G.

MANIKANDAN
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
 Need for Collection Framework
Advantages of Collection Framework
The Collection Interface
The List Interface
Collection Classes

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 • [Link]
• [Link]

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 Need for Collection Framework

• Before Collection Framework (or before JDK 1.2) was introduced

• The standard methods for grouping Java objects (or collections)

were array or Vector or Hashtable.

• All three of these collections had no common interface.

• So, it was very difficult for programmers to write algorithm that

can work for all kind of collections.

• Another drawback is that, most of the ‘Vector’ methods are final.

• So, we cannot extend ’Vector’ class to implement a similar kind of

collection.

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 Introduction

• A Collection is a group of individual objects represented as a single

unit.

• The Collection interface ([Link]) and Map interface

([Link]) are two main root interfaces of Java collection classes.

• The Java collections framework (JCF) is a set of classes and interfaces

that implement commonly reusable collection data structures.

• Although referred to as a framework, it works in a manner of a library.

• The JCF provides both interfaces that define various collections and
classes that implement them.

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 Advantages of Collection Framework

• Consistent API : The API has basic set of interfaces like

Collection, Set, List, or Map.
• All those classes (such as ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector etc) which
implements, these interfaces have some common set of methods.

• Reduces programming effort: The programmer need not to worry

about design of Collection rather than he can focus on its best
use in his program.

• Increases program speed and quality: Increases performance by

providing high-performance implementations of useful data
structures and algorithms.

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 JDK 5 Changed the Collections Framework

• When JDK 5 was released,

• some fundamental changes were made to the Collections
Framework

• These changes include the addition of

– Generics - type safety.
– Autoboxing Facilitates - the Use of Primitive Types
– The For-Each Style for Loop

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 A Hierarchy of Collection Framework

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 The Collection Interface
• The Collection interface is the foundation upon which the
Collections Framework is built because it must be implemented
by any class that defines a collection.

• Collection is a generic interface that has this declaration:

– interface Collection<E>

• Here, E specifies the type of objects that the collection will

hold.

• Collection extends the Iterable interface.

• This means that all collections can be cycled through by use of
the foreach style for loop.

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 The Methods Declared by Collection

boolean add(E obj)

 Adds obj to the invoking collection.

 Returns true if obj was added to the collection.
 Returns false if obj is already a member of the collection and
 the collection does not allow duplicates.

boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)

 Adds all the elements of c to the invoking collection.

 Returns true if the collection changed (i.e., the elements were
added). Otherwise, returns false.

void clear( )

 Removes all elements from the invoking collection.

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 The Methods Declared by Collection

boolean contains(Object obj)

Returns true if obj is an element of the invoking collection.

Otherwise, returns false.

boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c)

Returns true if the invoking collection contains all elements of - c.

Otherwise, returns false.

boolean equals(Object obj)

Returns true if the invoking collection and obj are equal.

Otherwise, returns false.

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 The Methods Declared by Collection
 boolean isEmpty( )
 Returns true if the invoking collection is empty.
 Otherwise, returns false.

 boolean remove(Object obj)

 Removes one instance of obj from the invoking collection.
 Returns true if the element was removed.
 Otherwise, returns false.

 boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c)
 Removes all elements of c from the invoking collection.
 Returns true if the collection changed (i.e., elements were
removed). Otherwise, returns false.

 default boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> predicate)

 Removes from the invoking collection those elements that satisfy the
condition specified by predicate. (Added by JDK 8.)

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 The Methods Declared by Collection

 boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c)
 Removes all elements from the invoking collection except
those in c.
 Returns true if the collection changed (i.e., elements were
removed). Otherwise, returns false.

 int size( )
 Returns the number of elements held in the invoking collection.

 Object[ ] toArray( )
 Returns an array that contains all the elements stored in the
invoking collection.
 The array elements are copies of the collection elements.

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 Exception
• Several of these methods can throw an UnsupportedOperationException.
this occurs if a collection cannot be modified.

• A ClassCastException is generated when one object is incompatible with

another, such as when an attempt is made to add an incompatible object to
a collection.

• A NullPointerException is thrown if an attempt is made to store a null

object and null elements are not allowed in the collection.

• An IllegalArgumentException is thrown if an invalid argument is used.

• An IllegalStateException is thrown if an attempt is made to add an element

to a fixed-length collection that is full.

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10/20/2021 7:41:40 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15
 The List Interface
• The List interface extends Collection and declares the behavior of
a collection that stores a sequence of elements.

• Elements can be inserted or accessed by their position in the list,

using a zero-based index.

• A list may contain duplicate elements.

• List is a generic interface that has this declaration:

• interface List<E>

• Here, E specifies the type of objects that the list will hold.

