Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women

Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle) Approved by
UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

STUDY MATERIAL
PROGRAMMING IN JAVA
(II BCA)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

APPLICATIONS
IV SEMESTER 2025-2026
 Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women
Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle) Approved by
UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

LIST OF CONTENTS

UNIT CONTENTS PAGE

Review of Object Oriented concepts – History of Java – Java buzzwords –
JVM architecture - Datatypes - Variables - Scope and life time of variables -
1-27
arrays - operators – control statements - type conversion and casting -
1
simple java program - constructors - methods - Static block - Static Data –
Static Method String and StringBuffer Classes.
Inheritance: Basic concepts - Types of inheritance - Member access rules -
Usage of this and Super key word - Method Overloading - Method overriding
- Abstract classes - Dynamic method dispatch - Usage of final keyword.
28-43
Packages: Definition – Access Protection –Importing Packages. Interfaces:
2
Definition – Implementation –Extending Interfaces. Exception Handling:
try – catch- throw - throws –
finally – Built-inexceptions - Creating own Exception classes.
Multithreaded Programming: Thread Class - Runnable interface –
Synchronization – Using synchronized methods – Using synchronized
statement- Interthread Communication – Deadlock. 44-53
3
I/O Streams: Concepts of streams - Stream classes- Byte and
Character stream - Reading console Input and Writing Console output - File
Handling.
AWT Controls: The AWT class hierarchy - user interface components-
Labels - Button - Text Components - Check Box - Check Box Group -
Choice - List Box - Panels – Scroll Pane - Menu - Scroll Bar. Working with
54-69
Frame class - Colour - Fonts and layout managers.
4
Event Handling: Events - Event sources - Event Listeners - Event
Delegation Model (EDM) - Handling Mouse and Keyboard Events - Adapter
classes - Inner classes
Swing: Introduction to Swing - Hierarchy of swing components. Containers -
Top level containers - JFrame - JWindow - JDialog
70-84
5
- JPanel - JButton - JToggleButton - JCheckBox - JRadioButton
- JLabel,JTextField - JTextArea - JList - JComboBox -
JScrollPane.

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 Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women
Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

UNIT I BCA – SEMESTER IV

Objective: To provide fundamental knowledge of object-oriented programming and basics

of Java.

Review of Object Oriented concepts – History of Java – Java buzzwords – JVM architecture -
Datatypes - Variables - Scope and life time of variables - arrays - operators – control
statements - type conversion and casting - simple java program - constructors - methods -
Static block - Static Data – Static Method String and StringBuffer Classes.

REVIEW OF OBJECT ORIENTED CONCEPTS

Object
Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For
example, a chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike, etc. It can be physical or
logical.
An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. An object contains an
address and takes up some space in memory.

Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.
A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can create an
individual object. Class doesn't consume any space.

Inheritance
When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of a parent
object, it is known as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to
achieve runtime polymorphism.

Polymorphism
If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism.
For example: to convince the customer differently, to draw something, for
example, shape, triangle, rectangle, etc.

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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve

polymorphism. BCA – SEMESTER IV

Encapsulation
Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit are known
as encapsulation. For example, a capsule, it is wrapped with different
medicines.

A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully

encapsulated class because all the data members are private here.

HISTORY OF JAVA
Java History
 Java is a high-level programming language originally developed by Sun
Microsystems and released in 1991.
 Java runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the
various versions of UNIX. So java is platform independent.
 Java was designed for the development of software for consumer
electronic devices like TVs, VCRs, toasters and such other electronic
devices.
 1990 → A team of Sun Microsystems headed by James Gosling was
decided to develop a special software that can be used to manipulate
consumer electronic devices.
 1991 → The team announced a new language named “oak”.
 1992 → The team demonstrated the application of their new language
to control a list of home applications.
 1993 → The team known as Green Project team came up with the
idea of developing web applets.
 1994 → The team developed a web browser called “HotJava” to locate
and run applet programs on internet.
 1995 → Oak was renamed Java.
 1996 → Sun releases Java Development Kit 1.0.
 1997→ Sun releases Java Development Kit 1.1.
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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

 1998 → Sun releases the Java 2 with version 1.2.

