COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS AND ARCHITECTURE
EU 2 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2
MODULE 2: PLUMBING DESIGN
UNIT 2: OBJECTIVES OF PLUMBING
Prepared by:
CE Faculty
UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES
In this unit, here are the following desired learning outcomes:
✘ Understand the concepts surrounding plumbing systems design
✘ Determine the objectives of plumbing for water supply and waste
disposal
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OBJECTIVES OF PLUMBING
Plumbing has two main objectives:
1. To supply clean water to all parts
of the building
2. To remove and discharge human
wastes and other waste
substances out of the building to
the septic tank or the public sewer
line.
3
WATER SUPPLY
An effective water supply for a building
should meet this conditions:
1. To provide enough water to supply
each fixtures
2. To prevent backflow of used water
into the water supply system
4
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
An effective drainage system should
meet this conditions:
1. Fast removal of the waste with a
minimum probability of leakage
and stoppage of drains
2. To prevent the entry of house
vermin and obnoxious gases into
the house from the piping system
5
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Waste is classified into two types:
1. Solid Waste that is being discharged by the water closet -
these are conveyed and disposed by soil pipes
2. Liquid Waste that are coming from various fixtures -
these are conveyed and disposed by waste pipes
6
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The drainage installation sometimes referred to as DWV:
D – for drainage of solid waste
W – for waste coming from various fixtures other than water closet
V – the ventilation of the piping system
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MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR A DRAINAGE SYSTEM
“All drainage system must conform with a set of
requirements enumerated as follows”:
1. That, all pipe joints must be well fitted tightly 4. The drainage system must be provided with
connected with each other to prevent leakage ventilation pipe that will convey gasses into
of gas and liquid. the atmosphere where it can do no harm to
human health.
2. That, the drainage pipe should be graded or
inclined properly for a downward gravity flow 5. That, except for the water closet, each fixture
of water towards the main sewer line or to the shall be provided with suitable trap that will
septic tank. prevent back flow of gases.
3. That, the drainage pipe should be provided 6. That, the drainage system must be vented, to
with adequate cleanout, accessible for repair avoid siphonage or back flow of the water seal.
in case of stoppage.
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PLUMBING DESIGN IS UNLIMITED
The design and layout of a plumbing system is governed by a set of
rules promulgated by the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines.
The Code however, does not impose a fixed standard design of the
plumbing layout, more particularly, the placing and location of the
plumbing fixtures. And to think of the unlimited design of these
fixtures, goes with it the different types of plumbing system design
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Air gap is the unobstructed vertical
distance through the free atmosphere
between the lowest opening from any pipe
or faucet supplying water to a tank,
plumbing fixture, or other device and the
flood level rim of the receptacle.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Back flow is the flow of water, or other liquid
mixture or substances into the distributing
pipes of a potable supply of water from any
source, other than its intended purpose.
Backflow is normally caused by a drop in
supply pressure, creating a negative
pressure in the water supply system.
Watch this:
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Back siphonage refers to the back flow of
contaminated or polluted water from a
plumbing fixture or vessel into a water
supply pipe due to a negative pressure in
such pipe
Watch this:
[Link]
Read this
[Link]
w-and-back-siphonage/
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Back siphonage
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Battery of Fixtures refers to any group of
two or more similar adjacent fixtures which
discharges into a common horizontal waste
pipe or soil branch.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Bib is synonymous to faucet, cock, tap, plug,
etc.
The word faucet is preferred.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Blind flange is a flange that close the end of
the pipe. There is no opening in the passage
of water.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Blow off is a controlled outlet on a pipeline
used to discharge water.
Image Source: [Link]
flushes-dead-end-water-mains
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Branch is any part of the plumbing
system other than the main riser
or stack.
Branch interval is the length of a
soil or waste stack corresponding
in general to a storey height, but in
no case less than 2.40 meters
within which the horizontal
branches from one floor of a
Image Source:
building are connected to the [Link]
content/uploads/2012/08/plum
stack. [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Branch vent is a vent connecting
one or more individual vents with a
vent stack or stack vent.