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 The List Interface
• To obtain the object stored at a specific location, call get( ) with the
index of the object.

• To assign a value to an element in the list, call set( ), specifying the

index of the object to be changed.

• To find the index of an object, use indexOf( ).

• You can obtain a sublist of a list by calling subList( ), specifying the

beginning and ending indexes of the sublist

• List adds the methods add(int, E) and addAll(int, Collection).

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10/20/2021 7:41:40 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18
 Array List
• Java ArrayList class uses a dynamic array for storing the elements.
• It inherits Abstract List class and implements List interface.

• The important points about Java ArrayList class are:

– Java ArrayList class can contain duplicate elements.
– Java ArrayList class maintains insertion order.
– Java ArrayList allows random access because array works at the
index basis.
– In Java ArrayList class,
• Manipulation is slow
• because a lot of shifting needs to be occurred if any element is
removed from the array list.

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 Arrays vs ArrayList
1. Array
 has a fixed width and you need to specify the size upfront
before you use it and its size will remain same even if you
remove all elements from the Array.
 On the other hand ArrayList is dynamic in nature and it will
grow or shrink automatically as we add/ remove element
from it.

2. Array is just data storage and you need to write the code to
work on the Array (e.g. Add, remove or search etc.) While the
ArrayList provides a set of methods which make it easy to work
with it.

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 Constructors of Java ArrayList
• ArrayList()
– It is used to build an empty array list.

• ArrayList(Collection c)
– It is used to build an array list that is initialized with
the elements of the collection c.

• ArrayList(int capacity)
– It is used to build an array list that has the specified
initial capacity.

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 Java Non-generic Vs Generic Collection

• Java collection framework was non-generic before JDK 1.5.

• Since 1.5, it is generic.

• Java new generic collection allows you to have only one type of
object in collection.

• old non-generic example of creating java collection.

• ArrayList al=new ArrayList();//

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 Java Non-generic Vs Generic Collection

• New generic example of creating java collection.

• ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();

• In generic collection, we specify the type in angular braces.

• Now ArrayList is forced to have only specified type of objects in it.

• If you try to add another type of object, it gives compile time error

Example 1 Example 2 To array User DefinedList

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  We have discussed :
Need for Collection Framework
Advantages of Collection Framework
The Collection Interface
The List Interface
Collection Classes
Array List

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  Accessing a Collection via an Iterator
 Methods Declared by Iterator
 The For-Each Version of the for Loop

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10/20/2021 7:41:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 26
 COLLECTIONS - II
[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
 Accessing a Collection via an Iterator
Methods Declared by Iterator
Methods Declared by ListIterator
The For-Each Version of the for Loop
The Set Interface
The SortedSet Interface
Hash Set class
Tree Set class
10/22/2021 2:35:22 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2
 Accessing a Collection via an Iterator
• Creating a collection - want to cycle through the elements in a
collection.
• Example
– you might want to display each element.

• One way to do this is to employ an iterator,

• Iterator - which is an object that implements either the Iterator or the

ListIterator interface.

• Iterator enables you to cycle through

– a collection,
– obtaining or removing elements

• ListIterator extends Iterator to allow bidirectional traversal of a list,

and the modification of elements.

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 Accessing a Collection via an Iterator

• Iterator and ListIterator are generic interfaces which are

declared as shown here:
– interface Iterator<E>
– interface ListIterator<E>

• E specifies the type of objects being iterated.

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 Methods Declared by Iterator

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 Methods Declared by ListIterator

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 Using an Iterator

• Before you can access a collection through an iterator, you must

obtain one.

• Each of the collection classes provides an iterator( ) method that

returns an iterator to the start of the collection.

• By using this iterator object,

– you can access each element in the collection,
– one element at a time.

• In general
– to use an iterator to cycle through the contents of a collection,
follow three steps

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 Using an Iterator

• Obtain an iterator to the start of the collection by calling the

collection’s iterator( ) method.

• Set up a loop that makes a call to hasNext( ). Have the loop iterate
as long as hasNext( ) returns true.

• Within the loop, obtain each element by calling next( ).

Example Program

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 Error

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - III>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: cannot find symbol
while([Link]())
^
symbol: method hasPrevious()
location: variable itr of type Iterator
1 error

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 Error

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - III>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: unexpected type
ArrayList<int> list=new ArrayList<int>();//Creating arraylist
^
required: reference
found: int
[Link]: error: unexpected type
ArrayList<int> list=new ArrayList<int>();//Creating arraylist
^
required: reference
found: int
2 errors

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 The For-Each Version of the for Loop

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 The For-Each Version of the for Loop

• A for-each style loop is designed to cycle through a collection of objects,

such as an array, in strictly sequential fashion, from start to finish.