 1999 → Sun releases standard edition (J2SE) and enterprise BCA – SEMESTER IV
edition(J2EE).
 2000 → J2SE with SDK(software development kit) 1.3 was released.
 2002 → J2SE with SDK 1.4 was released.
 2004 → J2SE JDK 5.0 was released. This is known as J2SE 5.0.

JAVA BUZZWORDS
Object Oriented:
 Java is truly object-oriented language. Almost everything in Java is an object.
 All program code and data reside within objects and classes.
 Java comes with an extensive set off classes, arranged in packages
that we can use in our programs by inheritance.
 The object model in java is simple and easy to extend.

Robust and Secure:

 Java is a robust language. It provides many safeguards to ensure
reliable code. It has strict compile time and runtime checking for data
types.
 It is designed as garbage collected language relieving the
programmers virtually all memory management problems.
 Java also incorporates the concept of exception handling which
captures series errors and eliminates risk of crashing the system.
 The absence of pointers in java ensures that programs cannot gain
access to memory locations without proper authorization.
Distributed:
 Java is designed as a distributed language for creating applications on
networks. It has the ability to share both data and programs.
 Java applications can open and access remote objects on internet as
easily as they can do in a local system.
 This enables multiple programmers at multiple remote locations to
collaborate and work together on a single project.

Simple, Small and Familiar:

 Java is a small and simple language. Many features of C and C++ that

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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

are either redundant

For example java does not use pointers, preprocessor BCA – SEMESTER IV
header
files, goto statement and overloading and multiple inheritance and
many others.

Multithreaded and Interactive:

 Multithreaded means handling multiple tasks simultaneously. Java
supports multithreaded programs. This means that we need not wait
for the application to finish one task before beginning another.
For example we can listen to an audio clip while scrolling a page and at
the same time download an applet from a distant computer.
 This feature greatly improves the interactive performance of graphical
applications.

High performance
 Java performance is impressive for an interpreted language, mainly due
to the use of intermediate byte code. According to sun, java speed is
comparable to the native C/C++.
 Java architecture is also designed to reduce overheads during runtime.
Further, the incorporation of multithreading enhances the overall
execution speed of java programs.

Dynamic and Extensible

 Java is a dynamic language.
 It is capable of dynamically linking in new class libraries, methods, and objects.
 Java program support functions written in other languages such as C
and C++. These functions are known as native methods.

JVM ARCHITECTURE

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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

It facilitates the execution of programs developed in java. It comprises of

the following: BCA – SEMESTER IV

 Java Virtual machine(JVM): It is a program that interprets the

intermediate java byte code and generates the desired output. It is
because if byte code and JVM concepts that programs written in Java
are highly portable.

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 Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women
Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

 Runtime class libraries: There are a set of core class librariesBCA

that–are
SEMESTER IV

required for the execution of java programs.``

 User interface toolkits: AWT and swing are examples of toolkits that
support varied input methods for the users to interact with application
program.
 Deployment technologies: JRE comprises the following key
deployment technologies:
 Java plug-in: Enables the execution of a java applet on the browser.
 Java Web start: Enables remote-deployment of an application.

DATA TYPES
Data types specify the size and type of values that can be stored.

Data types in Java

Integer Types
✓ Integer types can hold whole numbers such as 123, -96, 5678. Java
supports four types of integers. They are byte, short, int, and long.
Type Size Minimum value Maximum value
Byte One byte 128 127
Short Two bytes -32,768 32,767
Int Four bytes -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
Long Eight bytes 9,223,372,036,854,775,
9,223,372,036,854,775,8807
08

Numeric
Floating Point Types
✓ Floating point type contains fractional parts such as 26.78 and -7.890.
✓ The float type values are single-precision numbers while the
double types represent double-precision numbers.
✓ Floating point numbers are treated as double-precision quantities.
We must append f or F to the numbers. Example: 1.23f 7.675

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 Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women
Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

Double-precision types are used when we need greater precision in

storage of floating point numbers. Floating point data typesBCA – SEMESTER
support a IV

special value known as Not-a-Number (NaN).

