration made great efforts to overcome these problems, and they succeeded in some areas,
such as establishing a banking system, and organizing a government. However,
refugee rehabilitation,
Point eredmany problems, including the Kashmir dispute,economic instability, and political weakness, remained
unresolved and continued to affect Pakistan for decades. While the government managed to lay the
reason foundation for a new state, Pakistan's early struggles highlight the immense challenges faced by a
in your country born out of partition.
Condlusion
use a better canective Suchro

I an of the vien, colap

to conclude ete...
 6

Figure 1 In this September 1947

photo, Muslim refugees clamber aboa
attempt to flee India. rd an overcrowded train near New Delhi
in an

N
A
S
U
 LONLY OPE
.NOTHNG BOES
WRONG MADAM

AN
JINH

THE LAST MAHARAJA

of Jammu and Kashmir,HariSingh
discussions with Sheikh Abdullah (second (second from left),holds
from right), thefuture prime minister of
as Baldev Singh (left) and Jawah theprin
arlal Nehru, the first defense minister andprime cely state, as well
minister of India,
respectively. On 26 October 1947, the ruler signed the Instrument
ofAccession.
PAKIST
AN
INDIA