• The for-each style of for is also referred to as the enhanced for loop.

• The general form of the for-each version of the for is shown here:
for(type itr-var : collection) statement-block

– type specifies the type

– itr-var specifies the name of an iteration variable that will receive the
elements from a collection, one at a time, from beginning to end.
– The collection being cycled through is specified by collection.
– There are various types of collections that can be used with the for, but
the only type used - array.

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 The For-Each Version of the for Loop

// Use a for-each style for loop.

The output from the program
class ForEach
{ is shown here:
public static void main(String args[]) Value is: 1
{ Value is: 2
int nums[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }; Value is: 3
int sum = 0; Value is: 4
// use for-each style for to display and sum the values Value is: 5
for(int x : nums) Value is: 6
{ Value is: 7
[Link]("Value is: " + x); Value is: 8
sum += x;
Value is: 9
}
Value is: 10
[Link]("Summation: " + sum);
} Summation: 55
}

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 The For-Each Version of the for Loop

• There is one important point to understand about the for-

each style loop.

• Its iteration variable is “read-only” as it relates to the

underlying array.

• An assignment to the iteration variable has no effect

on the underlying array.

• In other words, you can’t change the contents of the

array by assigning the iteration variable a new value.

10/22/2021 2:35:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 The For-Each Version of the for Loop

•For example, consider this program: The output, shown here, proves
this point:
// The for-each loop is essentially read-only. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
class NoChange 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int nums[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };

for(int x: nums)
{
[Link](x + " ");
x = x * 10; // no effect on nums
}

for(int x : nums)
[Link](x + " ");
}
}

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10/22/2021 2:35:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16
 The Set Interface
• The Set interface defines a set.
• It extends Collection and specifies the behavior of a collection that
does not allow duplicate elements.
• Therefore, the add( ) method returns false if an attempt is made to
add duplicate elements to a set.
• It does not specify any additional methods of its own.

• Set is a generic interface that has this declaration:

– interface Set<E>

• Here, E specifies the type of objects that the set will hold.

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 The SortedSet Interface

• The SortedSet interface extends Set and declares the behavior of

a set sorted in ascending order.

• SortedSet is a generic interface that has this declaration:

» interface SortedSet<E>

• Here, E specifies the type of objects that the set will hold.

• In addition to those methods provided by Set, the SortedSet

interface declares additional methods.

• Several methods throw a NoSuchElementException when no

items are contained in the invoking set.

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 The SortedSet Interface
• SortedSet defines several methods that make set processing more
convenient.

• To obtain the first object in the set, call first( ).

• To get the last element, use last( ).

• You can obtain a subset of a sorted set by calling subSet(),

specifying the first and last object in the set.

• If you need the subset that starts with the first element in the set,
use headSet( ).
• If you want the subset that ends the set, use tailSet( ).

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10/22/2021 2:35:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20
 HashSet class
• Java HashSet class is used to
create a collection that uses a
hash table for storage.
• It inherits the Abstract Set class
and implements Set interface.

• The important points about Java

HashSet class are:

• HashSet stores the elements by

using a mechanism called
hashing.
• HashSet contains unique
elements only.

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 Java HashSet class
• Hash table stores information by using a mechanism called hashing.

• In hashing, the informational content of a key is used to determine a

unique value, called its hash code.

• The hash code is then used as the index at which the data
associated with the key is stored.

• The transformation of the key into its hash code is performed

automatically—you never see the hash code itself.

• Also, your code can’t directly index the hash table.

• The advantage of hashing is that it allows the execution time of

add(), contains(), remove(), and size() to remain constant even
for large sets.

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 Constructors of HashSet class
• HashSet()
– It is used to construct a default HashSet.

• HashSet(Collection c)
– It is used to initialize the hash set by using the elements of the
collection c.

• HashSet(int capacity)
– It is used to initialize the capacity of the hash set to the given
integer value capacity.
– The capacity grows automatically as elements are added to the
HashSet.

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 Constructors of HashSet class

• HashSet(int capacity,float fillratio)

– Load capacity
– How full the hashset can be before it is resized

Example

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10/22/2021 2:35:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 25
 TreeSet class
• Java TreeSet class implements the Set interface that uses a tree
for storage.

• It inherits Abstract Set class and implements NavigableSet

interface.

• The objects of TreeSet class are stored in ascending order.

• The important points about Java TreeSet class are:

– Contains unique elements only like HashSet.
– Access and retrieval times are quiet fast.
– Maintains ascending order.

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 Constructors of TreeSet class

• TreeSet()
– It is used to construct an empty tree set that will be sorted in an
ascending order according to the natural order of the tree set.

• TreeSet(Collection c)
– It is used to build a new tree set that contains the elements of the
collection c.