Image Source:
[Link]
content/uploads/2012/08/plum
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Caulking is plugging an opening with oakum, lead, or other
materials, that are pounded into the place or opening.
Image Source: Image Source: Image Source:
[Link] [Link] [Link]
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[Link]/aid3056249-v4-728px-Repair-Lead-Joint-Hub- [Link]/aid3056249-v4-728px-Repair-Lead-Joint-Hub-
[Link] [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Caulking is plugging an opening with oakum, lead, or other
materials, that are pounded into the place or opening.
PTFE
(Polytetrafluoroethylene)
thread seal tape or
Teflon tape
Image Source: Image Source: Image Source:
[Link] [Link] [Link]
tQAAAA?w=150&h=150&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7 9iTHI2-auaoacwHaG3?pid=Api&rs=1 tools-every-homeowner-should-
have-on-hand/
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Circuit vent is a branch vent that serves
two or more traps and extends from the
front of the last fixture connection of a
horizontal branch to the vent stack.
Image Source: [Link]
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Continuous vent is a
vertical vent that is a
continuation of the drain to
which the vent connects.
Image Source:
[Link]
improvement/construction/plumbing/Element
s-of-Plumbing/[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Combination fixture is a
one sink and a tray or two
or three compartment sink
or tray in one vent.
Image Source:
[Link]
s/Figure-8-20-Two-Fixture-Units-Sharing-A-
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Combination waste and vent
system is a specially designed
system of waste piping
embodying the horizontal wet
venting of one or more sinks
or floor drains by means of a
common waste and vent pipe
adequately sized to provide
free movement of air above
the flow line of the drain. Image Source:
[Link]
s/Figure-8-20-Two-Fixture-Units-Sharing-A-
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Common vent is a drain from
two fixtures. It is also called a
dual vent.
Image Source:
[Link]
s/Figure-8-20-Two-Fixture-Units-Sharing-A-
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Cross connection is any physical
connection between two otherwise
separate piping system, one
contains potable water, and the
other from unknown or unsafe,
whereby water may flow from one
system to the other depending on
the pressure levels of both systems.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Dead end is the extended portion of
a pipe that is a closed at one end
permitting the stagnation of water
or air therein.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Developed length is the length along the
center of the pipe and fitting.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Diameter of a pipe or tube refers to the
nominal internal diameter (ID) of such
pipe, except brass and copper where the
term refers to the outside diameter (OD)
of the pipe.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Drainage system includes, all piping or
private premises that conveys sewage,
rainwater, or other liquid waste, to a legal
point of disposal. It does not include the
mains of the public sewer system private
or public sewerage treatment or disposal
plant.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Dry vent is a vent that does not carry
water or water borne wastes.
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[Link]
ndwork/page_005.htm
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Effective opening is the minimum
cross-sectional area at the point of
water supply discharge, measured or
expressed in terms of the diameter of
a circle that is equivalent to the
cross-sectional area (this is
applicable to the air gap).
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Existing work shall apply to that
portion of the plumbing system that
has been installed and approved prior
to the contemplated addition,
alteration, or correction.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Fixture branch is a pipe connecting
several fixtures.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Fixture drain is the drain from the
trap of a fixture to the junction of
that drain with any other drain-pipe.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Fixture supply is a water supply pipe
connecting the fixture with the fixture
branch.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Fixture units is a quantity in terms of
which the load producing effects on
the plumbing system of different
kinds of plumbing fixtures are
expressed on some arbitrary scale.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Fixture unit flow rate is the total
discharge flow in gallons per minute
of a simple fixture divided by 7.5
gallons that provides the flow rate of
that plumbing fixture as a unit of flow.
Fixtures are rated as multiple of this
unit of flow.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Flood level is a device located inside
the tank of the water closet for the
purpose of maintaining water level for
effective flushing.
Image Source: [Link] and
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Ferrule is a metallic sleeve called or
otherwise joined to an opening in pipe
into which a plug is screwed that can
be removed for the purpose of
cleaning or examining the interior of
the pipe.