It is used to represent the result of operations such as dividing by
zero, where an actual number is not produced.
Type Size Minimum value Maximum value
Float 4 bytes 3.4e-038 1.7e+0.38
double 8 bytes 3.4e-038 1.7e+308

Character Type
✓ Java provides a character data type called char.
✓ The char type assumes a size of 2 bytes but, basically, it can hold
only a single character.
Boolean Type
✓ It is used to test a particular condition during the execution of the program.
✓ There are only two values that a boolean type can take: true or false.
✓ Boolean type is denoted by the keyword boolean and uses only one bit of storage.

VARIABLES

A variable is an identifier that denotes a storage location used to store a data

value. Variable names may consist of alphabets, digits, the underscore(
_ ) and dollar characters, subject to the following conditions:
 They must not begin with a digit.
 Uppercase and lowercase are distinct.
 It should not be a keyword.
 White space is not allowed.
 Variable names can be of any length.

A variable must be given a value after it has been declared it is used

in an expression. This can be achieved in two ways:
1. By using an assignment statement

2. By using a read statement

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 Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women
Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

SCOPE AND LIFE TIME OF VARIABLE BCA – SEMESTER IV

Java variables are actually classified into three types:
• Instance variables
• Class variables
• Local variables
• Instance and class variable are declared inside a class. Instance
variables are created when the objects are instantiated and they are
associated with the objects.
• Class variables are global to a class and belong to the entire set
of objects that class creates. Only one memory location is created for
each class variable.
• Variables declared and used inside methods are called local
variables. They are not available for use outside method definition.
We often encounter situations where there is a need to store a value on one
type into a variable of another type.
✓ In such situation, we must cast the value to be stored by proceeding
it with the type name in parentheses. The syntax is
type variable1 = (type) variable2;
The process of converting one data type to another is called casting.
Examples: int m= 50;
byte n = (byte)m;
Four integer types can be cast to any other type except Boolean. Casting into
a smaller type may result in loss of data. Similarly, the float and double
can be cast to any other type except Boolean.
From To
byte short, char, int, long, float, double
short int, long, float, double
char int, long, float, double
int long, float, double
long float, double
float Double

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 Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women
Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

Casts that results in no loss of information BCA – SEMESTER IV

ARRAYS

An array is a group of related data items that share a common name. A

particular value is indicated by specifying a number called index number
or subscript in square brackets after the array name.
The arrays can be classified into two types. They are
1. One-dimensional array
2. Two-dimensional array

Creating An Array
Creation of array includes three steps:
1. Declare the array
2. Create memory locations
3. Put values into the memory locations.

One-dimensional array
A list of items can be given one variable name using only one subscript
and such variable is called a single-subscripted variable or a one-
dimensional array.

Declaration of one-dimensional array:

Arrays in java may be declared in two
forms. Form 1: type

Form 2: type[ ] arrayname;

Ex: int
mark[];
int[ ]
mark;

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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

Creation of one-dimensional array BCA – SEMESTER IV

Arrays are created by using new operator. The general form is

arrayname = new

type[size]; Ex: mark

Initialization of one-dimensional array:

Values are assigned to the array by specifying the
subscript. arrayname[subscript] = value;
Ex: mark[2] = 65;

An array may also be initialized when they are

declared. type arrayname[ ] = {list-of-
values};
The list-of-values are separated by comma and surrounded by curly
braces. The memory for the array is allocated by the compiler based on
the number of values given.
Ex: int x[] = {25,35,15,5,55}

Array length : In java, all arrays store the allocated size in a variable named length.
To know the size of an array, it can be accessed as
[Link]

Two-Dimensional Arrays
To store the values in a table form then two dimensional array is used.
Two subscript are needed to access a value in two dimensional array.

Declaration of two-dimensional array:

Arrays in java may be declared in two
forms. Form 1: type

Form 2: type[ ][ ] arrayname;

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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

Ex: int mata[ ][ ]; BCA – SEMESTER IV

int[ ][ ] mata;

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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

Creation of two-dimensional array BCA – SEMESTER IV

Arrays are created by using new operator. The general

form is arrayname = new type[row][col];

Ex: mata = new int[3][2];

Initialization of two-dimensional array:

Values are assigned to the array by specifying the subscript.
arrayname[subscript1][subsrcipt2] = value;
Ex: mata[2][2] = 15;

An array may also be initialized when they are

declared. type arrayname[ ][ ] = {list-of-
values};
The list-of-values are separated by comma and surrounded by curly
braces. The memory for the array is allocated by the compiler based on
the number of values given.
Ex: int x[ ][ ] = {25,35,15,5,55,45}

Variable Size Arrays

Java treats multidimensional arrays as “arrays of arrays”. It is possible to
declare a two-dimensional array as follows.
int x[ ][ ] = new int [3]
[ ]; x[0] = new int[2];
x[1] = new int[5];
x[2] = new int[3];

OPERATORS

 Java supports a rich set of operators.