• TreeSet(Comparator comp)
– It is used to construct an empty tree set that will be sorted
according to given comparator.

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 Constructors of TreeSet class

• TreeSet(SortedSet ss)
– It is used to build a TreeSet that contains the elements of the
given SortedSet.

Example

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 We have discussed
 Accessing a Collection via an Iterator
 The For-Each Version of the for Loop
The Set Interface
The SortedSet Interface
Hash Set class
Tree Set class

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  Maps

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10/22/2021 2:35:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 31
[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
 Maps
Java HashMap class
Java TreeMap class
Comparator

10/23/2021 10:42:41 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

10/23/2021 10:42:41 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3
 Map Interface

• A map contains values on the basis of key, i.e. key and

value pair.

• Each key and value pair is known as an entry.

• A Map contains unique keys.

• A Map is useful
– if you have to search, update or delete elements on
the basis of a key.

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 Map Hierarchy

• For implementing Map in java:

• Two interfaces:
– Map
– SortedMap,

• Three classes:
– HashMap
– LinkedHashMap
– TreeMap.

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 Java Map Hierarchy

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 Key Points
• A Map doesn't allow duplicate keys, but you can have
duplicate values.

• HashMap and LinkedHashMap allow null keys and

values

• TreeMap doesn't allow any null key or value.

• A Map can't be traversed

– so you need to convert it into Set
using keySet() or entrySet() method.

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 Class Description

• HashMap
– HashMap is the implementation of Map
– but it doesn't maintain any order

• TreeMap
– TreeMap is the implementation of Map and
SortedMap.
– It maintains ascending order.

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 Useful methods of Map interface

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 Useful methods of Map interface

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 Useful methods of Map interface

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 Java HashMap class

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 Java HashMap class

• Java HashMap class

implements the map
interface by using a
hash table.

• It inherits AbstractMap
class and implements
Map interface.

10/23/2021 10:42:42 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Key Points

• Java HashMap class contains values based on the key.

• Java HashMap class contains only unique keys.
• Java HashMap class may have one null key and multiple
null values.

• Java HashMap class is non synchronized.

• Java HashMap class maintains no order.
• The initial default capacity of Java HashMap class is 16
with a load factor of 0.75.

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 Constructors of HashMap class
HashMap( )
a default hash map

HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m)

initializes the hash map by using the elements of m.

HashMap(int capacity)
initializes the capacity of the hash map to capacity

HashMap(int capacity, float fillRatio)

The default capacity is 16.
The default fill ratio is 0.75.

Example

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10/23/2021 10:42:42 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16
 Java TreeMap class

• Java TreeMap class

provides an efficient
means of storing key-value
pairs in sorted order.

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 Constructors of TreeMap class
TreeMap( )
constructs an empty tree map that will be sorted by using the
natural order of its keys

TreeMap(Comparator<? super K> comp)

constructs an empty tree-based map that will be sorted by
using the Comparator comp.

TreeMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m)

initializes a tree map with the entries from m

TreeMap(SortedMap<K, ? extends V> sm)

initializes a tree map with the entries from sm

Example

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 Java Comparator interface

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 Java Comparator interface
• Java Comparator interface is used to order the objects
of a user-defined class.

• This interface contains 2 methods

– compare(Object obj1,Object obj2)
– equals(Object element).

• It provides multiple sorting sequences,

– you can sort the elements on the basis of any data
member,
– Employee - Empno, name, age or anything else.

10/23/2021 10:42:42 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Java Comparator interface

• The compare( ) method compares two Objects

int compare(T obj1, T obj2)

• obj1 and obj2 are the objects to be compared.

• Normally, this method returns

– zero if the objects are equal.
– a positive value if obj1 is greater than obj2.
– Otherwise, a negative value is returned.

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 Java Comparator interface

• The method can throw a ClassCastException if the

types of the objects are not compatible for
comparison.

• By implementing compare(), you can alter the way

that objects are ordered.

• For example, to sort in reverse order, you can create a

comparator that reverses the outcome of a comparison.

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 Java Comparator interface
• The equals() method to test whether an object equals
the invoking comparator
boolean equals(object obj)

• Here, obj is the object to be tested for equality.

• The method returns

– true if obj and the invoking object are both
Comparator objects and use the same ordering.
– Otherwise, it returns false.

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 sorting List elements

• public void sort(List list, Comparator c)

– is used to sort the elements of List by the given
Comparator.