Image Source: [Link]
Fittings_60070089473.html and [Link]
valve.153743/
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Flush valve is a
device located
at the bottom
of the tank for
flushing water
closets and
similar fixtures.
Image Source:
[Link]
com/threads/replaced-
flush-valve-gasket-still-
leaking.552785/ and
[Link]
plumber-
[Link]/blog/toilet-
leaks-main-cause-high-
water-bills/
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Flushometer valve is a device which
discharges a pre-determined
quantity of water to the fixture for
flushing purposes activated by direct
water pressure.
Image Source: [Link]
Chrome-066173/206050623 and [Link]
cause-high-water-bills/
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Grade is the slope or fall
of pipe in reference to a
fraction of an inch per
foot length of pipe.
Image Source:
[Link]
lumbing_Vent_Noise.php?no_redirect=
true
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Group vent is a drain from
two fixtures. It is also called a
dual vent.
Image Source:
[Link]
ndwork/page_005.htm
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Horizontal pipe is a pipe
or fitting that makes an
angle of more than 45°
with the vertical.
Image Source:
[Link]
lumbing_Vent_Noise.php?no_redirect=
true
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Invert is the lowest
potion of the inside of
any pipe or conduit that
is not vertical.
Image Source:
[Link]
estions/382388/pipe-invert-and-
obvert-why-is-it-called-invert
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Liquid waste is the
discharge from any
fixture, appliance, or
appurtenances in
connection with a
plumbing system which
does not receive fecal
matter. Image Source:
[Link]
lavatories-and-faucets-waza-noir-
from-toto/
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Local vent pipe is a pipe on the
fixture side of the trap through
which vapor or foul air is
removed from a room or a
fixture.
Image Source:
[Link]
improvement/construction/plumbing/
Standard-Practical/Chapter-XVI-
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Looped vent is the same with a circuit
vent except that it loops back and
connects with a stack vent instead of
a vent stack.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Lateral – in plumbing, it
is a secondary pipe. In
sewage, it is a common
sewer to which no other
common sewer is
tributary. It receives
sewage only from one
building.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Main – the main of any system of
continuous piping is the principal
artery of the system to which
branches may be connected.
Image Source:
[Link]
content/uploads/2012/08/plum
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Main sewer is a sewer
line or system directly
controlled by public
authority.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Main vent is the principal artery of
the venting system to which vent
branches may be connected.
Image Source:
[Link]
content/uploads/2012/08/plum
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Plumbing fixtures are installed
receptacles, devices, or appliances
which are supplied with water, or
which receives, or discharges liquid or
liquid borne waste, with or without
discharge to the drainage system
which maybe directly or indirectly
connected.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Plumbing system includes the
water supply distribution pipes;
plumbing fixtures and traps; soil,
waste, and vent pipes; house drain
and house sewers including their
respective connections, devices,
and appurtenances within the
property lines of premises; and
water treating or water using
equipment. Image Source:
[Link]
content/uploads/2012/08/plum
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Relief vent has a primary
function of providing
circulation of air between
drainage and vent systems.
Image Source:
[Link]
[Link]/2016/04/automatic
-venting-great-device-or-
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Re-vent (sometimes called individual vent)
is that part of the vent pipeline which
connects directly with an individual waste
or group of wastes, underneath or back of
the fixture, and extend either to the main
branch or branch vent pipe.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Riser is a water supply pipe which extend
vertically one full storey or more to convey
water to branches or fixtures.
Rough-in is the installation of all parts of
the plumbing system which can be
completed prior to the installation of
fixtures. This include drainage, water supply,
vent piping, and the necessary fixture
supports.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Return bend is a type of pipe fitting that
changes the direction of passing fluid by
180 degrees. It is u-shaped and made up of
two L-bends. The fitting can be mold or cast
as per the requirements of the existing
pipe.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Public sewer is a
common sewer line
directly controlled by
public authorities
where all abutters have
equal rights.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Sanitary sewage is
sewage containing
human excrement and
liquid household waste.