 An operator is a symbol that is used for manipulate data and variables.
 Operators are used in programs to manipulate data and variables.
o Arithmetic operators
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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

o Relational operators
BCA – SEMESTER IV

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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

o Logical operators BCA – SEMESTER IV

o Assignment operators
o Increment and decrement operators
o Conditional operators
o Bitwise operators
o Special operators

Java operators are classified into number of categories.

➢ ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Arithmetic operators are used to construct mathematical expressions as in algebra
Operator Meaning
+ Addition
Subtraction
* Multiplication
Division
% Modulo division

RELATIONAL OPERATORS
❖ Compares two quantities depending on their relation.
❖ Java supports six relational operators.
Operator Meaning
< is less than
<= is less than or equal to
> is greater than
>= is greater than or equal to
== is equal to
!= is not equal to

A simple relational expression contains only one relational operator and is

of the following form:
ae-1 relational operator ae-2
where ae-1 and ae-2 are arithmetic expressions

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 Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women
Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

LOGICAL OPERATORS BCA – SEMESTER IV

Java has three logical operators.

Operator Meaning
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR
! Logical NOT
A logical operator returns either TRUE or FALSE values.
Logical operator && and || are used to check compound condition
(ie for combining two or more relations)
When an expression combines two or more relational expressions
then it is called logical expression or a compound relational expression

ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
 Used to assign the value of an expression to a variable.
 Assignment operators are usually in the form “=”.
v op=exp;

INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS

❖ They are also called unary operator.
++ → Increment operator, add 1 to the operand
-- → Decrement operator, subtract 1 to the
operand They may also use to increment subscripted
variables

CONDITIONAL OPERATORS
❖ The character pair ?: is used for conditional operator.
❖ It is also called as ternary operator.
General Form exp1 ? exp2:
exp3 where exp1, exp2, exp3 are
expressions The operator ?: works
as follows
exp1 is evaluated first, if its is true then the exp2 is

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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

evaluated. If exp1 is false, exp3 is evaluated

BCA – SEMESTER IV
BITWISE OPERATORS:

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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

BCA
❖ Bitwise operators are used to manipulate data at values of bit – SEMESTER IV
level.
These operators are used for testing the bits, or shifting them to the right or left.
❖ Bitwise operators may not to float or double.
Operator Meaning
& Bitwise AND
! Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
~ One’s complement
<< Shift left
>> Shift right
>>> Shift right with zero fill

SPECIAL OPERATORS
❖ Java supports special operators
➢ Instance of operator
➢ Dot operator (or) member selection operator (.)

✓ Instance of operator:
❖ Instance of operator is an object reference operator.
❖ Allow us to determine whether the object belongs to a particular
class or not.
❖ Return true, if the object on the left-hand side is an instance of
the class given on the right-hand side.

Dot operator
The dot operator (.) is used to access the instance variables and methods
of class objects.
It is also used to access classes and sub packages from a package.

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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

CONTROL STATEMENTS BCA – SEMESTER IV

When a program breaks the sequential flow and jumps to another part of
the code, it is called branching.
❖ When the branching is based on a particular condition, it is known as
conditional branching.
❖ If branching takes place without any decision, it is known as
unconditional branching. if statement
switch statement
Conditional operator statement

The following statements are known as control or decision making statements.

 if statement
 switch statement
 Conditional operator statement

IF Statement
The if statement is a powerful decision making statement and is used to
control the flow of execution of statements.
General form if (test expression)

The expression is first evaluated.