Example Program

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 We have discussed
Java HashMap class
Java TreeMap class
Comparator

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  Event Handling

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10/23/2021 10:42:43 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 27
Event Handling - I

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  GUI / User Interface
 GUI elements
 Introducing the AWT
 Working with Frame Windows

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 References / Acknowledgement

¥ [Link]
[Link]

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 Review Question

¥ What is
¥ Client – Server Computing
¥ Front end
¥ Back end

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 Client – Server Computing

[Link]
[Link]

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 GUI / User Interface

 At the most basic level,

 the user interface (UI) is the series of screens, pages, and
visual elements—like buttons and icons—that enable a
person to interact with a product or service

 users can view and interact with that data.

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 Login Screen – GUI - Applet

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 GUI elements

There are two types of GUI elements:

[Link]:
Components are elementary GUI entities, such
as Button, Label, and TextField.
[Link]:
Containers, such as Frame and Panel, are used to hold
components in a specific layout (such
as FlowLayout or GridLayout).
 A container can also hold sub-containers.

10/26/2021 3:12:16 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 Java APIs for graphics programming:

 There are current three sets

 AWT API was introduced in JDK 1.0. - obsolete and
should be replaced by newer Swing components.

 Swing API - was introduced as part of Java Foundation

Classes (JFC) after the release of JDK 1.1.

 The latest JavaFX, which was integrated into JDK 8, is

meant to replace Swing.

10/26/2021 3:12:16 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

10/26/2021 3:12:16 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10
 Introducing the AWT

¥ The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) was Java’s first GUI

framework, and it has been part of Java since version 1.0.

¥ It contains numerous classes and methods that allow you to

create windows and simple controls.

¥ The AWT classes are contained in the [Link] package.

¥ It is one of Java’s largest packages

10/26/2021 3:12:16 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 Window Fundamentals

¥ The two most important

window-related classes
are Frame and Panel.
¥ Frame encapsulates a
top-level window and it
is typically used to
create what would be
thought of as a standard
application window.

10/26/2021 3:12:16 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 Component

¥ At the top of the AWT hierarchy is the Component class.

¥ Component is an abstract class that encapsulates all of the
attributes of a visual component.
¥ It defines over a hundred public methods that are responsible
for managing events
¥ such as mouse and keyboard input
¥ positioning and sizing the window
¥ and repainting.
¥ A Component object is responsible for remembering
¥ the current foreground and background colors and
¥ the currently selected text font.

10/26/2021 3:12:16 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Container

¥ The Container class is a subclass of Component.

¥ It has additional methods that allow other Component

objects to be nested within it.

¥ A container is responsible for laying out (that is, positioning)

any components that it contains.

¥ It does this through the use of various layout managers

10/26/2021 3:12:16 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Window

¥ The Window class creates a

top-level window.

¥ A top-level window is not

contained within any other
object; it sits directly on the
desktop.

¥ Generally, you won’t create

Window objects directly.

¥ Instead, you will use a

subclass of Window called
Frame

10/26/2021 3:12:16 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 Frame

¥ Frame encapsulates what is commonly thought of as a

“window.”
¥ It is a subclass of Window
¥ has a title bar
¥ menu bar
¥ borders and
¥ resizing corners.
¥ The precise look of a Frame will differ among
environments.

10/26/2021 3:12:16 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 Working with Frame Windows

¥ The type of AWT-based application window you will most

often create is derived from Frame.

¥ It creates a standard-style, toplevel window that has all of

the features normally associated with an application window,
such as a close box and title.

¥ Frame’s constructors:
¥ Frame( ) throws HeadlessException
¥ Frame(String title) throws HeadlessException

10/26/2021 3:12:16 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 Working with Frame Windows

¥ You cannot specify the dimensions of the window.

¥ You must set the size of the window after it has been created.

¥ A HeadlessException is thrown if an attempt is made to

create a Frame instance in an environment that does not
support user interaction.

10/26/2021 3:12:16 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 Several key methods

 void setSize(int newWidth, int newHeight)

 Dimension getSize( )

 void setVisible(boolean visibleFlag)

 void setTitle(String newTitle)

Example Program1

10/26/2021 3:12:16 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Other Methods

¥ To output a string to a Frame, use drawString(), which is a

member of the Graphics class.
¥ void drawString(String message, int x, int y)

¥ You can set both the foreground and background colors used
by a Frame – component
¥ void setBackground(Color newColor)
¥ void setForeground(Color newColor)
¥ Color getBackground( )
¥ Color getForeground( ) Example Program2

10/26/2021 3:12:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 How to close AWT Window in Java ?

