CSE 208

JAVA PROGRAMMING
[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  COURSE OBJECTIVES
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
 SYLLABUS
 REFERENCE BOOKS
 PREREQUISITE
 JAVA BASICS

8/27/2021 4:52:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

  To help the learners to

 Develop Java console applications using packages,

interfaces, classes, exception handling mechanism,
and Collections framework.

 Develop multi-threaded applications using Java thread

model.

 Design GUI using Swing controls and event handling

mechanism.

8/27/2021 4:52:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 ¥ The learner will be able to
¥ Design Classes to model real world objects using
inheritance
¥ Create Classes using Packages, Interfaces and Exception
Handling
¥ Develop applications using Threads and Files
¥ Create programs for event handling
¥ Design applications using collection framework
¥ Create applications Using Swing

8/27/2021 4:52:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Unit - I
¥ Introduction:
¥ History and Evolution of Java - Overview of Java -
Data types, Variables and Arrays - Operators -
Control Statements - Introducing Classes - A closer
look at Methods and Classes - Inheritance. Packages
and Interfaces - Exception Handling

8/27/2021 4:52:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Unit - II
¥ Multithreaded Programming:
¥ Java Thread Model - The Main Thread - Creating a
Thread - Creating Multiple Threads - Thread
Priorities - Synchronization.
¥ I/O:
¥ I/O Basics - Reading Console Input - Writing Console
Output.
¥ String Handling:
¥ String - String Buffer - String Builder

8/27/2021 4:52:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 Unit - III
¥ Collections Framework:
¥ Collection Interfaces - Collection, List, Set, Sorted
Set - Collection Classes - Array List, Hash Set, Tree
Set - Accessing a collection via an Iterator - Working
with Maps - Comparators.
¥ Event Handling:
¥ Introduction - Event Delegation - Model - Event
classes - Sources of Events - Event Listener -
Adapter Classes - Inner Classes in Event Handling

8/27/2021 4:52:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Unit - IV

¥ Introducing GUI Programming with Swing:

¥ Introducing Swing - Exploring Swing - Introducing
Swing Menus

8/27/2021 4:52:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

TEXT BOOK
¥ Herbert Schildt
¥ The Complete Reference JAVA,
¥ Tata McGraw Hill,
¥ Eleventh Edition,
¥ 2019.

8/27/2021 4:52:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 REFERENCES
¥ Harvey M. Deitel and Paul J. Deitel. JAVA: How to Program,
Prentice Hall, Ninth Edition, 2012.

¥ Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates. Head First Java, OReilly, Second
Edition, 2009.

8/27/2021 4:52:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 ¥ Tuesday – 5th hour
¥ Wednesday – 8th hour
¥ Friday – 5th & 6th hour
¥ Saturday – 2nd hour

¥ manikandan@[Link]
¥ Whatsapp group

8/27/2021 4:52:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 Internal Assessment
 Maximum marks - 25.
 20 marks for CIA
 5 marks for Lab assignments.
 For the award of 20 marks
 Three CIA tests.
 All three tests are compulsory.
 Each test duration - 60 minutes
 20 marks maximum.
 Average of marks scored in the three CIA tests shall
be considered for award of 20 marks.
 CIA tests - regular class hours.

8/27/2021 4:52:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 End Semester Exam

¥ Problem Based Assessment

¥ 3 hours
¥ 1 scenario Based Question

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Giving credit where credit is due
¥ Most of the lecture notes are based on
Materials

¥ Text Book
¥ Tutorials and Presentations
¥ Images from web

¥ I have modified them and added new slides

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 ¥ Programming Fundamentals

¥ C

¥ C++

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 5
Questions?

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming16 16

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17
 Top Programming Languages 2021

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 [Link]

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Why Do People Use Java?

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Why Do People Use Java?

¥ There are many programming languages available today

¥ This is the usual first question of newcomers.

¥ The choice of development tools is sometimes based on unique

constraints or personal preference.

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 The primary factor cited by java users

¥ Program portability

¥ Support libraries

¥ Component integration

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

 Traditional programs
vs
JAVA programs

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

 Compiled Programs
With Different Operating Systems
Windows
compiler
Executable (Windows)

Mac OS
Computer compiler
program
Executable (Mac)

UNIX
compiler

Executable (UNIX)
 A High Level View
Of
Translating/Executing Java Programs
Stage 1: Compilation

[Link] Java compiler [Link]

(javac)

Java program Java bytecode

(generic binary)

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 25

 A High Level View
Of
Translating/Executing Java Programs (2)
Stage 2: Interpreting and executing the byte code
Machine language
instruction (UNIX)

[Link] Java interpreter Machine language

(java) instruction (Windows)
Java bytecode
(generic binary)
Machine language
instruction (Apple)

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 26

 Java: Write Once, Run Anywhere

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 27

 Java: Write Once, Run Anywhere
¥ Consequence of Java’s history: platform-independence

Click on link to Applet

Web page stored
Mac user running Safari on Unix server
Virtual machine translates byte
code to native Mac code and the
Applet is run
Byte code is
downloaded

Windows user running Internet Explorer

Byte code (part of web page)
 Java: Write Once, Run Anywhere
¥ Consequence of Java’s history: platform-independent

Web page stored on Unix server

Mac user running Safari

Click on link to Applet

Byte code is downloaded

Windows user running Internet Explorer

Virtual machine translates

byte code to native Windows code
and the Applet is run
 Java: Write Once, Run Anywhere (2)
¥ But Java can also create standard (non-web based) programs

Kung Fu Panda 2: THQ

Examples of mobile Java games: [Link]

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 30

 Java Applications

¥ We can develop two types of Java programs:

¥ Stand-alone applications

¥ Web applications (applets)

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 Applications v/s Applets
¥ Different ways to run a Java executable are:
¥ Application
¥ A stand-alone program that can be invoked from
command line .
¥ A program that has a “main” method.
¥ Applet
¥ A program embedded in a web page , to be run
when the page is browsed .
¥ A program that contains no “main” method

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 32

 Applets v/s Applications
¥ Different ways to run a Java executable are

¥ Application:
¥ Executed by the Java interpreter.

¥ Applet
¥ Java enabled web browser.

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  C++ vs Java
 Structure of Java program
 Simple Java Program

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 Structure of Java program

8/27/2021 4:52:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 35

 Creating, Compiling and Running
Java Programs

8/27/2021 4:52:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 36

 Creating, Compiling And Running Java
Programs
Java program Type it in with the text editor of your choice

[Link]
(Unix file)

Java compiler

javac
Java byte code
[Link]
To compile the program at the (UNIX file)
command line type "javac
[Link]"
Java Interpreter

java
To run the interpreter, at the
8/27/2021 4:52:29 PM commandCSE 208
line – Java
type "javaProgramming 37
filename"
 Compiling The Smallest Java Program

[Link]
public class Smallest
Type “javac
{ [Link]”
public static void main (String[] args)
{
}
}

javac
[Link]
(Java byte code)
10000100000001000
00100100000001001
: :
8/27/2021 4:52:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 38
 Running The Smallest Java Program
[Link]
(Java byte code)
10000100000001000
00100100000001001
: :

java

Type “java Smallest” (Platform/Operating specific binary

10100111000001000
00100111001111001
: :

8/27/2021 4:52:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 39

 A Simple Java Program(1)
public class Hello
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
[Link]("Hello Java");
}
}

Compile: javac [Link]

Execute : java Hello

8/27/2021 4:52:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 40

 A Simple Java Program(2)
class Add
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a,b,c;
a=10;b=20;
c=a+b;
[Link](“The Result is”+c);
} Compile: javac [Link]
} Execute : java Add

8/27/2021 4:52:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 41

 Some Simple Programs in java

¥ Area of a Square
¥ Simple Interest Calculation
¥ Sum and average of 3 numbers

8/27/2021 4:52:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 42

8/27/2021 4:52:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 43
 CSE 208
JAVA PROGRAMMING
[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  C++ vs Java
 History of Java
 Evolution of Java
 Interactive Input

8/28/2021 10:56:50 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 C++ vs JAVA

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Java better than C++ ?

¥ No Typedefs, Defines, or Preprocessor

¥ No Global Variables
¥ No Goto statements
¥ No Pointers
¥ No Multiple Inheritance
¥ No Operator Overloading
¥ No Destructor
8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4
 Java better than C++ ?

¥ No Templates
¥ No Scope ResolutionOperator
¥ Single Argument for main()
¥ Strings are objects
¥ One array can be assigned to another

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Inventor of the Java programming
language ?

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 James Gosling
¥ Conceived by James Gosling, Patrik Naughton,
Chris Wrath, Ed Frank and Mike Sheridan

¥ James Gosling is generally credited as the

inventor of the Java programming language

¥ He was the first designer of Java and

implemented its original compiler and virtual
machine

¥ He is also known as the Father of Java

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 History of Java

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 History of Java

¥ In the early 1990's, putting

intelligence into home appliances
was thought to be the next "hot"
technology.

¥ Examples of intelligent home

appliances:

¥ Coffee pots and lights that can

be controlled by a computer's
programs.

¥ Televisions that can be

controlled by an interactive
television device's programs.

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 History of Java
¥ Anticipating a strong market for
such things, Sun Microsystems in
1991 funded a research project
(code named Green) whose goal
was to develop software for
intelligent home appliances.

¥ An intelligent home appliance's

intelligence comes from its
embedded processor chips and
the software that runs on the
processor chips.

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 History of Java

¥ Appliance processor chips

change often because engineers
continually find ways to make
them smaller, less expensive,
and more powerful.

¥ To handle the frequent turnover

of new chips, appliance software
must be extremely portable.

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 It was meant to!!
A programming language for appliances!
Must Run on Any Architecture
pretty
Program Java Java portable
in Java Compiler Bytecode

Java Virtual Machine Java Virtual Machine

 History of Java
¥ Initial Idea – 1991

¥ 18 months to develop the first working version

¥ Initially named as Oak

¥ Renamed as Java in 1995

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Java Editions

¥ J2SE, J2ME, and J2EE

¥ Java Standard Edition (J2SE)

J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone

applications or applets.

¥ Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)

J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications such

as Java servlets and Java ServerPages.

¥ Java Micro Edition (J2ME).

J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile

devices such as cell phones.

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 JDK Evolution

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 JDK Evolution

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 JVM, JRE & JDK
¥ JVM (Java Virtual Machine) - abstract machine, Not exist physically, provides a
runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be executed.
¥ JRE(Java Runtime Environment) - provides the runtime environment,
implementation of JVM, physically exists, contains a set of libraries + other files that
JVM uses at runtime.
¥ JDK(Java Development Kit) - Software development environment which is used to
develop Java applications and applets, physically exists, contains JRE +
development tools.

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 A Simple Java Program(3)

 nextLine()
 nextLong()
 nextDouble()

Program to Demonstrate Interactive Input

[Link]

[Link]

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

  Classes and Objects

8/28/2021 10:56:51 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

8/28/2021 10:56:52 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21
Introducing Classes

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  Two Programming Paradigms
 The Three OOP Principles
 Class Fundamentals
 Declaring Objects
 Assigning Object Reference Variables

8/31/2021 2:02:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Programming Paradigms

 It is an approach to classify the programming languages.

 Procedure oriented programming

 Object oriented programming
 Imperative Programming
 Declarative Programming
 Structured Programming
 Concurrent Programming

8/31/2021 2:02:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Procedure oriented programming

 Emphasis on Algorithms
 Large Programs divided
into Functions
 Functions share Global
data
 Employs Top-Down
approach in program
design

8/31/2021 2:02:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Object oriented programming

 Emphasis on Data
 Large Programs divided into objects
 Data is hidden
 Employs Bottom-up approach in program design

8/31/2021 2:02:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Three OOP Principles

8/31/2021 2:02:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 Abstraction
 Data Abstraction is the property by
virtue of which only the essential details
are displayed to the user.
 The non-essentials details are not
displayed to the user.
 Data Abstraction may also be defined as
the process of identifying only the
required characteristics of an object
ignoring the irrelevant
 In java, abstraction is achieved
by interfaces and abstract classes.

8/31/2021 2:02:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Data Encapsulation
 Encapsulation - that binds together
code and the data
 Encapsulation - keeps code and data
safe from outside interference and
misuse.
 Encapsulation is as a protective wrapper
that prevents the code and data from
being arbitrarily accessed by other code
defined outside the wrapper.
 Access to the code and data inside the
wrapper is tightly controlled through a
well-defined interface.
 In Java, the basis of encapsulation is
the class

8/31/2021 2:02:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 Inheritance
 Inheritance is the process by which one
object acquires the properties of another
object.

 Inheritance supports the concept of

hierarchical classification.

 Without - Each object would need to

define all of its characteristics explicitly.

 Using inheritance - an object need only

define those qualities that make it unique
within its class.

 It can inherit its general attributes from

its parent.

8/31/2021 2:02:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 Inheritance - Types

8/31/2021 2:02:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 Polymorphism

8/31/2021 2:02:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 Class - Introduction

¥ Java is a true OO language and therefore the

underlying structure of all Java programs is classes.

¥ Anything we wish to represent in Java must be

encapsulated in a class that defines the “state” and
“behaviour” of the basic program components known
as objects.

