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Pilot Training school.

 PTS/PL012
INSTRUMENTATION

PTS/PL012
 MODULE-I

BASIC AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENT.

Attitude Indicator

Ve
rtic
al
Sp
eed
Ind
ica
tor.

Speed Indicator

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PTS/PL012
Digital Instruments

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PTS/PL012
 Man-Machine Closed-loop system

Controller/monitor controlled

aircraft
Pilot

Inst

Feedback

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PTS/PL012
Objectives
At the end of this course you will be able to:
ü
ü classify a/c instruments into different groups
based up on their purpose
ü
ü list the four common elements and explain
their function
 Cont’d
•
ü explain the use of colors in a/c instruments
ü distinguish warning alerts from caution
alerts
ü classify instruments based up on their
principle of operation
ü explain the pitot static system in a/c
instruments
ü Identify an alternate static pressure source
and the associated errors when used.
ü list items to be checked by you before flight
•
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 Cont’d
ü List and differentiate different types of altitudes and
types of airspeed.
ü Identify the effect of non standard conditions up on the
reading of pressure operated instruments.
ü Identify and compare the power sources for a gyro.
ü Read the different a/c instruments mentioned above.

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Principles of operation
• Explain principle of operation of
v Pressure operated Instruments
• Altimeter
• Airspeed indicator
• Vertical speed indicator
v Gyroscopic instruments
• Attitude indicator
• Heading indicator
• Turn and slip indicator
v Magnetic compass

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 Enable the pilot
Advantages
ü oftoa/c
operate the airplane
instruments more
precisely
ü
ü Enable the pilot to obtain maximum performance
and enhanced safety.

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PTS/PL012
 Cont’d
• Understanding the basic instruments of flight
enables the pilot to maintain
ü Straight and level flight,
ü Fly on a determined course,
ü Maintain a safe distance above the ground and
ü Navigate on the aerial highway system.

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v
vFlight and navigational instrument.
vPower plant instrument.
vAuxiliary instrument.

Principal Categories of A/C instruments

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PTS/PL012
Principal Categories of A/C ins… Cont’d
ü Flight instruments are the instruments in the cockpit
of an aircraft that provide the pilot with information
about the flight situation of that aircraft, such as height
speed and attitude.
ü The flight instruments are of particular use in conditions
of poor visibility, such as in cloud, when such
information is not available from visual reference
outside the aircraft.
ü Flight and navigational instruments.
ü Allow pilot to visualize the attitude and location of the
a/c
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• For all Airplanes:-
Powerplant Instruments.
1. A Fuel quantity indicator for each fuel tank.
2. An Oil pressure indicator.
3. An Oil Temperature Indicator.
4. An Oil quantity Indicator.
5. A Fire warning means for each Engine must be
included.

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 Provide theinstruments.
•Auxiliary pilot with an information about
§ The status of the a/c subsystems
• E.g. Hydraulic, pneumatic systems
§ The position of the relevant various components
• E.g.. Landing gear, flaps

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• Definition:-
Units for pressure, sensor types,
•Pressure:-Pressure means how much force something
measurements
is pushing on something else with.. It is expressed as
force acting per unit area: P = F / A.
• ‘Absolute pressure’:- a unit of force per unit of
absolute
• pressure area without comparison to other pressure.
• Differential pressure’. Differential pressure is the
difference in pressure between two separate points
units
• used for pressure measurement
ü Pascal;
ü bar;
ü inches of mercury (in Hg);
ü pounds per square inch (psi).
 1. Detecting
Elements ofelement
an a/c instrument.
2. Measuring element
3. Connecting element
4. Indicating element

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ü Data in an a/cDisplay.
Instrument instrument may be displayed
quantitatively or qualitatively.(Digital or
Analog.)
ü Quantitative display
ü Gives an accurate indication of measured quantity
ü In terms of numerical value
ü

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Types of Displays Cont’d.
Qualitative display

ü Allows the pilot acquire data with a minimum effort

In pictorial format.

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 Color coded
•Colors markings
in a/c enables the
instruments pilot to determine at
a glance certain airspeed limitations, Engine oil Temp.
and Pressure which are important to safe operation of
the aircraft.

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Green color
Colors normal
in a/c operating range
instruments
Yellow color caution range.
Red color operating limit.

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ü Indicate the
Warning need for immediate corrective
alerts.
action from the pilot
ü A red light, sometimes flashing, and an associated
acoustic signals.

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ü Indicate alerts
Caution the need for timely corrective actions
ü Cautions are indicated by an amber (yellow) light.
ü Both the warning and caution lights are always
located in the instrument panel at eye
elevation.

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