• By anonymous class
• By inheriting WindowAdapter class
• By implementing WindowListener interface

Window Closing

[Link]

10/26/2021 3:12:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 GUI / User Interface
GUI elements
Introducing the AWT
Working with Frame Windows

10/26/2021 3:12:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

  Delegation event model
 Events
 Event sources
 Event classes
 Event Listeners

10/26/2021 3:12:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

Event Handling - II

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  Delegation event model
 Events
 Event sources
 Event classes
 Event Listeners

10/27/2021 5:09:44 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 References / Acknowledgement

¥ [Link]
[Link]

10/27/2021 5:09:44 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Event handling – Demo Program

10/27/2021 5:09:44 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Delegation event model
 The modern approach to handling events
 is based on the delegation event model
 which defines standard and consistent mechanisms to
generate and process events.

 Its concept is quite simple:

 a source generates an event and
 sends it to one or more listeners.

 In this scheme
 the listener simply waits until it receives an event.

10/27/2021 5:09:44 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Delegation event model
 Once received,
 the listener processes the event and then returns.

 The advantage of this design

 is that the application logic that processes events
 is cleanly separated from the user interface logic that
generates those events.

 A user interface element is able to "delegate“ the processing

of an event to a separate piece of code.

10/27/2021 5:09:44 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 Delegation event model
 In the delegation event model,
 listeners must register with a source in order to receive an
event notification.
 This provides an important benefit:
 notifications are sent only to listeners that want to receive
them.
 Previously, an event was propagated up the containment
hierarchy until it was handled by a component.
 This required components to receive events that they did not
process, and it wasted valuable time.
 The delegation event model eliminates this overhead.

10/27/2021 5:09:44 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Event handling

 For the user to interact with a GUI

 The underlying operating system must support event handling.
 Operating systems constantly monitor events such as
keystrokes, mouse clicks, voice command, etc.
 Operating systems sort out these events and report them
to the appropriate application programs
 Each application program then decides what to do in
response to these events

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 An Example

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 Events

 An event is an object that describes a state change in a

source.

 It can be generated as a consequence of a person interacting

with the elements in a graphical user interface.

 Some of the activities that cause events to be generated are

 pressing a button
 entering a character via the keyboard
 selecting an item in a list, and
 clicking the mouse.

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 Events

 Events may also occur that are not directly caused by

interactions with a user interface.

 For example,
 an event may be generated when a timer expires
 a counter exceeds a value
 a software or hardware failure occurs, or
 an operation is completed.

 Events can be defined as needed and appropriate by

application.

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 Event sources

 A source is an object that generates an event.

 This occurs when the internal state of that object changes in

some way.

 Sources may generate more than one type of event.

 A source must register listeners in order for the listeners to

receive notifications about a specific type of event.

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 Event sources
 Each type of event has its own registration method.

 General form is:

 public void addTypeListener(TypeListener el)

 Here, Type is the name of the event and el is a reference to

the event listener.

 For example,
 The method that registers a keyboard event listener is
called addKeyListener().
 The method that registers a mouse motion listener is called
addMouseMotionListener( ).

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Event Listeners
 When an event occurs, all registered listeners are notified and
receive a copy of the event object.
 This is known as multicasting the event.
 In all cases, notifications are sent only to listeners that register to
receive them.
 Some sources may allow only one listener to register.

 The general form is:

 public void addTypeListener(TypeListener el) throws
[Link]

 Here Type is the name of the event and el is a reference to the

event listener.
 When such an event occurs, the registered listener is notified.
 This is known as unicasting the event.

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Event Listeners
 A source must also provide a method that allows a listener to
unregister an interest in a specific type of event.

 The general form is:

 public void removeTypeListener(TypeListener el)
 Here, Type is the name of the event and el is a reference to the event
listener.

 For example, to remove a keyboard listener, you would call

removeKeyListener().
 The methods that add or remove listeners are provided by the source
that generates events.

 For example, the Component class provides methods to add and

remove keyboard and mouse event listeners.

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 Event classes

 The Event classes that represent events are at the core of Java's
event handling mechanism.

 Super class of the Java event class hierarchy is EventObject,

which is in [Link]. for all events.

 Constructor is :
EventObject(Object src)
 Here, src is the object that generates this event.

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 Event classes

 EventObject contains two methods:

 getSource( ) and
 toString( ).

 The getSource( ) method returns the source of the event.

General form is : Object getSource( )

 The toString( ) returns the string equivalent of the event.

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 Event classes

¥ EventObject is a superclass of all events.

¥ AWTEvent is a superclass of all AWT events that are handled

by the delegation event model.

¥ The package [Link] defines several types of events

that are generated by various user interface elements.

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 Event Classes in [Link]
 ActionEvent:
 Generated when a button is pressed, a list item is double
clicked, or a menu item is selected.

 AdjustmentEvent:
 Generated when a scroll bar is manipulated.

 ComponentEvent:
 Generated when a component is hidden, moved, resized,
or becomes visible.

 ContainerEvent:
 Generated when a component is added to or removed from
a container.

