chapter-3
Wall
wall:- may be constructed of bricks or stones or composite materials. Depending upon the material and function
served by the walls, they are classified into various categories.
IMPORTANCE OR PURPOSES OF WALLS
I. These are used to divide the available space of the building according to the requirement.
II. These afford security from bad elements of the society.
III. These provide privacy to the user of building.
IV. These provide support to floors, roofs etc.
V. These give protection against heat, cold, sun and rain etc.
VI. These provide protection from dust, storms etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF WALLS:- 1. Load bearing walls
2. Non-load bearing walls , 3. Retaining walls and Breast walls.
1. Load Bearing Walls:- The walls built on a continuous foundation and which support the entire load including
their own load are referred as load bearing walls.
Load bearing walls may be further classified as:-
I. Solid masonry wall , II. Cavity wall
III. Faced wall , IV. Veneered wall
I. Solid masonry wall:- These wall are constructed of individual blocks of material e.g. bricks, clay, concrete blocks
or stone.
II. Cavity wall:- It is built of two leaves. Each leaf being built as a single structural units.
III. Faced wall:- The wall in which facing and backing are constructed of two different materials is referred as faced
wall.
IV. Veneered wall:- It is the wall in which facing is attached to the backing but not bonded as in case of faced wall.
2. Non-Load Bearing Walls:- The walls which simply serve as screen for privacy and does not take any load except
their own are called non load bearing walls.
3. Retaining Walls and Breast Walls:- A wall of increasing thickness constructed for the purposes of retaining soil
or water to one side is referred as a retaining wall.
CLASSIFICATION OF WALLS AS PER MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION:-
I. Brick walls , II. Stone walls , III. Reinforced brick walls
IV. Reinforced concrete walls , V. Pre-cast hollow concrete block walls
VI. Pre-cast solid concrete block walls , VII. Composite masonry walls
I. Brick Walls:- Walls constructed of bricks are called brick walls or brick masonry walls.
II. Stone Walls:- Walls constructed of stones are called stone walls or stone masonry walls.
III. Reinforced Brick Walls:- The walls constructed of reinforced brick masonry are called Reinforced Brick wall.
IV. Reinforced Concrete Walls:- Walls constructed of reinforced concrete are called reinforced concrete walls.
V. Precast Hollow Concrete Block Walls:- The wall constructed of precast hollow concrete blocks are called
precast hollow concrete block walls. (fig.3.4)
VI. Pre-cast Solid Concrete Block Walls:- Walls constructed of pre-cast solid concrete blocks are referred as pre-
cast solid concrete block walls.
VII. Composite Masonry Walls:- The wall having their facing and backing constructed of different materials are
called composite masonry walls.
PARTITION WALLS:- A partition wall may be defined as a wall built of brick, studding, glass or other such
material provided for the purpose of dividing one room or portion of a room from another.
Requirements of a Good Partition Wall:-
I. It should be cheap.
II. It should be light in weight.
III. Construction of partition wall should be easy.
IV. It should be fire resistant.
V. The section of wall should be thin.
Types of Partition Walls:-
1. Brick partitions , 2. Hollow block partitions (clay, terra-cotta or concrete)
3. Glass partitions , 4. Concrete partitions (plain or reinforced)
5. Metal lath and Plaster partitions , 6. A. C. sheet or G. I. sheet partitions
7. Timber partitions
1. Brick Partitions:- The partition walls constructed of brick masonry, plain of reinforced, are called brick partition.
there are three types:-
I. Plain brick partition:- This type of wall is constructed by laying bricks as stretchers in cement mortar.
II. Reinforced brick partition wall:- This type of wall is similar to plain brick partition wall except that at every
fourth or fifth course the bricks are reinforced with iron straps.
III. Brick nogging type of partition wall:- It consists of brick work built within a framework of wooden members.
MORTAR:- Mortar is a plastic mixture of binding material (like cement, lime, mud etc.), fine aggregates (like
surkhi, sand etc.), and water.
In general, mortars are classified as follows:-
1. Cement mortar , 2. Lime mortar
3. Lime-cement mortar , 4. Special mortars.
1. Cement Mortar:- The paste prepared by mixing cement and sand in suitable proportions in addition to water is
known as Cement Mortar.
Preparation of Cement Mortar:-
I. Hand mixing:- First, clean dry sand is spread in a uniform layer on a pucca platform. On it the requisite quantity of
cement is uniformly spread.
II. Machine mixing: When mortar is required in large quantity, it is prepared by mixing in mechanical mixers.
Normally, a pan mixer is used for mixing the mortar.
SCAFFOLDING:- When the height above floor level exceeds about 150 cm, a temporary structure, usually of
timber, is erected close This temporary framework is known as a scaffolding or simply a scaffold and it is useful in
construction, demolition, maintenance or repair works.
Component of a Scaffolding:-
I. Standards:- These are the vertical members.
II. Ledgers:- These are the horizontal members parallel to the wall.
III. Putlogs:- These are the transverse pieces which are placed on the ledgers and which are supported on the wall at
one end. They are at right angles to the wall.
IV. Transoms:- These are putlogs, but their both ends are supported on ledgers.
V.. Bridle:- This is a piece which is used to bridge an opening in a wall and it supports one end of the putlog at the
opening.
VI. Braces:- These are diagonal or cross pieces fixed on the standards.
VII. Toe board:- This is a board placed parallel to ledgers and supported between the putlogs.
VIII. Guard rail:- This is a rail provided like a ledger at the working level.
IX. Raker:- This is an inclined support.
Types of Scaffolding:-
I. Single or bricklayer's , II. Double or mason's
III. Cantilever or needle , IV. Suspended
V. Trestle , VI. Steel
VII. Patented , VIII. Tubular scaffolding
Walls
I. Single Scaffolding or Brick Layer's Scaffolding:- This is the most common type of scaffolding and is widely used
in the construction of brickwork. It consists of a single row of standards placed at a distance of about 1.20 metres
from the wall.
II. Double Scaffolding or Mason's Scaffolding:- This scaffolding is stronger than the single scaffolding andit is
used in the construction of stonework. The framework is similar to the single scaffolding except that two rows of
standards are provided.