8/31/2021 2:02:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 What is a Class?

¥ A class defines a new data type.

¥ Once defined, this new type can be used to create objects of

that type.

¥ A class is a template for an object, and an object is an

instance of a class.

8/31/2021 2:02:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Class - Example

8/31/2021 2:02:17 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 General form of a class

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 A Simple Class

class Circle
{
int radius;

void area()
{
}
Three Types
}//class  Class – Instance Variables
 Class – Methods
 Class – Instance variables & Methods

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 Class - Instance Variables

class Simpleinterest
{

int principal;
int number_of_years;
int rate_of_interest;

}//class

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 Class - Method

class Simpleinterestdemo
{
public static void main(string args[])
{

}//class

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 Class - Instance Variables & Method

class NewSimpleinterest
{
int principal;
int number_of_years;
int rate_of_interest;

public static void main(string args[])

{

}//main
}//class

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Declaring Objects

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Declaring Objects

¥ Declare the Circle class, have created a new data type

¥ Can define variables (objects) of that type:

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 Objects - Example

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

 Declaring Objects cont.
 Circle aCircle; Circle bCircle;
 aCircle, bCircle simply refers to an object of type Circle, not
an object itself.

aCircle bCircle

null null

Points to nothing (Null Reference) Points to nothing (Null Reference)

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

 Creating objects of a class
 Objects are created dynamically using the new keyword.
 aCircle and bCircle refer to Circle objects

 Circle aCircle; //declare reference to object

Allocates a circle Object

aCircle = new Circle() ; bCircle = new Circle() ;

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 24

 Creating objects of a class

aCircle = new Circle();

bCircle = new Circle() ;

bCircle = aCircle;
 Creating objects of a class

aCircle = new Circle();

bCircle = new Circle() ;

bCircle = aCircle;

Before Assignment After Assignment

aCircle bCircle aCircle bCircle

P Q P Q
 Accessing Object/Circle
Data
¥ Similar to C syntax for accessing data defined in a class.

[Link]

[Link](parameter-list)

Circle aCircle = new Circle();

[Link] = 1.0

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 27

 Using Circle Class
class Circle
{
double radius,area;

public static void main(String args[])

{
Circle aCircle; // creating reference
aCircle = new Circle(); // creating object

[Link] = 5;

aCircle .area=3.14* [Link]* [Link];

[Link](aCircle .area);
}
}

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 28

  We have discussed:
 POP vs OOP
 How to define a class
 How to create objects

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 29

 ¥ Lexical Issues
¥ Features of Java

8/31/2021 2:02:18 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 30

 CSE 208
JAVA
PROGRAMMING

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
 ¥ Lexical Issues

¥ Features of Java

9/1/2021 5:24:24 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Review
Question!!!!

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Question - 1
1. What will be the result of running the following
program?

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Question - 2

Java Supports operator overloading?

 Yes
 No

¥ [Link](“The Result is”+c);

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Question - 3

¥ Why do we need compiler to execute the

program ?

¥ Which errors are identified by the compiler?

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 Lexical Issues

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Lexical Issues
¥ Atomic elements of Java.
¥ Java programs are a collection of
White Space
Identifiers
Comments
Literals
Operators
Separators
Keywords

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 Lexical Issues

¥ Java is a free-form language.

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 Lexical Issues
Whitespace

¥ For example, the program could have been written all on one
line or in any other strange way you felt like typing it.

¥ In Java, whitespace is a space, tab, or newline.

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 Lexical Issues
public class Hello { public static void main() { Valid Program
[Link]("Hello Java"); } }

Not Valid
publicclassHello { public static void main() {
[Link]("Hello Java"); } }

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 Lexical Issues
Identifiers

¥ Identifiers are used for class names, method names, and variable
names.

¥ An identifier may be any descriptive sequence of uppercase and

lowercase letters, numbers, or the underscore and dollar-sign
characters.

¥ They must not begin with a number.

¥ Java is case-sensitive, so VALUE is a different identifier than

Value.

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 Lexical Issues
Identifiers
¥ Some examples of valid identifiers are:
AvgTemp
count
a4
$test
this_is_ok

¥ Invalid variable names include:

2count
high-temp
Not/ok

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Lexical Issues
Literals
¥ A constant value in Java is created by using a literal
representation of it.

¥ For example, here are some literals:

100 98.6 ‘X’ “This is a test”

¥ Left to right, the first literal specifies an integer, the next is a

floating-point value, the third is a character constant, and the
last is a string.

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Lexical Issues
Comments
¥ There are three types of comments defined by Java. You
already know two: single-line and multiline. The third type is
called a documentation comment.

¥ This type of comment is used to produce an HTML file that

documents your program.

¥ The documentation comment begins with a /** and ends with

a */.

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 Lexical Issues
Separators

¥ In Java, there are a few characters that are used as

separators.

¥ The most commonly used separator in Java is the semicolon.

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17
 Lexical Issues
The Java Keywords
¥ There are 61 reserved keywords currently defined in the
Java language

¥ The keywords const and goto are reserved but not used.

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 Characteristics of Java

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Characteristics of Java

¥ Java Is Simple
¥ Java Is Object-Oriented
¥ Java Is Distributed
¥ Java Is Interpreted
¥ Java Is Robust
¥ Java Is Secure
¥ Java Is Architecture-Neutral
¥ Java Is Portable
¥ Java Is Multithreaded

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Characteristics of Java
¥ Java Is Simple  Easy to learn and use effectively

¥ Java Is Object-Oriented  Some Programming experience –

find difficult to learn.
¥ Java Is Distributed  Inherits C syntax
¥ Java Is Interpreted  Inherits C++ Object oriented
features
¥ Java Is Robust
¥ Java Is Secure
¥ Java Is Architecture-
Neutral
¥ Java Is Portable
¥ Java Is Multithreaded

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 Characteristics of Java
¥ Java Is Simple  Not designed to be source code
compatible
¥ Java Is Object-Oriented
 Freedom to design
¥ Java Is Distributed
¥ Java Is Interpreted  Outcome – clean, usable,
pragmatic approach to objects
¥ Java Is Robust
¥ Java Is Secure
¥ Java Is Architecture-
Neutral
¥ Java Is Portable
¥ Java Is Multithreaded

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

 Characteristics of Java
¥ Java Is Simple  Distributed computing involves
several computers working
¥ Java Is Object-Oriented together on a network.
¥ Java Is Distributed  Java is designed to make
¥ Java Is Interpreted distributed computing easy.

¥ Java Is Robust  Since networking capability is

inherently integrated into Java,
¥ Java Is Secure writing network programs is like
sending and receiving data to
¥ Java Is Architecture-
and from a file.
Neutral
¥ Java Is Portable
¥ Java Is Multithreaded

9/1/2021 5:24:25 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

 Characteristics of Java
¥ Java Is Simple  You need an interpreter to run
Java programs.
¥ Java Is Object-Oriented
 The programs are compiled into
¥ Java Is Distributed the Java Virtual Machine code
¥ Java Is Interpreted called byte code.

¥ Java Is Robust  The byte code is machine-

independent and can run on any
¥ Java Is Secure machine that has a Java
interpreter, which is part of the
¥ Java Is Architecture-
Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
Neutral
¥ Java Is Portable
¥ Java Is Multithreaded

9/1/2021 5:24:26 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 24

 Characteristics of Java
¥ Java Is Simple  Memory Management Mistakes
 Mishandles Exceptional
¥ Java Is Object-Oriented conditions
¥ Java Is Distributed  Garbage Collection Mechanism
¥ Java Is Interpreted
 Java compilers can detect many
¥ Java Is Robust problems that would first show
up at execution time in other
¥ Java Is Secure languages.
¥ Java Is Architecture-
 Java has a runtime exception-
Neutral handling feature to provide
¥ Java Is Portable programming support for
robustness.
¥ Java Is Multithreaded

9/1/2021 5:24:26 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 25

 Characteristics of Java
¥ Java Is Simple
¥ Java Is Object-Oriented
¥ Java Is Distributed
¥ Java Is Interpreted  Java implements several security
mechanisms to protect your system
¥ Java Is Robust against harm caused by stray
programs.
¥ Java Is Secure
¥ Java Is Architecture-
Neutral
¥ Java Is Portable
¥ Java Is Multithreaded

9/1/2021 5:24:26 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 26

 Characteristics of Java
¥ Java Is Simple
¥ Java Is Object-Oriented
¥ Java Is Distributed
¥ Java Is Interpreted
¥ Java Is Robust
¥ Java Is Secure  Write once, run anywhere
¥ Java Is Architecture-  With a Java Virtual Machine
Neutral (JVM), you can write one program
that will run on any platform.
¥ Java Is Portable
¥ Java Is Multithreaded

9/1/2021 5:24:26 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 27

 Characteristics of Java
¥ Java Is Simple
¥ Java Is Object-Oriented
¥ Java Is Distributed
¥ Java Is Interpreted
¥ Java Is Robust
 Because Java is architecture
¥ Java Is Secure neutral, Java programs are
portable. They can be run on any
¥ Java Is Architecture- platform without being
Neutral recompiled.
¥ Java Is Portable
¥ Java Is Multithreaded

9/1/2021 5:24:26 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 28

 Characteristics of Java
¥ Java Is Simple
¥ Java Is Object-Oriented
¥ Java Is Distributed
¥ Java Is Interpreted
¥ Java Is Robust
 Multithread programming is
¥ Java Is Secure smoothly integrated in Java, whereas
in other languages you have to call
¥ Java Is Architecture- procedures specific to the operating
Neutral system to enable multithreading.
¥ Java Is Portable
¥ Java Is Multithreaded

9/1/2021 5:24:26 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 29

  Methods and Constructors

9/1/2021 5:24:26 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 30

Introducing Classes - II

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
 Introducing Methods
 Constructors
 Parameterized Constructors
 Instance Variable Hiding
 “this” – keyword
 Garbage Collection Mechanism

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Introducing Methods

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Adding Methods

¥ Methods are declared inside the body of the

class but immediately after the declaration of
instance variables.
¥ The general form of a method declaration is:

type MethodName (parameter-list)

{
Method-body;
//return value
}

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Adding Methods to Class Circle
class Circle
{
double r; // radius of circle

//Method to compute circumference and area

void circumference()
{
[Link](2*3.14*r);
}
Method Body
void area()
{
[Link](3.14 * r * r);
}
}
 Method - Returning a Value

class Circle
{
double r; // radius of circle

//Method to compute area

double area()
{
double area=3.14 * r * r Method that
return area; returns a value
}

}
 Method – that takes parameters

class Circle
{
double r; // radius of circle

//Method to compute area

void area(double x)
{ Method that
[Link](3.14 * x * x); takes parameter
}
}
 Constructor

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 Constructor – Need ?

 It can be tedious to initialize all of the variables in a class each

time an instance is created.
 Use a method
 Invoke the method
 Initialize – when the object is created
 Java allows objects to initialize themselves when they are
created.
 This automatic initialization is performed through the use of a
constructor.

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 Constructor

 A constructor initializes an object immediately upon creation.

 Constructor has the same name as the class
 Constructor is syntactically similar to a method.
 no return type
 not even void.
 The implicit return type of a class constructor is the class type
itself.
 Once defined
 the constructor is automatically called when the object
is created.

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 Constructor - Example
class Circle
{
double radius,area;

Circle()
{ Constructor
radius=5;
}

void computeArea()
{
area=3.14* radius* radius; User defined method
[Link](area);
}

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 Constructor - Example

public static void main(String args[])

{
Circle aCircle = new Circle(); Constructor
[Link](); Invocation
}
}

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>javac [Link]

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java Circle

78.5

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 Parameterized Constructor - Example
class Circle
{
double radius,area;

Circle(double r)
{ Constructor
radius=r;
}

void computeArea()
{
area=3.14* radius* radius; User defined method
[Link](area);
}

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Parameterized Constructor - Example

public static void main(String args[])

{
Circle aCircle = new Circle(5); Parameterized
[Link](); Constructor
} Invocation
}

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Instance Variable Hiding
class Circle
{
double radius,area;  Local Variable name is
same as Instance
Circle(double radius) variable
{  Local variable hides
radius=radius; instance variable
}

void computeArea()
{
area=3.14* radius* radius; User defined method
[Link](area);
}

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 Instance Variable Hiding

public static void main(String args[])

{
Circle aCircle = new Circle(5); Parameterized
[Link](); Constructor
} Invocation
}

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>javac [Link]

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java Circle

0.0

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 The this Keyword
class Circle
{
double radius,area;
 Prefix the instance
Circle(double radius) variable with the
{ keyword “this”
[Link]=radius;
}

void computeArea()
{
area=3.14* radius* radius; User defined method
[Link](area);
}

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 The this Keyword

public static void main(String args[])

{
Circle aCircle = new Circle(5); Parameterized
[Link](); Constructor
} Invocation
}

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>javac [Link]

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java Circle

78.5

9/3/2021 7:08:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 Garbage collection Mechanism

 objects are dynamically allocated by using the new operator

 How such objects are destroyed and their memory released

for later reallocation?

 In C++ - allocated objects must be manually released by use

of a delete operator.

 Java handles deallocation automatically.