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Event Classes in [Link]
 FocusEvent:
 Generated when a component gains or loses keyboard
focus.

 ItemEvent:
 Generated when a check box or list item is clicked; also
occurs when a choice selection is made or a checkable
menu item is selected or deselected.

 KeyEvent:
 Generated when input is received from the keyboard.

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Event Classes in [Link]
 MouseEvent:
 Generated when the mouse is dragged, moved,
clicked, pressed, or released; also generated when
the mouse enters or exits a component.

 TextEvent:
 Generated when the value of a text area or text field
is changed.

 WindowEvent:
 Generated when a window is activated, closed,
deactivated, deiconified, iconified, opened, or quit.

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 Event Listeners
 A listener is an object that is notified when an event occurs.

 Event has two major requirements.

 It must have been registered with one or more sources to
receive notifications about specific types of events.
 It must implement methods to receive and process these
notifications.

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

 Event Listeners
 The methods that receive and process events are defined in a
set of interfaces found in [Link].

 For example,
 the MouseMotionListener interface defines two methods
to receive notifications when the mouse is dragged or
moved.

 Any object may receive and process one or both of these

events if it provides an implementation of this interface.

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

 Action Event Demo
Program

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 24

  Delegation event model
 Events
 Event sources
 Event classes
 Event Listeners

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 25

  Handling mouse events
 Handling keyboard events
 Adapter classes

10/27/2021 5:09:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 26

10/27/2021 5:09:46 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 27
Event Handling - III

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  Handling mouse events
 Handling keyboard events

10/29/2021 2:48:40 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Handling mouse events

 Mouse events can be handled by implementing

 The MouseListener and
 The MouseMotionListener interfaces.

10/29/2021 2:48:40 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Handling mouse events

 MouseListener Interface defines five methods.

 The general forms of these methods are:
1. void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me)
2. void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me)
3. void mouseExited(MouseEvent me)
4. void mousePressed(MouseEvent me)
5. void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me)

Example

10/29/2021 2:48:40 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Handling mouse events

 MouseMotionListener Interface defines two methods.

 Their general forms are :
1. void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me)
2. void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me)

Example

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Handling keyboard events

 Keyboard events, can be handled by implementing the

KeyListener interface.
 KeyListner interface defines three methods.
 The general forms of these methods are :
1. void keyPressed(KeyEvent ke)
2. void keyReleased(KeyEvent ke)
3. void keyTyped(KeyEvent ke)

Example

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 Multiple Events Demo

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Sources of Events

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 Event Classes

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 Event Listener Interfaces

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 The ActionEvent Class
 An ActionEvent is generated when
 a button is pressed
 a list item is doubleclicked
 a menu item is selected

 String getActionCommand()
 obtain the command name for the invoking ActionEvent object

 long getWhen()
 returns the time at which the event took place.
 This iscalled the event’s timestamp.

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 The ActionListener Interface

 This interface defines the actionPerformed( ) method that is

invoked when an action event occurs.

 Its general form is shown here:

 void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 The AdjustmentEvent Class
¥ An AdjustmentEvent is generated by a scroll bar
¥ There are five types of adjustment events.
¥ The AdjustmentEvent class defines integer constants that
can be used to identify them.

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 The AdjustmentEvent Class

¥ Adjustable getAdjustable()
¥ returns the object that generated the event

¥ int getValue()
¥ when a scroll bar is manipulated, this method returns the
value represented by that change.

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 The AdjustmentListener Interface

¥ This interface defines the adjustmentValueChanged()

method that is invoked when an adjustment event occurs.

¥ Its general form is shown here:

¥ void adjustmentValueChanged(AdjustmentEvent ae)

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 The ItemEvent Class

¥ An ItemEvent is generated when a

¥ check box
¥ list item is clicked
¥ checkable menu item
¥ is selected or deselected.

¥ Object getItem()
¥ can be used to obtain a reference to the item that changed

¥ int getStateChange()
¥ method returns the state change

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 The ItemListener Interface

 This interface defines the itemStateChanged( ) method that

is invoked when the state of an item changes.

 Its general form is shown here:

 void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie)

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 The TextEvent Class

¥ Instances of this class describe text events.

¥ These are generated by text fields and text areas when
characters are entered by a user or program.

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 The TextListener Interface

 This interface defines the textValueChanged( ) method that

is invoked when a change occurs in a text area or text field.