❖ Depending on the value of the expression is true or false, control is
transfer to a particular statement.
❖ The if statement are
1. simple if statement
2. if…else statement
3. Nested if…else statement
4. else if ladder

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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

1. Simple If Statement BCA – SEMESTER IV

➢ If the test expression is true the statement block will be executed;

otherwise the execution will jump to the statement-x
➢ Statement block may be single statement or a group of statement.
Example

General form Example

if (test if (category == SPORTS)
expression)
{
{
marks = marks +
statement-
block; bonus_marks;
} }
statement-x; [Link](marks);

2. The If…Else Statement

➢ If the test expression is true, then the true-block statements are executed.
➢ Otherwise, the false block statements are executed.
General form
Example
if (test expression)
{
if (degree = = “BCA”)
True block statements;
{
}
points = points+500;
else
}
{
else
False block statements;
{
}
Points = points + 100;
Statement-X;
}

3. Nesting of if …else statement

➢ Here if the condition-1 is false, the statement-3 will be executed; otherwise it
evaluates the condition-2.
➢ If the condition-2 is true, then statement-1 will be executed; otherwise the

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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

statement -2 will be evaluated and then control is transferred to the statement-x.

BCA – SEMESTER IV

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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

General form BCA – SEMESTER IV

Example
if (test condition1) if (gender == “female”)
{ {
if (test condition2) if (balance>5000)
{ {
True Bonus = 0.03 *
blockstatements balance;
-1; }
} else
else {
{ Bonus = 0.02 *
False block balance;
statement-2; }
} }
} else
else {
{ Bonus = 0.01 * balance;
False block }
statements-3; balance=balance + bonus;
}
Statement-x;

4. Else if ladder
Else If ladder is a chain of ifs in which the statement associated with each
else is an if.
The condition is evaluated from the top to downwards.
➢ As soon as the condition is true, then the statements associated with it are
executed and the control is transferred to the statement -x.
➢ When all the n condition is false, then the final else containing the
default- statement will be executed.
General form Example
If (condition-1) If (marks>79)
statement-1; grade=”honor
else if (condition-2) s”; else if
statement -2; (marks>79)
else if (condition-3) grade=”first”;
statement -3; else if (marks>79)
….. grade=”second”;
else if (condition n) else if (marks>79)
statement -n; grade=”third”;
else else
default-statement; grade=”fail”; // Default-stmt
[Link](“grade=”+grade);
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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

The Switch Statement BCA – SEMESTER IV

 It an multiway decision statement.

 The switch statement tests the value of a given variable against a list of case
values.

 When a match is found, a block of statement associated with that

case is executed.

 The expression is an integer expression or character known as case labels.

 Block1, block2 … are statements lists may contain zero or more statements.

 No need to put braces around each block

 Case labels end with a colon (:)

 The breakstatement at the end of each block signal the end of a

particular case and causes an exit from the switch statement,
transferring the control to the statement -x following the switch.

 The default is an option case; it will be executed if the value of the

expression does not match with any of the case values.

 If not present, no action takes place when all matches fail and the
control goes to the statement –x.

2
5
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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

General form
switch(expression) BCA – SEMESTER IV
{
case value-1:
block-1
break;
case value-2:
block-2
break;
case value-3:
block-3
break;

Example
switch(expression)
{
case ‘1’:
[Link](“ Monday”);
b reak; case ‘2’:
[Link](“Tuesday”);
break; case ‘3’:
[Link](“Wednesday”);
break;

case ‘4’:
[Link](“Thursday”);
break;
………………
………………..
default:
[Link] (“WRONG INPUT”);
break;

………..
……….
default:
default-block break;
}
statement-x;

}
[Link](“ WELCOME TO THIS WEEK”);

2
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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402

BCA – SEMESTER IV
SIMPLE JAVA PROGRAM

Simple java program

class SampleOne
{
public static void main (String args[])
{
[Link](“ Java is better than C++”);
}
}

Class declaration
The first line
 Class SampleOne declares a class, java is a true object-oriented
language and therefore, everything must be placed inside a class.
 class is a keyword and declares that a new class definition follows.
 SampleOne is a java identifier that specifies the name of the class to be defined.

Opening Brace
Every class definition in java begins with an opening brace “{“ and
ends with a matching closing brace “}”.
The main line
The third line
public static void main (String args[])
 The above line defines a method named main.

2
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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

 This is similar to the main() function in C/C++.