 The technique that accomplishes this is called garbage

collection.

9/3/2021 7:08:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Garbage collection Mechanism

¥ It works like this when no references to an object exist, that

object is assumed to be no longer needed, and the memory
occupied by the object can be reclaimed.
¥ There is no need to explicitly destroy objects.
¥ Garbage collection only occurs sporadically (if at all) during
the execution of your program.
¥ It will not occur simply because one or more objects exist that
are no longer used.
¥ Furthermore, different Java run-time implementations will take
varying approaches to garbage collection, but for the most
part, you should not have to think about it while writing your
programs.

9/3/2021 7:08:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

  We have discussed:
 How to add methods to
classes?
 Types of methods
 Constructorand
Parameterized constructor
 Instance variable hiding –
solution
 Garbage collection
mechanism
9/3/2021 7:08:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21
  Method Overloading

9/3/2021 7:08:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

 ¥ Area of a Square
¥ Simple Interest Calculation
¥ Sum and average of 3 numbers

9/3/2021 7:08:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

 CSE 208
JAVA PROGRAMMING

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
 Data Types
 Variables
 Constants

CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Need for a Data Type?
¥ Two Purposes
¥ To guard against programming errors
¥ To specify the desired degree of numerical precision

CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

Primitive Data Types

CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Data Types

 Modern programming languages

 Java supports several types of data.

 You may use these types to declare variables

and to create arrays

CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Data Types

 Java Is a strongly typed language

 Variable has a type

 Expression has a type

 All assignments
 Explicit or via parameter passing are checked for type
compatibility

 No automatic conversion of conflicting data types

CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 Data Types

A=123;
B=456.789
C=false;

int a;
a=“sastra”; void add(int a, int b)
{
}

int a; add(123,45.67)
a=123.456;

CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Simple Types
¥ There are exactly eight primitive data types in Java

 Four of them represent integers:

 byte, short, int, long
 Two of them represent floating point numbers:
 float, double
 One of them represents characters:
 char
 And one of them represents boolean values:
 boolean

CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 Some Built-In Types Of Variables In Java

Type Description
byte 8 bit signed integer

short 16 but signed integer

int 32 bit signed integer

long 64 bit signed integer

float 32 bit signed real number

double 64 bit signed real number

char 16 bit Unicode character (ASCII and beyond)

boolean 1 bit true or false value

String A sequence of characters between double quotes ("")

 Numeric Primitive Data

¥ The difference between the various numeric primitive types is their size,
and therefore the values they can store:

Type Storage Min Value Max Value

byte 8 bits -128 127

short 16 bits -32,768 32,767
int 32 bits -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
long 64 bits < -9 x 1018 > 9 x 1018

float 32 bits +/- 3.4 x 1038 with 7 significant digits

double 64 bits +/- 1.7 x 10308 with 15 significant digits

CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 Characters

¥ A char variable stores a single character from the Unicode character set
¥ A character set is an ordered list of characters, and each character
corresponds to a unique number
¥ The Unicode character set uses sixteen bits per character, allowing for
65,536 unique characters
¥ It is an international character set, containing symbols and characters from
many world languages(Latin, Greek, Arabic)
¥ Character literals are delimited by single quotes:

'a' 'X' '7' '$' ',' '\n'

CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 Boolean

¥ A boolean value represents a true or false

condition

¥ A boolean can also be used to represent any

two states, such as a light bulb being on or off

¥ The reserved words true and false are

the only valid values for a boolean type
boolean done = false;

CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

CSE 208 – Java Programming 13
 Variables

¥ A variable is a name for a location in memory

¥ A variable must be declared, specifying the variable's name
and the type of information that will be held in it

data type variable name

int total;

int count, temp, result;

Multiple variables can be created in one declaration

CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Variables

 Types of Variables:
¥ Local variables
¥ Instance variables
¥ Class/Static variables

CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 Variables

 Local variables public class Hello

{
 Declared in methods, public static void main(String a[])
constructors, or blocks, {
 Created when the method, private int a;
constructor or block is [Link](a);
entered and the variable will }
}
be destroyed once it exits
the method, constructor, or
E:\slides\Java - 2021\>javac [Link]
block. [Link]: error: illegal start of
expression
 Access modifiers cannot be private int a;
used for local variables. ^
1 error

CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 Variables
 Local variables
 Visible only within the declared method, constructor, or block.
 No default value for local variables(should be declared and an
initial value should be assigned before the first use).

public class Hello

{ E:\slides\Java - 2021>javac [Link]
public static void main(String a[]) [Link]: error: variable a might not have been
{ initialized
[Link](a);
int a; ^
[Link](a); 1 error
}
}

CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 Variables
 Instance variables
¥ Instance variables are declared in a class, but outside a method,
constructor or any block.
¥ Instance variables can be declared in class level
¥ Access modifiers can be given for instance variables.
¥ Values can be assigned during the declaration or within the
constructor.

public class Hello

{
private int a;
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link](a);
}
}

CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 Variables

 Instance variables
 The instance variables are visible for all methods, constructors
and block in the class.

 Normally, it is recommended to make these variables private

(access level).

 However, visibility for subclasses can be given for these

variables with the use of access modifiers.

CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Variables
 Instance variables public class Hello
 Instance variables have default {
values. private int a;
 For numbers, boolean b;
double c;
 the default value is 0,
 Booleans it is false, and void show()
 object references it is null. {
[Link](a);
[Link](b);
[Link](c);
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\>java Hello public static void main(String args[])
0 {
Hello h=new Hello();
false [Link]();
0.0 }
}

CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Variables
¥ Class/Static Variables
 Class variables also known as static variables are
declared with the static keyword in a class, but outside a
method, constructor or a block.
 There would only be one copy of each class variable per
class, regardless of how many objects are created from it.
 Static variables are created when the program starts and
destroyed when the program stops.
 Visibility is similar to instance variables.
 However, most static variables are declared public since
they must be available for users of the class.

CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 Variables
¥ Class/Static Variables
 Default values are same as instance variables.

 Values can be assigned during the declaration or within the

constructor.

 Additionally, values can be assigned in special static

initializer blocks.

 Static variables can be accessed by calling with the class

name [Link].

CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

 Variables
public class Variable
{
private static int a;

public static void main(String args[])

{
[Link](a);
}
}

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Variable

0

CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

 Variables
public class Variable
{
private static int a;

static
{
a=12345;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link](a);
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Variable
12345

CSE 208 – Java Programming 24

CSE 208 – Java Programming 25
 Constants

 A constant is an identifier that is similar to a variable except

that it holds one value for its entire existence
 The compiler will issue an error if you try to change a constant
 In Java, we use the final modifier to declare a constant

final int MIN_HEIGHT = 69;

const int MIN_HEIGHT = 69;

CSE 208 – Java Programming 26

 Data Types
 Variables
 Local variables
 Instance variables
 Class/Static variables
 Constants

CSE 208 – Java Programming 27

 Data Conversion
 Arrays

CSE 208 – Java Programming 28

 CSE 208
JAVA
PROGRAMMING

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
 Data Conversion
 Arrays
 Operators

9/7/2021 1:56:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Data Conversions

9/7/2021 1:56:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Data Conversions

¥ It is fairly common to assign a value of one type to a variable

of another type

¥ Sometimes it is convenient to convert data from one type to

another

¥ For example, we may want to treat an integer as a floating

point value during a computation

¥ Conversions must be handled carefully to avoid losing

information

9/7/2021 1:56:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Data Conversions

 Widening conversions
 are safest because they tend to go from a small data type
to a larger one (such as a short to an int)

 Narrowing conversions
 can lose information because they tend to go from a large
data type to a smaller one (such as an int to a short)

9/7/2021 1:56:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Data Conversions

¥ In Java, data conversions can occur in three ways:

 Assignment conversion
 Arithmetic promotion
 Casting

9/7/2021 1:56:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 Assignment Conversion
public class DataConversion
¥ Assignment
{
conversion
public static void main(String args[])
occurs when a
{
value of one
short s;
type is assigned
byte b=123;
to a variable of
s=b;
another
[Link](s);
¥ Only widening }
conversions can }
happen via
assignment
E:\slides\Java - 2021>java DataConversion
123

9/7/2021 1:56:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Assignment Conversion
public class DataConversion
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
short s=123;
byte b;
b=s;
[Link](b);
}
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: incompatible types: possible lossy conversion from
short to byte
b=s;
^
1 error

9/7/2021 1:56:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 Data Conversions
¥ Arithmetic promotion happens automatically when operators in
expressions convert their operands
public class TypePromotion
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
short s=123;
int i=12345; First,all byte, short, and char values are
promoted to int,
double result; Then, if one operand is a long
result=s+i; If one operand is a float,
[Link](result); If any of the operands are double,
} the result is double.
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java TypePromotion
12468.0

9/7/2021 1:56:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 Data Conversions
¥ Casting is the most powerful, and dangerous, technique for conversion

¥ Both widening and narrowing conversions can be accomplished by

explicitly casting a value

¥ To cast, the type is put in parentheses in front of the value being converted

¥ For example, if total and count are integers, but we want a floating
point result when dividing them, we can cast total:

result = (float) total / count;

9/7/2021 1:56:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 Arrays

9/7/2021 1:56:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 Arrays

Java supports arrays

An array is a collection of elements where each element is the
same type.

 Element type can be primitive or Object

 Each element is a single value

 The length of the array is set when it is created.

 It cannot change.

12
 Arrays

¥ An array is an ordered list of values

The entire array Each value has a numeric index

has a single name

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

scores 79 87 94 82 67 98 87 81 74 91

An array of size N is indexed from zero to N-1

This array holds 10 values that are indexed from 0 to 9

9/7/2021 1:56:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Arrays

¥ A particular value in an array is referenced

using the array name followed by the index in
brackets

¥ For example, the expression

scores[2]

refers to the value 94 (which is the 3rd value

in the array)

9/7/2021 1:56:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Creating Arrays

Creating an array is a 2 step process

It must be declared (declaration does not specify size)
int grades[5];
declaration syntax: type[] arrayName;

note the location of the []

It must be created (ie. memory must be allocated for the array)

int[] grades; // declaration

grades = new int[5]; // Create array.

// specify size
// assign new array to
// array variable
 Creating Arrays

When an array is created, all of its elements are automatically

initialized
 0 for integral types
 0.0 for floating point types
 false for boolean types grades
 null for object types
array indices 0 0
int[] grades = new int[5];
1 0

2 0

3 0

Note: maximum array index is length -1 4 0

 Initializing and Using Arrays

Because array elements are initialized to 0, the array should

be initialized with usable values before the array is used.
 This can be done with a loop
 Arrays have a length attribute which can be used for bounds checking
 Elements are accessed using an index and []

int[] sequence = new int[5];

for (int i=0; i< [Link]; i++)

{
sequence[i] = i * 25;
}

array length: ensures loop

Array element being accessed. In this won't go past end of the array
case, it is being assigned a value.
 Using initializer lists

Another way of initializing lists is by using initializer lists.

 The array is automatically created
 The array size is computed from the number of items in the list.

type[] arrayName = {initializer_list};

int[] grades = {100, 96, 78, 86, 93};

String[] colours = { "Red", "Orange",

"Yellow", "Green",
"Blue", "Indigo",
"Violet"};
 Initializer Lists
 Note that when an initializer list is used:
 the new operator is not used
 no size value is specified

 The size of the array is determined by the number of

items in the initializer list

 An initializer list can only be used in the declaration of

an array

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Array Bounds Checking

 Whenever and array is accessed, the index is checked to

ensure that it within the bounds of the array.
 Attempts to access an array element outside the bounds of
the array will cause an ArrayIndexOutOfBounds exception to
be thrown.

int[] sequence = new int[5];

sequence[0] = 50; // ok
sequence[1] = 60; // ok
sequence[-1] = 100; // Exception
sequence[5] = 30; // Exception
 The main() method

 You may recall that the main method takes an array of String
objects as a parameter.
 This array of Strings holds the command line parameters which were
passed to the java program when it was started

public class HelloWorld

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
[Link]("Hello World");
}
}
Array holding command line parameters
 Bounds Checking

 Each array object has a public constant called

length that stores the size of the array

 It is referenced using the array name (just like

any other object):

 [Link]

 Note that length holds the number of elements,

not the largest index

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

 Array Declarations Revisited
 The brackets of the array type can be associated with
the element type or with the name of the array

 Therefore the following declarations are equivalent:

float[] prices;
float prices[];

 The first format is generally more readable

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

 Arrays as Parameters
 An entire array can be passed to a method as a parameter

 Like any other object, the reference to the array is passed,

making the formal and actual parameters aliases of each
other

 Changing an array element in the method changes the original

 An array element can be passed to a method as well, and will

follow the parameter passing rules of that element's type

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 24

 Arrays of Objects

 The elements of an array can be object

references

 The following declaration reserves space to

store 25 references to String objects

String[] words = new String[25];

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 25

 Two-Dimensional Arrays
¥ A one-dimensional array stores a simple list of values

¥ A two-dimensional array can be thought of as a table of values,

with rows and columns

¥ A two-dimensional array element is referenced using two index

values

¥ To be precise, a two-dimensional array in Java is an array of

arrays

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 26

 Two-Dimensional Arrays

¥ int number[][]=new int[3][4]

¥ int number[][]={{0,0,0},{1,1,1}}

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 27

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 28
 Operators
Operator Type Category Precedence
postfix expr++, expr--
Unary
prefix ++expr, --expr, +expr, -expr, ~ , !

multiplicative * / %
Arithmetic
additive + -
Shift shift << >> >>>

comparison < > <= >= instanceof

Relational
equality == !=
bitwise AND &

Bitwise bitwise exclusive OR ^

bitwise inclusive OR |

logical AND &&

Logical
logical OR ||
Ternary ternary ?:

Assignment assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 29

 REVIEW
QUESTIONS

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 30

 Question 1

Strings are a primitive data type in Java.