It is also called
domestic sewage.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Sanitary sewer is sewer intended to
receive sanitary sewage with or
without industrial wastes and without
the admixture of storm water, surface
water, or drainage.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Secondary branch is any branch in the
building drain other than the primary
branch.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Sewerage or sewage work is a
comprehensive term including all
construction or collection,
transportation, pumping, treatment,
and final disposition of sewage.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Siamese connection is a Y connection
used on fire lines so that two lines of
hose maybe connected to a hydrant
or to the same nozzle.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Standpipe is a vertical pipe usually
used for storage of water, frequently
under pressure.
Image Source: [Link]
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Side vent is a vent connecting to the
drainpipe through a fitting at an angle
not greater than 45° or to the vertical.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Soil pipe is any pipe that conveys the
discharge of water closets or fixture
having similar functions ,with or
without the discharge from other
fixtures, to the building drains (house
drains) or building sewer (house
sewer).
Image Source:
[Link]
ndwork/page_005.htm
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Stack is a vertical main of a
system of soil, waste, or vent pipe.
Image Source:
[Link]
content/uploads/2012/08/plum
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Stack group is the term
applied to the location of
the fixtures in relation to
the stack so that by means
of proper fittings, vents
may be reduced to a
minimum.
Image Source:
[Link]
s/Figure-8-20-Two-Fixture-Units-Sharing-A-
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Stack vent is the extension of a soil
or waste stack above the highest
horizontal drain connected to the
stack. It is sometimes called waste
vent or soil vent.
Stack venting is a method of venting
a fixture or fixtures through the soil
or waste stack.
Image Source:
[Link]
ndwork/page_005.htm
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Subsoil drain are underground
drainpipes that receive sub-surface
or seepage water only and convey it
to a place of disposal.
Image Source:
[Link]
0_groundwork/page_002.htm
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Sump is a pit or receptacle at a low
point to which the liquid waste are
drained.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Trap is a fitting or device so designed
as to provide when properly vented a
liquid seal that will prevent back
passage of air without materially
affecting the flow of sewage through it.
Trap seal is the maximum vertical
depth of liquid that the trap will retain,
measured between the crown weir and
the top of the dip of the trap.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Vent stack is a vertical pipe
installed primarily for the purpose
of providing circulation of air to
different parts of the drainage
system.
Vent system is a pipe or pipes
installed to provide flow or
circulation of air within the
plumbing system to protect trap
Image Source:
seals siphoning and back pressure. [Link]
content/uploads/2012/08/plum
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Vertical pipe is pipe installed
in a vertical position or at an
angle of not more than 45°
with the vertical.
Image Source:
[Link]
ndwork/page_005.htm
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Waste pipe is a pipe that conveys
liquid waste from fixtures that is
free of fecal matter.
Image Source:
[Link]
content/uploads/2012/08/plum
[Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Water distributing pipe is a pipe that
conveys water from the water service pipe
to the plumbing fixtures and other water
outlets.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Water service pipe is a pipe that conveys
water from the water main or other
source of water supply to the building
served.
Water supply system consists of the
water service pipe, the water distributing
pipes, and the necessary connecting
pipes, fittings, control valves, and all
appurtenance in or adjacent to the
building or premises.
Image Source: [Link]
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Wet vent is a vent that receives
the discharge from wastes other
than the water closet.
Image Source:
[Link]
content/uploads/2012/08/plum
[Link]
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Let’s review some concepts
“Plumbing is defined as the art
and science of installing pipes,
fixtures, and other apparatus
for water supply and waste
disposal of buildings in a safe,
orderly, and sanitary way to
ensure the health and
sanitation of life and property.”
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thanks!
Any questions?
jpgaridan@[Link]
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Credits
Special thanks to all the people who made and released these
awesome resources for free:
✘ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival
✘ Photograph by Pixabay
✘ MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS in Architecture,
Engineering, and Construction by Wujek and Dagustino
✘ Plumbing Design and Estimate by Max Fajardo
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