 Every java application program must include the main() method. This
the starting point for the interpreter to begin the execution of the
program.
 A java application can have any number of classes but only one of them
must include a main method to initiate the execution.
 The line contains a number of keywords public, static and void.
 Public : The keyword public is an access specifier that declares the
main method as unprotected and therefore making it accessible to all
other classes.
 Static : Declares this method as one that belongs to the entire class and
not a part of any object of the class. The main methods must always be
declared as static since the interpreter uses this method before any
object are created.
 Void: The void states that the main method does not return any value.

The output line

The only executable statement in the program is
[Link](“Java is better than C++”);
This is similar to printf() statement of C or cout<< construct of C++.
Since java is a true object oriented language, every method must be part
of an object.
The println method is a member of the out object, which is a static data member of
System class.
This line prints the string “java is better than C++.”

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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

CONSTRUCTORS

Every class has a constructor. If we do not explicitly write a constructor for a

class, the Java compiler builds a default constructor for that class.
Each time a new object is created, at least one constructor will be invoked.
 The main rule of constructors is that they should have the same
name as the class.
 A class can have more than one constructor.
 They does not return any value and do not specify even void.
 Constructors are automatically called during the creation of the objects.

ADVANTAGES OF CONSTRUCTORS:
1. A constructor eliminates placing the default values.
2. A constructor eliminates calling the normal method implicitly.

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTORS:
 Based on creating objects in JAVA we have two types of constructors.
 They are
Default/parameter less/no argument constructor and Parameterized constructor.

STRING AND STRING BUFFER CLASSES

Strings, which are widely used in Java programming, are a sequence of

characters. In Java programming language, strings are treated as objects.
The Java platform provides the String class to create and manipulate strings.

String Class Methods

Method task performed
s2=[Link];Converts the string s1 to all lowercase
s2=[Link]’;
Converts the string s1 to all uppercase
s2=[Link](‘x’,’y’);
Replace all appearances of x with y
[Link](s2); Returns true if s1 is equal to s2
24
 Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women
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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV
s2=[Link](); Remove white space at the beginning and end of the String
s1
[Link](
Returns true if s1 is equal to s2, ignoring the case of
s2); characters
[Link](); Gives the length of s1.
[Link](n) Gives nth character of s1
[Link](s2); Concatenates s1 and s2
[Link](n); Gives substring starting from nth character.
[Link](n,m); Gives substring starting from nth character up to mth
character
[Link](p); Creates a string object of the parameter p(simple type or
object)
[Link](); Creates a string representation of object p
[Link](‘x’) Gives the position of the first occurrence of ‘x’ in the string
s1
[Link](‘x’,’n’); Gives the position ‘x’ that occurs after nth position in the
string s1
[Link](variabl
Converts the parameter value to string representation.
e);
[Link](s2) Returns negative if s1<s2, positive if s1>s2, zero if s1 and
s2
equal.

StringBuffer class methods

StringBuffer class is a peer class of String.
 String creates strings of fixed_length
 StringBuffer class creates string of flexible length that can be modified
in terms of both length and content.
 In stringbuffer class we can insert characters and substrings in the
middle of a string, or append another string to the end.

1 public StringBuffer append(String s)

Updates the value of the object that invoked the method. The method takes
boolean, char, int, long, Strings, etc.
2 public StringBuffer reverse()
The method reverses the value of the StringBuffer object that invoked the
method.

25
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Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV
3 public delete(int start, int end)
Deletes the string starting from the start index until the end index.
4 public insert(int offset, int i)
This method inserts a string s at the position mentioned by the offset.
5 replace(int start, int end, String str)
This method replaces the characters in a substring of this StringBuffer with
characters in the specified String.

SUMMARY
The provided document covers a comprehensive overview of Object-Oriented
Concepts, Java History, Java Buzzwords, JVM Architecture, Data Types,
Variables, Operators, Control Statements, Simple Java Program,
Constructors, String and StringBuffer classes. Understand the basic
Object-oriented concepts. Implement the basic constructs of Core Java.