A. TRUE
B. FALSE

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 31

 Question 2

What is output by the following Java code?

int x = 3;
double a = x / 2 + 3.5;
[Link](a);
A. a
B. 5
C. 4.5
D. 4
E. 5.0

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 32

 Question 3

int[] list = {5, 1, 7, 3};

[Link]( list[2] );
[Link]( list[4] );

What is output by the code to the right?

A. Output will vary from one run of program to next
B. 00
C. 363
D. 7 then a runtime error
E. No output due to syntax error

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 33

  Data Conversion
 Widening

 Narrowing

 Arrays
 Creation

 Single Dimension
 Two Dimension
 Operators

9/7/2021 1:56:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 34

 Method Overloading
 Constructor Overloading

9/7/2021 1:56:54 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 35

 A Closer Look
at
Methods and Classes

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  Overloading Methods
 Overloading Constructors
 Using Objects as Parameters
 A Closer Look at Argument
Passing
 Returning Objects

9/8/2021 6:36:58 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Review Question - 1
class Array
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a[]={};
[Link](a[0]);
}
} F:\java>java Array
Exception in thread "main"
[Link]: 0
at [Link]([Link])

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Review Question - 2
class Array
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a[]={0};
[Link](a[0]);
a[1]=123;
[Link](a[0]);
F:\java>java Array
}
0
} Exception in thread "main"
[Link]: 1
at [Link]([Link])
9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4
 Review Question - 3
class Array
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link](‘a’); F:\java>java Array
a
[Link](‘a’+0); 97
[Link](“a”+0); a0

}
}

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Overloading Methods

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 Overloading Methods

 In Java,
 it is possible to define two or more methods
 within the same class that share the same name
 as long as their parameter declarations are different.
 The methods are said to be overloaded
 The process is referred to as method overloading.
 Method overloading is one of the ways that Java supports
polymorphism.

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Overloading Methods
 When an overloaded method is invoked
 Determine which version of the overloaded method to actually
call
 Java uses the type and/or number of arguments as its guide
 Overloaded methods must differ in the type and/or number of
their parameters.
 Java encounters a call to an overloaded method
 it simply executes the version of the method whose
parameters match the arguments used in the call.

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 Overloading Methods
class Shape
{
void computeArea(int l)
{
int area= l * l;
[Link]("Square Area:--->"+area);
}

void computeArea(int l,int b)

{
int area= l * b;
[Link]("Rectangle Area:--->"+area);
}

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 Overloading Methods
void computeArea(double radius)
{
double area=3.14* radius* radius;
[Link]("Circle Area:--->"+area);
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
Shape s=new Shape();
[Link](2);
[Link](3,3); E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Shape
[Link](5); Square Area:--->4
} Rectangle Area:--->9
} Square Area:--->25

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 Overloading Methods

public static void main(String args[])

{
Shape s=new Shape();
[Link](2);
[Link](3,3);
[Link](5.0);
}
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Shape
Square Area:--->4
Rectangle Area:--->9
Circle Area:--->78.5

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 Overloading Methods
class Shape Java’s automatic type
{ conversions can play a role in
overload resolution
void computeArea(int l,int b)
{
int area= l * b;
[Link]("Rectangle Area:--->"+area);
}

void computeArea(double radius)

{
double area=3.14* radius* radius;
[Link]("Circle Area:--->"+area);
}

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 Overloading Methods
public static void main(String args[])
{
Shape s=new Shape();
[Link](2);
[Link](3,3);
[Link](5.0);
}
}

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Shape

Circle Area:--->12.56
Rectangle Area:--->9
Circle Area:--->78.5

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Overloading Methods
public static void main(String args[])
{
Shape s=new Shape();
[Link]('a');
}
}

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Shape

Circle Area:--->29544.26

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Overloading Methods
public static void main(String args[])
{
Shape s=new Shape();
[Link](”a”);
}
}

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: incompatible types: String cannot

be converted to double

[Link]("a");

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 Overloading Methods
class Shape
{
void computeArea(int l)
{
int area= l * l;
[Link]("Square Area:--->"+area);
}

void computeArea(int l,int b)

{
int area= l * b;
[Link]("Rectangle Area:--->"+area);
}

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 Overloading Methods
public static void main(String args[])
{
Shape s=new Shape();
[Link](12.34);
}
}

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: incompatible types: possible lossy
conversion from double to int
[Link](12.34);
^

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 Overloading Constructors

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 Constructor Overloading
class Shape
{

Shape(int l)
{
int area= l * l;
[Link]("Square Area:--->"+area);
}

Shape(int l,int b)
{
int area= l * b;
[Link]("Rectangle Area:--->"+area);
}

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Constructor Overloading
Shape(double radius)
{
double area=3.14* radius* radius;
[Link]("Circle Area:--->"+area);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link]("Constructor Overloading");
Shape s1=new Shape(2);
Shape s2=new Shape(3,3); E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Shape
Shape s3=new Shape(5.0); Constructor Overloading
} Square Area:--->4
} Rectangle Area:--->9
Circle Area:--->78.5

9/8/2021 6:36:59 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Objects as Parameters

9/8/2021 6:37:00 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 Objects as Parameters
class Circle
{
double radius;

Circle(double radius)
{
[Link]=radius;
}

boolean compare(Circle c)
{
if([Link] == radius)
return true;
else
return false;
}
9/8/2021 6:37:00 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22
 Objects as Parameters
public static void main(String args[])
{
Circle c1 = new Circle(10);
Circle c2 = new Circle(10);
Circle c3 = new Circle(15);

[Link]("Both objects are Equal--->" + [Link](c2));

[Link]("Both objects are Equal--->" + [Link](c3));
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
Both objects are Equal--->true
Both objects are Equal--->false

9/8/2021 6:37:00 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

 A Closer Look at Argument Passing

9/8/2021 6:37:00 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 24

 Argument Passing

 There are two ways to pass an argument to a Method.

 call-by-value.
 call-by-reference.

9/8/2021 6:37:00 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 25

 call-by-value

 This approach copies the value of an argument into the

formal parameter of the method.

 Changes made to the parameter of the method have no

effect on the argument.

 When you pass a primitive type to a method, it is

passed by value.

Example

9/8/2021 6:37:00 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 26

 call-by-value
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java ArrayElementToMethod
Contents of the Array is
1
2
3
4
5
Inside Method 5
Contents of the Array After method invocation is
1
2
3
4
5

9/8/2021 6:37:00 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 27

 call-by-reference
 In this approach, a reference to an argument (not the value
of the argument) is passed to the parameter.

 Inside the method ,

 this reference is used to access the actual argument
specified in the call.

 Changes made to the parameter will affect the argument

used to call the method.

 objects are passed by call-by-reference

Example

9/8/2021 6:37:00 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 28

 call-by-reference
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java ArrayToMethod
Contents of the Array is
1
2
3
4
5
Contents of the Array After method invocation is
5
10
15
20
25

9/8/2021 6:37:00 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 29

  We have discussed:
 Overloading
 Methods

 Constructors

 Objects as Parameters
 Argument Passing
 call-by-value

 call-by-reference

 Returning Objects
9/8/2021 6:37:00 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 30
  Static
 Command line
Arguments

9/8/2021 6:37:00 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 31

 A Closer Look
at
Methods and Classes - II

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  Understanding static
 Introducing Final
 Using Command-Line Arguments

9/11/2021 12:31:22 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Methods - Returning Objects

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Returning Objects
class student
{
int a;

protected void finalize()

{
[Link]("hello");
}

student get()
{
student ob=new student();
ob.a=20;
return ob;
}

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Returning Objects
public static void main(String args[])
{
student s1=new student();
student s2;
s2=[Link]();
[Link](s1.a);
[Link](s2.a);
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java student
0
20

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Understanding static

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 static - Keyword
 Need to define a class member that will be used
independently of any object of that class.
 Normally
 a class member must be accessed only in conjunction with
an object of its class.
 However
 it is possible to create a member that can be used by itself,
without reference to a specific instance.
 To create such a member
 precede its declaration with the keyword static.

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 static - Keyword
 When a member is declared static,
 it can be accessed before any objects of its class are
created,
 without reference to any object.
 Declare both methods and variables to be static.
 The most common example of a static member is main( ).
 main( ) is declared as static because it must be called
before any objects exist.

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 static – Method- Example 1
class Circle E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
{ Circle Area:---->78.5
static void area()
{
double radius=5.0; Static method
double result;
result=3.14*radius*radius;
[Link]("Circle Area:---->"+result);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
area(); Static method Invocation
}
}

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 static – Method- Example 2
class Circle
class Circle
{
{
static void area()
void area()
{
{
double radius=5.0;
double radius=5.0;
double result;
double result;
result=3.14*radius*radius;
result=3.14*radius*radius;
[Link](result);
[Link](result);
}
}
}
}
class circledemo
class circledemo
{
{
public static void main(String args[])
public static void main(String args[])
{
{
[Link]();
Circle c1=new Circle();
}
[Link]();
}
}
}

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 static – Method - Example 2

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>javac [Link]

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>dir *.class

Volume in drive E is New Volume
Volume Serial Number is 8897-C289

Directory of E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I

08/28/2020 10:36 PM 406 [Link]

08/28/2020 10:36 PM 308 [Link]
2 File(s) 714 bytes
0 Dir(s) 24,698,941,440 bytes free

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 static – Keyword- Example 2

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java circledemo

78.5

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java Circle

Error: Main method not found in class Circle, please define the main
method as: public static void main(String[] args)
or a JavaFX application class must extend [Link]

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 static – variable – Example 1
class Circle
{
static double radius; E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
0.0
static void area()
{
double result;
result=3.14*radius*radius;
[Link](result);
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
area();
}
}
9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13
 static – variable – Example 2
class Circle public static void main(String args[])
{ {
static double radius; [Link](radius);
area();
static }
{ }
radius=5.0;
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
static void area() 5.0
{ 78.5
double result;
result=3.14*radius*radius;
[Link](result);
}

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 static – variable – Example 3
class Circle public static void main(String args[])
{ {
static double radius; [Link](radius);
area();
static }
{ static
radius=5.0; {
} radius=10.0;
}
static void area() }
{
double result;
result=3.14*radius*radius; E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
[Link](result); 10.0
} 314.0

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 static – variable – Example 4
class Circle
{
static double radius; Limitation /Constraint
}

Class CircleDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link]([Link]);
}
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java CircleDemo
0.0

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 Introducing Final

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 Normal Parameter
class Circle
{

static void get(int x)

{
x=15;
[Link](x);
}

public static void main(String args[])

{
get(5);
} E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java Circle
} 15

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 Final Parameter
class Circle public static void main(String args[])
{ {
get(5);
static void get(final int x) }
{ }
x=15;
[Link](x);
}

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: final parameter x may not be
assigned
x=15;
^
1 error

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Using Command-Line Arguments

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Command-Line Arguments
 Need
 want to pass information into a program when you run it.

 Accomplished
 by passing command-line arguments to main( ).

 A command-line argument
 is the information that directly follows the program’s name
on the command line when it is executed.

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 Command-Line Arguments

 To access the command-line arguments inside a Java

program
 they are stored as strings
 in a String array passed to the args parameter of main( ).

 The first command-line argument is stored at args[0], the

second at args[1], and so on.

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

 Command-Line Arguments – Example 1

class Cmd
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
for(int i=0;i<[Link];i++)
{
[Link](args[i]);
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java Cmd 1 2.3 a mani
}
1
2.3
a
mani

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

 Command-Line Arguments – Example 2

class Cmd
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link](args[0]+args[1]);
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java Cmd sastra university
sastrauniversity

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java Cmd sastra 123 456

sastra123

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java Cmd 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

12

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 24

 Command-Line Arguments – Example 3

class cmd
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String st="";
for(int i=0;i<[Link];i++)
{
st=st+args[i];
}
[Link](st);
}
} E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java cmd 1 2 sas 3 tra
12sas3tra

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 25

 Command-Line Arguments – Example 4

class Circle
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int radius=[Link](args[0]);
double area=3.14*radius*radius;
[Link]("Circle Area:--->"+area);
}
}

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java Circle 5

Circle Area:--->78.5

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 26

 Command-Line Arguments – Example 4

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java Circle 12.34

Exception in thread "main" [Link]: For input
string: “12.34"
at [Link](Unknown Source)
at [Link](Unknown Source)
at [Link](Unknown Source)
at [Link]([Link])

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java Circle 'a'

Exception in thread "main" [Link]: For input
string: “’a'"
at [Link](Unknown Source)
at [Link](Unknown Source)
at [Link](Unknown Source)
at [Link]([Link])

9/11/2021 12:31:23 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 27

  We have discussed:
 Static

Method


 Variable

 Final Parameter

 Command Line argument

9/11/2021 12:31:24 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 28

  Inheritance

9/11/2021 12:31:24 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 29

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  Inheritance Basics
 Inheritance Types
 Method Overriding
 Using Super

9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Inheritance Basics
 Using inheritance, you can create a general class that defines
traits common to a set of related items.
 This class can then be inherited by other
 more specific classes
 each adding those things that are unique to it.
 In Java,
 A class that is inherited is called a superclass.
 The class that does the inheriting is called a subclass.
 A subclass is a specialized version of a superclass.
 It inherits all of the members defined by the superclass and
adds its own, unique elements.