 Its general form is shown here:

 void textValueChanged(TextEvent te)

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

How to handle
mouse events
keyboard events

10/29/2021 2:48:41 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

  Use of Adapter classes
 Anonymous Inner Class

10/29/2021 2:48:42 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

Event Handling - IV

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  Adapter classes
 Anonymous Class

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Some Key AWT GUI Concepts
¥ To demonstrate the fundamentals of event handling
¥ use several simple, GUI-based programs

¥ Most events to which your program will respond will be

generated by user interaction with GUI programs
¥ There are four key AWT features used - programs.
¥ First,
¥ All create a top-level window by extending the Frame class.
¥ Frame defines what one would think of as a “normal”
window.
¥ For example, it has minimize, maximize, and close boxes.

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Some Key AWT GUI Concepts
¥ Second,
¥ All override the paint( ) method to display output in the
window.

¥ This method is called by the run-time system to display

output in the window.

¥ For example,
¥ it is called when a window is first shown and after a
window has been hidden and then uncovered.

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Some Key AWT GUI Concepts
¥ Third,
¥ when your program needs output displayed
¥ it does not call paint( ) directly.
¥ Instead, you call repaint( ).
¥ In essence, repaint( ) tells the AWT to call paint( ).
¥ Finally,
¥ when the top-level Frame window for an application is closed
¥ for example, by clicking its close box—the program must
explicitly exit, often through a call to [Link]( ).
¥ Clicking the close box, by itself, does not cause the program to
terminate.
¥ Therefore, it is necessary for an AWT-based GUI program to
handle a window-close event.

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Need for an adapter class?

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 Adapter classes

 Java provides a special feature, called an adapter class, that

can simplify the creation of event handlers.
 An adapter class provides an empty implementation of all
methods in an event listener interface.

 Adapter classes are useful when you want to receive and

process only some of the events that are handled by a
particular event listener interface.

 You can define a new class to act as an event listener by

extending one of the adapter classes and implementing only
those events in which you are interested.

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Adapter classes
 Adapter classes in [Link] are.
Adapter Class Listener Interface
ComponentAdapter ComponentListener
ContainerAdapter ContainerListener
FocusAdapter FocusListener Example
KeyAdapter KeyListener
MouseAdapter MouseListener
MouseMotionAdapter MouseMotionListener
WindowAdapter WindowListener

? Action Listener

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 Anonymous InnerClass

¥ A class that have no name is known as anonymous inner

class in java.

Example

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 Review Question - 1

Which of the following is NOT a method of the

Thread class in Java?

A. isAlive()
B. getPriority()
C. getNames()
D. sleep()

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 Review Question - 2

¥ Which of the following method can be used to

know the priority of a thread?

A. getPriority()
B. priority()
C. isRunning()
D. getThreadPriority()

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 Review Question - 3

¥ Which of the following is NOT a way to read

data from the keyboard?
A. Using an object of DataInputStream Class
B. Using an object of Scanner Class
C. Passing the data as command line input
D. Using an object of FileInputStream Class

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 Review Question - 4

¥ All the classes related to multithreading are

defined in which of the following packages?
A. [Link].*
B. [Link].*
C. [Link].*
D. None of the Above

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Review Question - 5

¥ The initial default capacity of HashSet is

A. 0
B. 16
C. 12
D. 10

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Review Question - 6

¥ Java TreeSet class

A. implements the Set interface

B. contains unique elements only
C. doesn't allow null element.
D. maintains ascending order.

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 Review Question - 7

¥ The initial default load factor of Java HashMap

class
A. 16
B. 0.75
C. 12
D. 0.25

10/30/2021 10:41:24 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 Review Question - 8

¥ Is "length".length() allowed syntax? If so, what

is the returned value?
A. No,Invalid
B. Yes, it is valid and returns 6.
C. Yes, it is valid and returns 5.
D. Yes, it is valid and returns 0.

10/30/2021 10:41:25 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 Review Question - 9

¥ String city = "Thanjavur”;

¥ What is returned by [Link] (2)?

A. h
B. a
C. u
D. v

10/30/2021 10:41:25 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 Review Question - 10
What is the output of the following program?
class First
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1="SASTRA";
String s2=new String("SASTRA");
[Link](s1==s2);
}
}

10/30/2021 10:41:25 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Review Question - 11

¥ An AdjustmentEvent is generated by
A. a scroll bar
B. a button
C. a Menu bar
D. a Menu item

10/30/2021 10:41:25 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Review Question - 12

¥ Which of these methods can be used to obtain the

coordinates of a mouse?
A. getPoint()
B. getCoordinates()
C. getMouseXY()
D. getMouseCoordinates()

10/30/2021 10:41:25 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 Review Question - 13

¥ Which of these interfaces define a method

actionPerformed()?
A. ComponentListener
B. ContainerListener
C. ActionListener
D. InputListener

10/30/2021 10:41:25 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

 Use of Adapter classes
Anonymous Inner Class

10/30/2021 10:41:25 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

  Unit IV
Swings

10/30/2021 10:41:25 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 24