ACTIVITIES
o Identify and list objects and their corresponding classes from everyday
scenarios (e.g., car as an object, Car class).
o Create a hierarchy of classes related to vehicles (e.g., Vehicle -> Car,
Truck) and demonstrate inheritance by sharing properties and
methods.
o Implement method overloading and overriding using simple
scenarios (e.g., Shape class with various subclasses like Circle,
Square).
o Design a Java class that demonstrates encapsulation (private
fields, public methods for access).
o Draw a diagram illustrating the components of the JVM and
explain their functions.
o Simulate scenarios where students must use if-else statements or
switch statements to control program flow based on different
conditions.
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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV
o Create classes with multiple constructors and demonstrate how each
constructor is invoked during object instantiation.

SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1. How would you define an object in your own words?
2. What are the key characteristics of an object? Can you provide examples?
3. How do state and behavior relate to objects? Can you illustrate this with a specific object?
4. Why do objects occupy space in memory, and how does this affect program performance?
5. How is a class like a blueprint? Can you provide a real-world analogy?
6. What types of data and methods are typically included in a class definition?
7. How does inheritance promote code reusability? Can you give an example?
8. What is polymorphism, and why is it a key concept in object-oriented programming?
9. What are the two main types of polymorphism in Java? Can you briefly explain each?
10. How does method overloading demonstrate polymorphism? Can you give a
code example?
11. How does method overriding demonstrate polymorphism? Can you give a code example?
What is encapsulation, and how does it enhance data security in a program?
12. What are conditional statements, and why are they used in programming?
13. How do you structure an if-else statement to handle multiple conditions?
14. What is the purpose of the else if statement, and how does it differ from using multiple
if statements?
15. What are the logical operators (&&, ||, !) in Java, and how are they used in conditional
statements?
16. How would you test the correctness of your conditional statements in your code?
17. What are the different types of constructors in Java? Explain each type briefly.
18. How does a parameterized constructor differ from a default constructor? Provide
an example.
19. What is constructor overloading, and how is it implemented in Java?
20. What are the different types of loops available in Java? Describe each type.
21. What factors can affect the efficiency of a loop? How can you optimize
looping statements?
22. How would you test and debug your loop structures to ensure they function correctly?

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 Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women
Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

UNIT II
Objective: To equip the student with programming knowledge in Inheritance,
Package, Interface and Exception handling

Inheritance: Basic concepts - Types of inheritance - Member access rules - Usage of this and Super key
word - Method Overloading - Method overriding - Abstract classes - Dynamic method dispatch - Usage
of final keyword.
Packages: Definition – Access Protection –Importing Packages. Interfaces: Definition –
Implementation –Extending Interfaces. Exception Handling: try – catch- throw - throws –

finally – Built-inexceptions - Creating own Exception classes.

INHERITANCE
When one class acquires the properties of another class it is known as inheritance.
 A class that is inherited is called a super class or base class.
 The class that does the inheriting is called a subclass or derived class.
 Advantage of inheritance is that it allows reusability of coding.

TYPES OF INHERITANCE
Inheritance may take different forms. They are
 Single inheritance (one super class, one sub class)
 Multilevel inheritance (derived from a derived class)
 Multiple Inheritance

Single inheritance
Single class is one in which there exists single base
class and single derived class.

Multi level inheritance

Multi level inheritance is one which there exist single base class, single
derived class and n number of intermediate base classes.
An intermediate base class is one, in one contest it acts as base class
and in another context it acts as derived class.
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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

Multiple Inheritance
Multiple inheritances are one supported by JAVA through classes but it is
supported by JAVA through the concept of interfaces.

Defining a subclass
A subclass is defined as follows:
class subclassname extends superclassname

{
variables declaration;
methods declaration;
}
The keyword extends signifies that the properties of the super
classname are extended to the subclassname.

SUBCLASS CONSTRUCTOR
 A subclass constructor is used to construct the instance variables of
both the subclass and the super class.
 The sub class constructor uses the keyword super to invoke the
constructor method of the super class.
 The keyword super is used in following conditions. Super may only
be used within a subclass constructor method.
 The call to super class constructor must appear as the first statement
within the sub class constructor.
 The parameter in the super call must match the order and type of
the instance variable declared in the program.

MEMBER ACCESS RULES

The modifiers are also known as access modifiers.
Java provides three types of visibility modifiers: public, private and protected.