9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Inheritance Basics
¥ To inherit a class - Use extends keyword
¥ General Form:
class subclass-name extends superclass-name
{
// body of class Class circle extends shape
} {
}
class Shape{ }
Super class
Sub class

class circle{}

9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Single Inheritance
class Circle extends Shape
{
class Shape void computeArea()
{ {
double radius; double area=3.14* radius* radius;
[Link]("Circle Area:--->"+area);
Shape() }
{ public static void main(String args[])
radius=5.0; {
} Circle c1=new Circle();
} [Link]();
}
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
Circle Area:--->78.5

9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Private Access Specifier
class Circle extends Shape
{
class Shape void computeArea()
{ {
private double radius; double area=3.14* radius* radius;
[Link]("Circle Area:--->"+area);
Shape() }
{ public static void main(String args[])
radius=5.0; {
} Circle c1=new Circle();
} [Link]();
}
}

9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 Private Access Specifier

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: radius has private access in Shape
double area=3.14* radius* radius;
^
[Link]: error: radius has private access in Shape
double area=3.14* radius* radius;
^
2 errors

9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Hierarchical Inheritance
class Shape
{ class Shape{ }
double d1,d2;

Shape()
{
d1=2;d2=3; class square{} class rectangle{}
}
}
class Square extends Shape
{
void computeArea()
{
double area=d1*d1;
[Link]("Square Area:--->"+area);
}
}
9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8
 Hierarchical Inheritance
class Rectangle extends Shape
{
void computeArea()
{
double area=d1*d2;
[Link]("Rectangle Area:--->"+area);
}
}

class shapedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Square s1=new Square(); E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java shapedemo
[Link](); Square Area:--->4.0
Rectangle r1=new Rectangle(); Rectangle Area:--->6.0
[Link]();
}
}

9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 Multilevel Inheritance
class shape
{ class Shape{ }
private double radius;

Shape()
{
radius=5.0; class Shape1{}
}
}

class shape1 extends shape

{ class Circle{}
void computeArea()
{
}
}

9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 Multilevel Inheritance
class Circle extends Shape1
{
void computeArea()
{
double area=3.14* radius* radius;
[Link]("Circle Area:--->"+area);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Circle c1=new Circle();
[Link](); E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
} Circle Area:--->78.5
}

9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 When Constructors Are Executed
class One class Three extends Two
{ {
One() Three()
{ {
[Link]("Inside Class One); [Link]("Inside Class
} Three);
} }
class Two extends One }
{
Two() class Constructordemo
{ {
[Link]("Inside Class Two); public static void main(String args[])
} {
} Three T=new Three();
}
}

9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 When Constructors Are Executed
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>dir *.class
Volume in drive E is New Volume
Volume Serial Number is 8897-C289

Directory of E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I

09/01/2020 12:26 PM 309 [Link]

09/01/2020 12:26 PM 367 [Link]
09/01/2020 12:26 PM 358 [Link]
09/01/2020 12:26 PM 354 [Link]
4 File(s) 1,388 bytes
0 Dir(s) 24,688,230,400 bytes free

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Constructordemo

Inside Class One
Inside Class Two
Inside Class Three

9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14
 Method Overriding

 In a class hierarchy
 when a method in a subclass has the same name and
type signature as a method in its superclass,
 The method in the subclass is said to override the method
in the superclass.
 When an overridden method is called from within its subclass,
it will always refer to the version of that method defined by the
subclass.
 The version of the method defined by the superclass will be
hidden.

9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 Method Overriding1
class Superclass class Subclass extends Superclass
{ {
int a; int b;
void show() void display()
{ {
a=555; b=666;
[Link]("Super:--->"+a); [Link]("Subclass:--->"+b);
} }
} }
class ridedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java ridedemo
{
Super:--->555
Subclass s=new Subclass();
Subclass:--->666
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}
9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16
 Method Overriding 2
class Superclass class Subclass extends Superclass
{ {
int a; int b;
void show() void show()
{ {
a=555; b=666;
[Link]("Super:--->"+a); [Link]("Subclass:--->"+b);
} }
} }
class ridedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java ridedemo
Subclass s=new Subclass();
Subclass:--->666
[Link]();
Subclass:--->666
[Link]();
}
}
9/14/2021 2:00:52 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17
 Method Overriding 3
class Superclass class Subclass extends Superclass
{ {
int a;
int a; Subclass ()
Superclass () {
{ a=666;
a=555; }
} void show()
{
} [Link]("Subclass:--->"+a);
[Link]("Subclass:--->"+a);
class ridedemo }
{ }
public static void main(String args[])
{
Subclass s=new Subclass();
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java ridedemo
[Link]();
Subclass:--->666
}
Subclass:--->666
}

9/14/2021 2:00:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

9/14/2021 2:00:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19
 Super 1
class Superclass class Subclass extends Superclass
{ {
int a; int b;
void show() void show()
{ {
a=555; [Link]();
[Link]("Super:--->"+a); b=666;
} [Link]("Subclass:--->"+b);
} }
class ridedemo }
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Subclass s=new Subclass(); E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java ridedemo
[Link](); Super:--->555
Subclass:--->666
}
}
9/14/2021 2:00:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20
 Super 2
class Superclass class Subclass extends Superclass
{ {
int a;
int a; Subclass ()
Superclass () {
{ a=666;
a=555; }
} void show()
{
} [Link]("Superclass:--->"+super.a);
[Link]("Subclass:--->"+a);
class ridedemo }
{ }
public static void main(String args[])
{
Subclass s=new Subclass(); E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java ridedemo
[Link]();
Superclass:--->555
}
} Subclass:--->666

9/14/2021 2:00:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 Super 3

Demo program

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: constructor Superclass in class
Superclass can
not be applied to given types;
{
^
required: int
found: no arguments
reason: actual and formal argument lists differ in length
1 error

9/14/2021 2:00:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

 Super 3
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java ridedemo
Demo program - 1 Super:--->123
Subclass:--->456

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: constructor Superclass in class Superclass can
not be applied to given types;
{
^
required: int
found: no arguments
reason: actual and formal argument lists differ in length
[Link]: error: call to super must be first statement in const
ructor
super(y);
^
2 errors

9/14/2021 2:00:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

 super - Summary

 super keyword Can be used

 To Call Superclass Constructors
 To access Superclass instance variable
 To access Superclass method

9/14/2021 2:00:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 24

  We have discussed:
 Inheritance Basics
 Inheritance Types
 Method Overriding
 Using Super

9/14/2021 2:00:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 25

  Inheritance

9/14/2021 2:00:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 26

 Review Question

 In what order are the destructors for

the classes that make up the
hierarchy executed?

 Give Your Answer in the Chat

Window

9/14/2021 2:00:53 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 27

Inheritance - II

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  final Keyword
 Dynamic Method Dispatch
 Using abstract classes
 The Object class

9/15/2021 6:37:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Review Question - 1

 Can a public class Myclass be defined in a source file named

[Link]?

public class myclass

{ [Link]
}

F:\java>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: class myclass is public, should be declared in a
file named [Link]
public class myclass
^
1 error
9/15/2021 6:37:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3
 Review Question - 2

 How to invoke the garbage collection mechanism from a

java program?

[Link]();

9/15/2021 6:37:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Review Question - 3

class demo extends String

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link](“SASTRA University”);
}
}
[Link]: error: cannot inherit from final String
class demo extends String
^
1 error

9/15/2021 6:37:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

9/15/2021 6:37:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6
 final - Need

 To Prevent Method Overriding

 To prevent a class from being inherited

9/15/2021 6:37:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 final - 1
final class Superclass class Subclass extends Superclass
{ {
int a; int b;
void show() void show()
{ {
a=555; b=666;
[Link]("Super:--->"+a); [Link]("Subclass:--->"+b);
} }
} }

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: cannot inherit from final Superclass
class Subclass extends Superclass
^
1 error

9/15/2021 6:37:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 final - 1
class Superclass class Subclass extends Superclass
{ {
int a; int b;
final void show()
void show()
{
{
a=555;
b=666;
[Link]("Super:--->"+a); [Link]("Subclass:--->"+b);
} }
} }

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: show() in Subclass cannot override show() in Superclass
void show()
^
overridden method is final
1 error

9/15/2021 6:37:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 final - Summary

 final keyword Can be used

 To create the equivalent of a named
constant
 To Prevent Method Overriding
 To prevent a class from being inherited

9/15/2021 6:37:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

9/15/2021 6:37:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11
 Dynamic Method Dispatch
 Dynamic method dispatch
 is the mechanism by which a call to an overridden method
 is resolved at run time
 rather than compile time.

 Java implements run-time polymorphism using Dynamic

method dispatch.

 principle: a superclass reference variable can refer to a

subclass object.

9/15/2021 6:37:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 Dynamic Method Dispatch

 When an overridden method is called through a superclass

reference
 Java determines
 which version of that method to execute
 based upon the type of the object being referred
 at the time the call occurs.

 This determination is made at run time.

 When different types of objects are referred to

 different versions of an overridden method will be called.

9/15/2021 6:37:27 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Dynamic Method Dispatch
class Square extends Shape
class Shape {
{ void computeArea()
double d1,d2; {
double area=d1*d1;
[Link]("Square Area:--->"+area);
Shape() }
{ }
d1=2;d2=3;
} class Rectangle extends Shape
void computeArea() {
{ void computeArea()
} {
} double area=d1*d2;
[Link]("Rectangle Area:--->"+area);
}
}

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Dynamic Method Dispatch
class shapedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x=[Link](args[0]);
Shape s;
Square s1=new Square();
Rectangle r1=new Rectangle();
if(x==1)
{
s=s1;
[Link]();
}
else
{
s=r1;
[Link]();
} //if
} //main
}//class
9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15
 Dynamic Method Dispatch
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java shapedemo 1
Square Area:--->4.0

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java shapedemo 2

Rectangle Area:--->6.0

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java shapedemo 3

Rectangle Area:--->6.0

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java shapedemo a

Exception in thread "main" [Link]: For input string: "a
"
at [Link](Unknown Source)
at [Link](Unknown Source)
at [Link](Unknown Source)
at [Link]([Link])

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 Dynamic Method Dispatch
class Parent
{ class Demo
void display() {
{
[Link]("Inside Super Class");
public static void main(String args[])
} {
} Parent p;
Child c=new Child();
class Child extends Parent p=c;
{
void display()
[Link]();
{ //[Link]();
[Link]("Inside Sub Class"); }
} }
void show()
{
[Link]("Subclass Method");
}
}
9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17
 Dynamic Method Dispatch

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Demo

Inside Sub Class

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: cannot find symbol
[Link]();
^
symbol: method show()
location: variable p of type Parent
1 error

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19
 Abstract Classes
 Need to define a superclass that declares the structure of a
given abstraction without providing a complete implementation
of every method.
 create a superclass that only defines a generalized form that
will be shared by all of its subclasses, leaving it to each
subclass to fill in the details
 Ensure that a subclass does, indeed, override all necessary
methods.
 Java’s solution to this problem is the abstract method.
 General Form:
 abstract type name(parameter-list);

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Abstract Classes
 Any class that contains one or more abstract methods must
also be declared abstract.

 To declare a class abstract

 use the abstract keyword in front of the class keyword at
the beginning of the class declaration.

 There can be no objects of an abstract class.

 An abstract class cannot be directly instantiated with the new

operator.

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 Abstract Classes

 Such objects would be useless, because an abstract class

is not fully defined.
 Cannot declare abstract
 Constructors
 Static methods.
 Any subclass of an abstract class
 must either implement all of the abstract methods in the
superclass, or be declared abstract itself.

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

 Abstract Classes
abstract class Parent class Demo
{ {
abstract void display(); public static void main(String args[])
} {
Child1 c1=new Child1();
class Child1 extends Parent [Link]();
{ Child2 c2=new Child2();
void display() [Link]();
{ }
[Link]("SASTRA"); }
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
class Child2 extends Parent
{ E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Demo
void display() SASTRA
{ int a=10; 10
[Link](a);
}
}
9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23
 Abstract Classes
abstract class Parent class Demo
{ {
abstract void display(); public static void main(String args[])
} {
class Child1 extends Parent Child1 c1=new Child1();
{ c1.display1();
void display1() }
{ }
[Link]("SASTRA");
}
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: Child1 is not abstract and does not override abstract
method display() in Parent
class Child1 extends Parent
^
1 error

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 24

 Abstract Classes
abstract class Parent class Demo
{ {
abstract void display(); public static void main(String args[])
abstract void show(); {
} Child1 c1=new Child1();
class Child1 extends Parent [Link]();
{ }
void display() }
{
[Link]("SASTRA");
}
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: Child1 is not abstract and does not override
abstract method show() in Parent
class Child1 extends Parent
^
1 error

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 25

 Abstract Classes
class Parent class Demo
{ {
abstract void display(); public static void main(String args[])
} {
class Child1 extends Parent Child1 c1=new Child1();
{ [Link]();
void display() }
{ }
[Link]("SASTRA");
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: Parent is not abstract and does not override abstract
method display() in Parent
class Parent
^
1 error

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 26

 Abstract Classes
abstract class Parent class Demo
{ {
abstract void display(); public static void main(String args[])
} {
class Child1 extends Parent Parent P=new Parent();
{ Child1 c1=new Child1();
void display() [Link]();
{ }
[Link]("SASTRA"); }
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: Parent is abstract; cannot be instantiated
Parent P=new Parent();
^
1 error

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 27

 Abstract Classes
class Parent class Demo
{ {
void display(); public static void main(String args[])
} {
class Child1 extends Parent Child1 c1=new Child1();
{ [Link]();
void display() }
{ }
[Link]("SASTRA");
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: missing method body, or declare abstract
void display();
^
1 error

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 28

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 29
 The Object Class

 One special class defined by Java - Object.

 All other classes are subclasses of Object.
 Object is a superclass of all other classes.
 This means that a reference variable of type Object can refer
to an object of any other class.
 Arrays are implemented as classes,
 a variable of type Object can also refer to any array.

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 30

 The Object Class

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 31

 The Object Class

¥ The methods getClass( ), notify( ), notifyAll( ), and wait( ) are

declared as final.
¥ Override the others.
¥ The equals( ) method compares two objects.
¥ It returns true if the objects are equal, and false otherwise.
¥ The toString( ) method returns a string that contains a description
of the object on which it is called.
¥ Also, this method is automatically called when an object is
output using println().

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 32

 The Object Class

class ObjectClass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
ObjectClass ob = new ObjectClass();
[Link](ob);
}
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java ObjectClass

ObjectClass@15db9742

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 33

 The Object Class
class ObjectClass
{
public String toString()
{
return ("Object Class Description");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
ObjectClass ob=new ObjectClass();
[Link](ob);
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java ObjectClass
Object Class Description

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 34

 The Object Class
class ObjectClass
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
ObjectClass ob= new ObjectClass();
ObjectClass ob1=new ObjectClass();
[Link]([Link]());
[Link]([Link]());
[Link]([Link]());
}
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java ObjectClass
366712642
1829164700
class ObjectClass

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 35

  We have discussed:
 final keyword
 Run Time Polymorphism
 Use of abstract keyword
 Object Class

9/15/2021 6:37:28 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 36

  Interface

9/15/2021 6:37:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 37

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  Interface Basics
 Defining an Interface
 Implementing Interfaces
 Partial Implementations
 Interfaces Can Be Extended

9/17/2021 3:18:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Review Question - 1
public void d2(int x){
x *= 2;
[Link](x);
}
What is output by the code to
the right when method d1 is
called? public void d1(){
int x = 3;
A. 322 [Link](x);
B. 323 d2(x);
[Link](x);
C. 363
}
D. 366
E. 399

9/17/2021 3:18:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Interfaces - Basics

 Interfaces are syntactically similar to classes

 but they lack instance variables
 their methods are declared without any body.

 Once it is defined,
 any number of classes can implement an interface
 one class can implement any number of interfaces.

9/17/2021 3:18:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Interfaces - Basics

 To implement an interface,
 a class must provide the complete set of methods required
by the interface.
 Each class is free to determine the details of its own
implementation.
 By providing the interface keyword,
 Java allows you to fully utilize the “one interface,
multiple methods” aspect of polymorphism.

9/17/2021 3:18:29 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 General form of an interface

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 Defining an Interface

 When no access modifier is included

 then default access results,
 the interface is only available to other members of the
package in which it is declared.
 When it is declared as public,
 the interface can be used by code outside its package.
 the interface must be the only public interface declared in
the file
 the file must have the same name as the [Link]
 can be any valid identifier.

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Defining an Interface
 The methods that are declared inside interface have no
bodies.
 They end with a semicolon after the parameter list.
 They are, essentially, abstract methods.
 Each class that includes such an interface must implement all
of the methods.
 JDK 8
 possible to add a default implementation to an interface
method
 static interface methods
 JDK 9
 an interface can include private methods
9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8
 Defining an Interface
 As the general form shows,
 variables can be declared inside interface declarations.
 They are implicitly final and static
 meaning they cannot be changed by the implementing
class.
 They must also be initialized.
 All methods and variables are implicitly public.

interface shape
{
double radius=5.0;
void area();
}

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 Implementing Interfaces

¥ To implement an interface,
¥ include the implements clause in a class definition,
¥ then create the methods required by the interface.

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 Implementing Interfaces

¥ If a class implements more than one interface,

¥ the interfaces are separated with a comma
¥ The methods that implement an interface must be declared
public.
¥ The type signature of the implementing method must match
exactly the type signature specified in the interface definition.
¥ It is permissible for classes that implement interfaces to define
additional members of their own.

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 Example 1
public static void main(String args[])
interface Shape
{
{
Circle obj=new Circle();
double radius=5.0;
[Link]();
void area();
[Link]();
}
}
}
class Circle implements Shape
{
double result;
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
public void area() Circle Area:---->78.5
{
result = 3.14* radius* radius;
}

void display()
{
[Link]("Circle Area:---->"+result);
}

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 Example 2
public void area()
interface Shape {
{ result = d1* d1;
double d1=5.0; }
void area(); }
} class idemo
{
class Circle implements Shape public static void main(String args[])
{ {
double result; Circle obj=new Circle(); // creating object
public void area() [Link]();
{ [Link]("Circle Area---->"+[Link]);
result = 3.14* d1* d1;
} Square sobj=new Square(); // creating object
} [Link]();
[Link]("Square Area---->"+[Link]);
class Square implements Shape }
{ }
double result;

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Example 2
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>dir *.class

Volume in drive E is New Volume
Volume Serial Number is 14EA-A7F4

Directory of E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I

04-09-2020 12:02 303 [Link]

04-09-2020 12:02 812 [Link]
04-09-2020 12:02 170 [Link]
04-09-2020 12:02 100 [Link]
04-09-2020 12:02 303 [Link]
5 File(s) 1,688 bytes
0 Dir(s) 104,534,536,192 bytes free

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java idemo

Circle Area---->78.5
Square Area---->25.0

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Example 3
interface Shape void display()
{ {
double radius=5.0; [Link]("Circle Area:---->"+result);
} }
interface Shape1 public static void main(String args[])
{ {
void area(); Circle obj=new Circle(); // creating object
} [Link]();
class Circle implements Shape,Shape1 [Link]();
{ }
double result; }

public void area()

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
{
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
result = 3.14* radius* radius;
Circle Area:---->78.5
}

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 Example 4
interface Shape
{
double d1;
void area();
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: = expected
double d1;
^
1 error

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 Example 5
interface Shape class Circle implements Shape
{ {
double d1=5.0; double result;
void area(); void area()
} {
result = 3.14* d1* d1;
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: area() in Circle cannot implement area() in Shape
void area()
^
attempting to assign weaker access privileges; was public
1 error

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 Example 6
interface Shape class Circle implements Shape
{ {
double d1=5.0; double result;
void area(); public void area()
void show(); {
} result = 3.14* d1* d1;
}
}

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: Circle is not abstract and does not override abstract method
show() in Shape
class Circle implements Shape
^

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 Example 7
interface Shape class Circle implements Shape
{ {
double d1=5.0; double result;
void area(); public void area()
} {
d1=6.0;
result = 3.14* d1* d1;
}
}

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: cannot assign a value to final variable d1
d1=6.0;
^
1 error

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Example 8
class idemo implements Shape
interface Shape {
{ public static void main(String args[])
int x=50; {
[Link]("Integer value---->"+x);
boolean flag=false; [Link]("Double value---->"+d1);
double d1=5.0; [Link]("Boolean value---->"+flag);
String s="SASTRA"; [Link]("String value---->"+s);
} }
}

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java idemo

Integer value---->50
Double value---->5.0
Boolean value---->false
String value---->SASTRA

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Example 9
class Circle extends Figure implements Shape
interface Shape {
{ double result;
public void area()
void area(); {
} result = 3.14* radius* radius;
[Link]("Circle Area:---->"+result);
class Figure }
{ public static void main(String args[])
{
double radius; Circle ob=new Circle();
} [Link]();
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
Circle Area:---->0.0

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 Example 10
class Circle implements Shape extends Figure
interface Shape {
double result;
{ public void area()
void area(); {
} result = 3.14* radius* radius;
[Link]("Circle Area:---->"+result);
class Figure }
public static void main(String args[])
{ {
double radius; Circle ob=new Circle();
} [Link]();
}
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: '{' expected
class Circle implements Shape extends Figure
^
1 error

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

 Interfaces Can Be Extended

¥ One interface can inherit another by use of the keyword

extends.
¥ The syntax is the same as for inheriting classes.
¥ When a class implements
¥ an interface that inherits another interface
¥ it must provide implementations for all methods required by
the interface inheritance chain.

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

 Example 11
interface Shape class Circle implements Shape1
{ {
double result;
void area(); public void area()
} {
interface Shape1 extends Shape result = 3.14* radius* radius;
{ [Link]("Circle Area:---->"+result);
double radius=5; }
public static void main(String args[])
} {
Circle ob=new Circle();
[Link]();
}
}

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle

Circle Area:---->78.5

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 24

 We have discussed how to:
 Define an Interface
 Create a program - Implements Interfaces
 Make use of Partial Implementations
 Extended an interface

9/17/2021 3:18:30 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 25

  Interface

9/17/2021 3:18:31 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 26

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  Default Interface Methods
 Multiple Inheritance Issues
 Use static Methods in an Interface

9/18/2021 10:59:21 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Review Question - 1

 Name the parent class of all the classes in java.

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Review Question - 2

 Can we have a class prefixed with both final

and abstract keywords. Justify your answer.

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Review Question - 3

 Check the following code for errors. If there is no error then,

predict the output.
class test extends Object
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link](“SASTRA”);
}
}

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Default Interface Methods
 Prior to JDK 8
 An interface could not define any implementation.
 All previous versions of Java
 the methods specified by an interface were abstract
 containing no body.
 JDK 8
 changed this by adding a new capability to interface
called the default method.
 A default method lets you define a default implementation
for an interface method.

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 Default Interface
Methods

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Default Interface Methods
 By use of a default method
 it is possible for an interface method to provide a body,
rather than being abstract.
 The default method was also referred to as an extension
method
 A primary motivation
 for the default method was to provide a means by which
interfaces could be expanded without breaking existing
code.
 if a new method were added to a widely used interface
 then the addition of that method would break existing code
because no implementation would be found for that new
method

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 Example - 1
class Circle implements Shape
interface Shape {
{ double result;
public void area()
double radius=5; {
void area(); result=3.14*radius*radius;
default void show() [Link]("Circle Area:---->"+result);
{ }
[Link]("To public static void main(String args[])
{
Display the result"); Circle ob=new Circle();
} [Link]();
} [Link]();
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac interface_default.java
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
Circle Area:---->78.5
To Display the result

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 Example - 2
interface Shape
{ public void show()
double radius=5; {
void area(); [Link]("Circle Area:---->"+result);
default void show() }
{ public static void main(String args[])
System .[Link]("To Display the result"); {
} Circle ob=new Circle();
} [Link]();
class Circle implements Shape [Link]();
{ }
double result; }

public void area()

{
result=3.14*radius*radius;
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
Circle Area:---->78.5

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 Multiple
Inheritance Issues

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 Multiple Inheritance Issues

 Assume that two interfaces called Shape and Shape1 are

implemented by a class called Circle.

 What happens if both Shape and Shape1 provide a method

called area() for which both declare a default
implementation?

 Is the version by Shape or the version by Shape1 used by

Circle.?

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 Multiple Inheritance Issues

 Consider a situation in which Shape1 extends Shape.

Which version of the default method is used?

 What if Circle class provides its own implementation of the

method?

 To handle these and other similar types of situations

 Java defines a set of rules that resolves such conflicts.

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Multiple Inheritance Issues - 1
interface Shape class Circle implements Shape,Shape1
{ {
default void area() public void area()
{ {
[Link]("Inside shape "); double radius=5.0;
} double result=3.14*radius*radius;
} [Link]("Circle Area:---->"+result);
}
interface Shape1 public static void main(String args[])
{ {
default void area() Circle ob=new Circle();
{ [Link]();
[Link]("Inside shape 1"); }
} }
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
Circle Area:---->78.5

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Multiple Inheritance Issues - 2
interface Shape class Circle implements Shape,Shape1
{ {
default void area() public static void main(String args[])
{ {
[Link]("Inside shape "); Circle ob=new Circle();
} [Link]();
} }
interface Shape1 }
{
default void area()
{
[Link]("Inside shape 1");
}
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac interface_default2.java
interface_default2.java:15: error: class Circle inherits unrelated defaults for
area() from types Shape and Shape1
class Circle implements Shape,Shape1
^
1 error

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 Multiple Inheritance Issues - 3
interface Shape class Circle implements Shape1
{ {
default void area() double result;
{ public static void main(String args[])
[Link]("Inside shape "); {
} Circle ob=new Circle();
} [Link]();
}
interface Shape1 extends Shape }
{
default void area()
{
[Link]("Inside shape 1");
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac interface_default2.java
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
Inside shape 1

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 Multiple Inheritance Issues - 4
interface Shape class Circle implements Shape1
{ {
default void area() double result;
{ public static void main(String args[])
[Link]("Inside shape "); {
} Circle ob=new Circle();
} [Link]();
}
interface Shape1 extends Shape }
{
default void area()
{
[Link]();
[Link]("Inside shape 1"); E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
} Inside shape
} Inside shape 1

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 Use static Methods
in an
Interface

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 Static Methods in an Interface

 JDK 8
 Define one or more static methods – interface
 A static method defined by an interface can be called
independently of any object.
 No implementation of the interface is necessary
 No instance of the interface is required, in order to call a
static method.

9/18/2021 10:59:22 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Static Methods in an Interface
 JDK 8
 A static method is called by
 specifying the interface name
 followed by a period
 followed by the method name.

 General Form:
 [Link]

¥ static interface methods are not inherited by either an

implementing class or a subinterface.

9/18/2021 10:59:23 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Example - 1
interface Shape
{
static void show()
{
System .[Link]("Static Method in Interface");
}
}
class Circle
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link](); E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac interface_static.java
}
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java Circle
Static Method in Interface

9/18/2021 10:59:23 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 Example - 2
interface Shape
{
static void show()
{
[Link]("Static Method in Interface");
}
}
class Circle implements Shape
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Circle ob=new Circle();
[Link](); E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac interface_static.java
} interface_static.java:13: error: cannot find symbol
} [Link]();
^
symbol: method show()
location: variable ob of type Circle
1 error

9/18/2021 10:59:23 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

  We have discussed:
 Default Interface Methods
 Multiple Inheritance Issues
 Use static Methods in an Interface

9/18/2021 10:59:23 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

  Packages

9/18/2021 10:59:23 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 24

9/18/2021 10:59:23 AM CSE 208 – Java Programming 25
[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  Predefined packages
 Need for a Package
 Create a Package
 Use the Package

9/21/2021 4:36:44 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Review Question - 1
class demo implements shape
interface shape {
{ public void show()
{
int show(); [Link]("SASTRA University");
}
} public static void main(String args[])
{
demo d=new demo();
[Link]();
}}
F:\java>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: demo is not abstract and does not override abstract method show() in
shape
class demo implements shape
^
[Link]: error: show() in demo cannot implement show() in shape
public void show()
^
return type void is not compatible with int
2 errors
9/21/2021 4:36:44 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3
 Review Question - 2
interface shape class demo implements shape
{ {
public void show()
default void show()
{
{ [Link]("SASTRA");
[Link]("ICT Dept"); }
public static void main(String args[])
}
{
void show(); demo d=new demo();
} [Link]();
}
}
F:\java>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: method show() is already defined in interface shape
void show();
^
1 error

9/21/2021 4:36:44 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Review Question - 3
interface shape class demo implements shape
{ {
public static void main(String args[])
default void show()
{
{ [Link]();
[Link]("ICT Dept"); }
}
}
static void show();
{ F:\java>javac [Link]
[Link]("SASTRA"); [Link]: error: method show()
is already defined in interface shape
} default void show()
} ^
1 error

9/21/2021 4:36:44 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Types

9/21/2021 4:36:44 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6

 PreDefined Packages

9/21/2021 4:36:44 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Need

9/21/2021 4:36:44 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 Package - Basics

 Packages are containers for classes.

 They are used to keep the class name space

compartmentalized.
 For example, a package allows you to create a class named
Circle, which you can store in your own package without
concern that it will collide with some other class named Circle
stored elsewhere.

 Packages are stored in a hierarchical manner

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 Package - Basics

 The package is both a naming and a visibility control

mechanism.

 Define classes inside a package that are not accessible by

code outside that package.

 They are explicitly imported into new class definitions.

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 Package - Definition
 To create a package
 simply include a package command as the first statement
in a Java source file.
 Any classes declared within that file will belong to the
specified package.
 The package statement defines a name space in which
classes are stored.
 If you omit the package statement
 the class names are put into the default package
 which has no name.

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

 Package
General Form of the package statement:
package pkg;
 pkg is the name of the package.
 For example,
 the following statement creates a package called Shapes.
package shapes;
 Java uses file system directories to store packages
¥ the .class files for any classes you declare to be part of
shapes must be stored in a directory called shapes.

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12

 Package
General form - multileveled package statement:
package pkg1[.pkg2[.pkg3]];
 A package hierarchy must be reflected in the file system of
your Java development system
Example:
 package a.b.c;
 needs to be stored in a\b\c in a Windows environment

 case is significant, and the directory name must match the

package name exactly.

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 Finding Packages and CLASSPATH
 How does the Java run-time system know where to look for
packages that you create?
 First, by default,
 the Java run-time system uses the current working directory as its
starting point.
 if your package is in a subdirectory of the current directory, it will be
found
 Second,
 you can specify a directory path or paths by setting the CLASSPATH
environmental variable.
 Third,
 you can use the -classpath option with java and javac to specify the
path to your classes

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Importing Packages
¥ Java includes the import statement to bring certain classes, or
entire packages, into visibility.
¥ Once imported
¥ a class can be referred to directly, using only its name
¥ In a Java source file,
¥ import statements occur immediately following the
package statement (if it exists) and before any class
definitions.
¥ general form of the import statement:
¥ import pkg1 [.pkg2].(classname | *);

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 Importing Packages
 import [Link];
 import [Link].*;

 basic language functions are stored in a package called

[Link].
 implicitly imported by the compiler for all programs

 import [Link].*;
 class MyDate extends Date {}

 class MyDate extends [Link] { }

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 Example - 1

**********
sastra
**********

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 Example - 1

[Link]
package pkg;

public class design

{
public void star()
{
for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
[Link]("*");
}
}
}

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 Example - 1
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>md pkg

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>cd pkg

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I\pkg>dir

Volume in drive E is New Volume
Volume Serial Number is 8897-C289

Directory of E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I\pkg

09/08/2020 03:57 PM <DIR> .

09/08/2020 03:57 PM <DIR> ..
03/28/2018 04:49 PM 91 [Link]
1 File(s) 91 bytes
2 Dir(s) 24,617,558,016 bytes free

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

 Example - 1

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I\pkg>javac [Link]

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I\pkg>dir

Volume in drive E is New Volume
Volume Serial Number is 8897-C289

Directory of E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I\pkg

09/08/2020 04:05 PM <DIR> .

09/08/2020 04:05 PM <DIR> ..
09/08/2020 04:05 PM 384 [Link]
03/28/2018 04:49 PM 91 [Link]
2 File(s) 475 bytes
2 Dir(s) 24,617,558,016 bytes free

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Example - 1
[Link]
import pkg.*;

class packdemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
design d=new design();
[Link]();
[Link]("\n sastra");
[Link]();
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java packdemo
**********
sastra
**********

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 Example - 2
package pkg; import pkg.*;

public class design class packdemo

{ {
void star() public static void main(String args[])
{ {
for(int i=0;i<10;i++) design d=new design();
{ [Link]();
[Link]("*"); [Link]("\n sastra");
} [Link]();
} }
} }
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: star() is not public in design; cannot be accessed from outside package
[Link]();
^
[Link]: error: star() is not public in design; cannot be accessed from outside package
[Link]();
^
2 errors

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 22

 We have discussed how to:
 Define a package
 Import a package

9/21/2021 4:36:45 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 23

 Package

9/21/2021 4:36:46 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 24

[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
SASTRA
  Access Specifiers

9/22/2021 6:21:12 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 2

 Example - 3

package pkg; public class design1

{
public class design void hash()
{ {
void star() for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ {
for(int i=0;i<10;i++) [Link]("#");
{ }
[Link]("*"); }
} }
}
}

9/22/2021 6:21:12 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 3

 Example - 3

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I\pkg>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: class design1 is public, should be declared in a file
named [Link]

public class design1

^
1 error

9/22/2021 6:21:12 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 4

 Solution
[Link] [Link]
package pkg; package pkg;

public class design public class design1

{ {
void star() void hash()
{ {
for(int i=0;i<10;i++) for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ {
[Link]("*"); [Link]("#");
} }
} }
} }

9/22/2021 6:21:12 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 5

 Example - 4
[Link]
import pkg.*;

class packdemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
design d=new design();
design1 d1=new design1();
[Link]();
[Link]("\n sastra");
[Link]();
} E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java packdemo
} **********
sastra
##########
9/22/2021 6:21:12 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 6
 Example - 4

package pkg; package pkg1;

public class design public class design

{ {
public void star() public void star()
{ {
for(int i=0;i<10;i++) for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{ {
[Link]("*"); [Link]("*");
} }
} }
} }

9/22/2021 6:21:12 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 7

 Example - 4
import pkg.*;
import pkg1.*;

class packdemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
design d=new design();
[Link]();
[Link]("\n sastra");
[Link]();
}
}

9/22/2021 6:21:12 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 8

 Example - 4

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: cannot access design
design d=new design();
^
bad class file: .\pkg1\[Link] lass file contains wrong class: [Link]
Please remove or make sure it appears in the correct subdirectory of the classpath.
1 error

9/22/2021 6:21:12 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 9

 Example - 4
import pkg.*; E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
import pkg1.*; E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java packdemo
**********
sastra
class packdemo **********
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link] d=new [Link]();
[Link]();
[Link]("\n sastra");
[Link]();
}
}

9/22/2021 6:21:12 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 10

 Example - 4
import pkg.*; E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
import pkg1.*; E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java packdemo
**********
sastra
class packdemo **********
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link] d=new [Link]();
[Link] d1=new [Link]();
[Link]();
[Link]("\n sastra");
[Link]();
}
}

9/22/2021 6:21:12 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 11

9/22/2021 6:21:13 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 12
 Access Specifiers

Default
Private
Protected
Public

9/22/2021 6:21:13 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 13

 [Link] Example
public class protection
{ public static void main(String args[])
int n=1; {
private int a=2; protection p=new protection();
protected int b=3; [Link]();
public int c=4; }
}
void protectionshow() E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java protection
{ Output from protection class
[Link]("Output from 1
2
protection class");
3
[Link](n); 4
[Link](a);
[Link](b);
[Link](c);
}

9/22/2021 6:21:13 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 14

 Access Specifiers

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java demo123

Output from protection class
1
2
3
4 Program 1
Output from derived class
1
3
4
Output from samepackage class
1
3
4

9/22/2021 6:21:13 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 15

 Program output

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: a has private access in protection
[Link](a);
^
[Link]: error: a has private access in protection
[Link](p.a);
^
2 errors

9/22/2021 6:21:13 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 16

 Access Specifiers

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>java demo

Output from derived class in other package
3
4 Program 2
Output from other class in other package
4

9/22/2021 6:21:13 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 17

 Program Output
E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]
[Link]: error: n is not public in protection; cannot be accessed from
outside package
[Link](n);
^
[Link]: error: a has private access in protection
[Link](a);
^
2 errors

E:\slides\Java - 2021\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: b has protected access in protection
[Link](p.b);
^
1 error

9/22/2021 6:21:13 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 18

 Access Specifiers - Summary

9/22/2021 6:21:13 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 19

  We have discussed how to:
 Define a package
 Import a package
 Use access specifiers

9/22/2021 6:21:13 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 20

 Exception Handling

9/22/2021 6:21:13 PM CSE 208 – Java Programming 21

 E
X
C
E H
P A
T N
I D
O L
N I
[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC N
G
 Acknowledgement
• Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth
Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

• Program images from - Schildt

2
9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM
Introduction
Errors and Error handling
Types of Exceptions
General Form
Using try and catch
finally

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 3
 Introduction

 Users have high expectations for the code we

produce.

 Users will use our programs in unexpected

ways.

 Due to design errors or coding errors, our

programs may fail in unexpected ways during
execution

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 4
 Introduction

 It is our responsibility to produce quality

code that does not fail unexpectedly.

 Consequently,
we must design error handling into our
programs.

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 5
9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 6
 Errors and Error Handling

 An Error is any unexpected result obtained from a program

during execution.

 Unhandled errors may manifest themselves as incorrect

results or behavior, or as abnormal program termination.

 Errors should be handled by the programmer, to prevent

them from reaching the user.

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 7
 Errors and Error Handling
 Some typical causes of errors:

 Memory errors (i.e. memory incorrectly allocated,

memory leaks, “null pointer”)

 File system errors (i.e. disk is full, disk has been

removed)

 Network errors (i.e. network is down, URL does not

exist)

 Calculation errors (i.e. divide by 0)

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 8
 Errors and Error Handling

 You learned that there are three categories of errors: syntax errors,
runtime errors, and logic errors.

 Syntax errors
 Arise because the rules of the language have not been followed.
 They are detected by the compiler.

 Runtime errors
 Occur while the program is running if the environment detects an
operation that is impossible to carry out.

 Logic errors
 occur when a program doesn't perform the way it was intended to.

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 9
 Runtime Errors

1 import [Link];
2
3 public class ExceptionDemo {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]);
6 [Link]("Enter an integer: ");
7 int number = [Link]();
8 If an exception occurs on this
9 line, the rest of the lines in the // Display the result
method are skipped and the [Link](
10
programis terminated.
11 "The number entered is " + number);
12 }
13 }
Terminated.

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 10
 Exception
Handling

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 11
 What is an Exception?
 An Exception is an abnormal condition that arises in a code
sequence at run time.

 In other words, an exception is a runtime error.

 In computer languages
 that do not support exception handling,
 errors must be checked and handled manually
 typically through the use of error codes, and so on.

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 12
 Exception-Handling Fundamentals
 A Java exception is an object that describes an
exceptional (that is, error) condition that has occurred in a
piece of code.

 When an exceptional condition arises,

 an object representing that exception is created and
 thrown in the method that caused the error.

 That method may choose to handle the exception itself, or

pass it on.

 Either way, at some point, the exception is caught and

processed.

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 13
 General Form
try {
// block of code to monitor for errors Keywords
 try
}  catch
catch (ExceptionType1 exOb) {  throw
// exception handler for ExceptionType1  throws
}  finally
catch (ExceptionType2 exOb) {
// exception handler for ExceptionType2
}
// ...
finally {
// block of code to be executed after try block
ends }
9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 14
 Uncaught Exception
class Exc0
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int d = 0; Exco.j
int a = 42 / d;
[Link](d);
ava
}
}

[Link]: / by zero
at [Link]([Link])
9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 15
 Catch Runtime Errors
1 import [Link].*;
2
3 public class HandleExceptionDemo {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]);
6 boolean continueInput = true;
7
8 do {
9 try {
10 [Link]("Enter an integer: ");
11 int number = [Link]();
12 If an exception occurs on this line,
13 the rest of lines in the try block are // Display the result
14 skipped and the control is [Link](
15 transferred to the catch block. "The number entered is " + number);
16
17 continueInput = false;
18 }
19 catch (InputMismatchException ex) {
20 [Link]("Try again. (" +
21 "Incorrect input: an integer is required)");
22 [Link](); // discard input
23 }
24 } while (continueInput);
25 }
}
9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 16
9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 17
 Exception Classes

ClassNotFoundException

IOException
ArithmeticException
Exception AWTException
NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Object Throwable Several more classes
IllegalArgumentException

LinkageError Several more classes

VirtualMachineError
Error
AWTError

Several more classes

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 18
 System Errors

ClassNotFoundException

IOException
ArithmeticException
Exception AWTException
NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Object Throwable Several more classes
IllegalArgumentException

System errors are thrown by JVM Several more classes

LinkageError
and represented in the Error class.
The Error class describes internal
system errors. Such errors rarely VirtualMachineError
occur. If one does, there is little Error
you can do beyond notifying the AWTError
user and trying to terminate the
program gracefully. Several more classes

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 19
 Exceptions

Exception describes errors ClassNotFoundException

caused by your program
and external IOException
circumstances. These ArithmeticException
errors can be caught and Exception AWTException
handled by your program. NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Object Throwable Several more classes
IllegalArgumentException

LinkageError Several more classes

VirtualMachineError
Error
AWTError

Several more classes

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 20
 Runtime Exceptions
ClassNotFoundException

IOException
ArithmeticException
Exception AWTException
NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Object Throwable Several more classes
IllegalArgumentException

LinkageError Several more classes

VirtualMachineError RuntimeException is caused by

Error programming errors, such as bad
casting, accessing an out-of-bounds
AWTError
array, and numeric errors.

Several more classes

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 21
 Checked Exceptions
vs
Unchecked Exceptions

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 22
 Checked Exceptions vs. Unchecked
Exceptions

 Runtime Exception, Error and their subclasses are known as

unchecked exceptions.

 All other exceptions are known as checked exceptions,

meaning that the compiler forces the programmer to check and
deal with the exceptions.

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 23
 Checked or Unchecked Exceptions

ClassNotFoundException

IOException
ArithmeticException
Exception AWTException
NullPointerException
RuntimeException
IndexOutOfBoundsException
Object Throwable Several more classes
IllegalArgumentException

LinkageError Several more classes

VirtualMachineError
Error Unchecked
exception.
AWTError

Several more classes

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 24
 The finally Clause

try {
statements;
}
catch(TheException ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 25
 Trace a Program Execution
Suppose no
exceptions in the
statements
try {
statements;
}
catch(TheException ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 26
 Trace a Program Execution

The final block is

try { always executed
statements;
}
catch(TheException ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 27
 Trace a Program Execution

Next statement in the

try { method is executed
statements;
}
catch(TheException ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 28
 Trace a Program Execution

try { Suppose an exception

statement1; of type Exception1 is
statement2; thrown in statement2
statement3;
}
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 29
 Trace a Program Execution

try { The exception is

statement1; handled.
statement2;
statement3;
}
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 30
 Trace a Program Execution

try { The final block is

statement1; always executed.
statement2;
statement3;
}
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 31
 Trace a Program Execution

try { The next statement in

statement1; the method is now
statement2; executed.
statement3;
}
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 32
 Trace a Program Execution
try {
statement1; statement2 throws an
statement2; exception of type
statement3; Exception2.
}
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
catch(Exception2 ex) {
handling ex;
throw ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 33
 Trace a Program Execution
try {
statement1; Handling exception
statement2;
statement3;
}
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
catch(Exception2 ex) {
handling ex;
throw ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 34
 Trace a Program Execution
try {
statement1; Execute the final block
statement2;
statement3;
}
catch(Exception1 ex) {
handling ex;
}
catch(Exception2 ex) {
handling ex;
throw ex;
}
finally {
finalStatements;
}

Next statement;

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 35
 We have discussed :
Need for Exception
handling mechanism
Types of Errors
Types of Exceptions
General Form
Using try and catch
finally

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM
Exception Handling

9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 37
9/24/2021 2:06:59 PM 38
 E
X
C
E H
P A
T N
I D
O L
N I
[Link] N
SAP / ICT / SOC G
 Acknowledgement

• Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth

Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

• Program images from - Schildt

2
Checked Exception - Example
Multiple Catch Clauses
Nested try statements
Throw
Throws
Checked Exception - Example

4
 Checked Exception - Example
import [Link].*; [Link]
class filedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
FileInputStream f=new FileInputStream("[Link]");
int size=[Link]();
[Link](size);
}
}

5
 Checked Exception - Example

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>javac [Link]

[Link]: error: unreported exception FileNotFoundException;

must be caught or declared to be thrown
FileInputStream f=new FileInputStream("[Link]");
^
[Link]: error: unreported exception IOException; must be
caught or declared to be thrown
int size=[Link]();
^
2 errors

6
 Checked Exception - Example
import [Link].*; [Link]

class filedemo
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
FileInputStream f=new FileInputStream("[Link]");
int size=[Link]();
[Link](size);
}
}
E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>javac [Link]

E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java filedemo

211

7
Using try and catch

8
 Checked Exception - Example
import [Link].*; [Link]

class filedemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
FileInputStream f=new FileInputStream("[Link]");
int size=[Link]();
[Link](size);
} E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>javac [Link]
catch(Exception e)
{ E:\slides\Java - 2020\Unit - I>java filedemo
[Link](e); 254
}
}
}
9
Multiple catch Clauses

10
Multiple catch Clauses

11
12
Limitation

13
Error

14
 We have discussed :
 Checked Exception - Example
 Multiple Catch Clauses
 Generic Catch

9/25/2021 9:38:53 AM
Exception Handling

9/25/2021 9:38:53 AM 16
17
 E
X
C
E H
P A
T N
I D
O L
N I
[Link] N
SAP / ICT / SOC G
 Acknowledgement

• Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth

Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

• Program images from - Schildt

2
Nested try statements
Throw
Throws
Creating your own Exception subclasses
 Review Question - 1

What is the O/P of the Following Program ?

class d33 {
static
{
[Link]("sastra");
}
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
try
{ F:\java>javac [Link]
return;
}
F:\java>java d33
catch(Exception e)
{ sastra
[Link]("sastra123");
}
}
}

4
 Review Question - 2

What is the O/P of the Following Program ?

class d33 {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
try
{
return; F:\java>javac [Link]
}
[Link]: error: illegal start of
catch(Exception e)
{ expression
[Link]("sastra123"); static
} ^
static
1 error
{
[Link]("sastra");
}
}
}

5
 Review Question - 3

What is the O/P of the Following Program ?

class d33 {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
{
static F:\java>javac [Link]
{ [Link]: error: illegal start of
expression
[Link]("sastra");
static
} ^
} 1 error
}

6
Nested try Statements

7
Nested try Statements

8
9
 Catch or Declare
Checked Exceptions
Java forces you to deal with checked exceptions. If a method declares a
checked exception (i.e., an exception other than Error or
RuntimeException), you must invoke it in a try-catch block or declare to
throw the exception in the calling method. For example, suppose that
method p1 invokes method p2 and p2 may throw a checked exception (e.g.,
IOException), you have to write the code as shown in (a) or (b).

void p1() { void p1() throws IOException {

try {
p2(); p2();
}
catch (IOException ex) { }
...
}
}

(a) (b)

10
11
 Declaring Exceptions

 Every method must state the types of checked

exceptions it might throw.

 This is known as declaring exceptions.

 public void myMethod() throws IOException

 public void myMethod() throws IOException, OtherException

12
 Throwing Exceptions

 When the program detects an error,

 the program can create an instance of an appropriate
exception type and throw it.

 This is known as throwing an exception.

Here is an example,

throw new TheException();

TheException ex = new TheException();

throw ex;

13
 Throwing Exceptions Example

/** Set a new radius */

public void setRadius(double newRadius)
throws IllegalArgumentException {
if (newRadius >= 0)
radius = newRadius;
else
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"Radius cannot be negative");
}

14
 Recently
Added
Exception Feature

15
multi-catch feature

16
 Creating Your
Own
Exception Subclasses

17
 User Defined Exception

 Define a subclass of Exception

 The Exception class does not define any

methods of its own.

 It inherit those methods provided by

Throwable.

18
 Constructors

 Exception( )

 Exception(String msg)

19
Example

20
 We have discussed :
 Nested try statements
 Throw
 Throws
 Creating your own Exception
subclasses

9/28/2021 1:05:09 PM
9/28/2021 1:05:09 PM 22
23
 R
E
V
I
S
O
N
[Link]
SAP / ICT / SOC
 CIA – I - Syllabus

• Introduction:
• History and Evolution of Java - Overview of
Java - Data types, Variables and Arrays -
Operators - Control Statements - Introducing
Classes - A closer look at Methods and
Classes - Inheritance. Packages and
Interfaces.

2
 Review Question - 1

What is the output of the following program?

class array1 extends Object
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a[][]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6}};
[Link]([Link]);
}
}

A. 2
B. 3
C. 6
D. Compile Time Error
3
 Review Question - 2

Predict is the output of the following program?

class demo1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
double f1[ ],f2[ ];
f1=new double[10];
f2=f1;
[Link](f2[0]);
} A. ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
} B. 0.0
C. No Error No Output
D. Compile Time Error

4
 Review Question - 3

What is the output of the following program?

class demo2
{
static public void main(String args[])
{
boolean $=false;
[Link]($);
}
}

A. true
B. false
C. CompileTimeError
D. RunTimeError

5
 Review Question - 4

Analyze the program segment that follow and determine the output?
class demo
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
short a;
for(a=0;a<=70000;a++)
[Link](a);
} A. 0 ….70000 will be displayed in single line
} B. Compiler Error
C. Infinite Loop
D. 0 ….70000 will be displayed but each number in
separate line.

6
 Review Question - 5

Analyze the program segment that follow and determine the output?
import [Link].*;
package p1;
class d35
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link](“SASTRA University”);
}
} A. SASTRA University
B. Compiler Error
C. Runtime Error
D. None of the above

7
 Review Question - 6

What is the output of the following program?

class d39
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x= -14 % 3;
[Link](x);
}
} A. 2
B. -2
C. 4
D. Compiler Error

8
 Review Question - 7

What will happen when you try to compile and execute the following code?

interface x
{
void show();
} A. Show
B. Compile Time Error
class y implements x C. Run Time Error
{ D. Garbage value will be displayed
void show()
{
[Link](“show”);
}
}

9
 Review Question - 8

Predict the output of the following program.

class loop
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i=2;
for(;i<8;i+=2)
{
[Link](i+"");
}
[Link](i);
}
} 10
 Review Question - 9

What will happen when you try to compile and execute the
following code?

class loop
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
while (true)
{
[Link](“SASTRA”);
}
}
} 11
 Review Question - 10

Analyze the following program and determine the output.

class empty
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
[Link]("sastra");
return;
[Link]("university");
}
}

12
 Nested and Inner
Classes

9/29/2021 4:13:14 PM 13
14
15