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BCA – SEMESTER IV

Public Access:
To declare the variable or method as public, it is visible to the entire class
in which it is defined.
Example:
public int number;
public void sum ( ) {................}

Friendly Access:
When no access modifier is specified, the number defaults to a limited
version of public accessibility known as “friendly” level of access.
The difference between the “public” and “friendly” access is that the
public modifier makes fields visible in all classes.
While friendly access makes fields visible only in the same package, but
not in other package.

Protected Access:
The protected modifier makes the fields visible not only to all
classes and subclasses in the same package but also to subclasses in
other packages.
Non-subclasses in other packages cannot access the “protected” members.

Private Access:
Private fields are accessible only with their own class.
They cannot be inherited by subclasses and therefore not accessible in
subclasses. A method declared as private behaves like a method declared
as final.

Private protected Access:

A field can be declared with two keywords private and protected together like:

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BCA – SEMESTER IV
private protected int codeNumber;
This gives a visibility level in between the “protected” access and
“private” access. Use public if the field is to be visible everywhere.
Use protected if the field is to be visible everywhere in the current package
and also subclasses in other packages.
Use “default” if the field is to be visible everywhere in the current package only.

METHOD OVERLOADING
Method overloading is creating methods that have same name, but
different parameter lists and different definitions. Method overloading is
used when objects are required to perform similar tasks but using
different input parameters.

When a method is called, java matches up the method name first and
then the number and type of parameters to decide which one of the
definitions to execute. This process is known as polymorphism.
Ex:
class room {
float l,b;
room(float x, float y)

{ l=x;
b=y;
} room(float
x) {
l = b = x;
} int area() {
return(l * b); }
}

METHOD OVERRIDING
 A method defined in a super class is inherited by its sub class and is
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Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV
used by the objects created by the sub class.
 There may be occasions when we want an object to respond to the
same method is called.
 This is possible by defining a method in the sub class that has the
same name, same arguments and same return type as a method in
the super class.
 When the methods are called, the method defined in the sub class is
invoked and executed instead of the one in the super class. This is
known as overriding.
Example
class Super {

int x;
void display ()
{
[Link](“Super
x=”+x); [Link](“Sub
y=”+y);
}
}
class overridetest {
public static void main (String
args[]) { Sub S1=new Sub (100,
200); [Link] ();

}
}

Super (int x) { this.x=x;

}
void display () { [Link](“x=”+x);
}
}
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BCA – SEMESTER IV

class Sub extends Super { int y;

Sub (int x, int y) { super (x);
this.y=y; }
}

33
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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

ABSTRACT METHODS AND CLASSES

In JAVA we have two types of classes. Concrete classes and abstract
classes. They are
 A concrete class is one which contains fully defined methods. Defined
methods are also known as implemented or concrete methods. With
respect to concrete class, we can create an object of that class directly.
 An abstract class is one which contains some defined methods and
some undefined methods. Undefined methods are also known as
unimplemented or abstract methods. Abstract method is one which
does not contain any definition. To make the method as abstract we
have to use a keyword called abstract before the function declaration.

ABSTRACT METHODS
 When a method is defined as final than that method is not re-
defined in a subclass.
 Java allows a method to be re-defined in a sub class and those
methods are called abstract methods.
 When a class contains one or more abstract methods, then it should be
declared as abstract class.
 When a class is defined as abstract class, it must satisfy following conditions.
o We can’t use abstract classes to instantiate objects directly. For
example Op s = new Op( ) - is illegal because Op is an
abstract class.
o The abstract methods of an abstract class must be defined in its sub class.
o We can’t declare abstract constructors or abstract static methods.
 Final allows the methods not redefine in the subclass.
 Abstract method must always be redefined in a subclass, thus making
overriding compulsory.
 This is done using the modifier keyword abstract in the method definition.

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Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

FINAL VARIABLES AND METHODS

It prevents the subclasses form overriding the member of the
superclass. Final variables and methods are declared as final using
the keyword final as a modifier.
Example: size =100
final int SIZE = 100;
final void showstatus( ){.................}
Making a method final ensures that the functionality defined in that
method will never be altered in any way.
The value of a final variable can never be changed.

FINAL CLASSES
• A class that cannot be sub-classed is called a final class.
• It prevents a class being further sub-classed for security reasons.
• Any attempt to inherit these classes will cause
an error. final class Aclass
{ }
Final class Bclass extend someclass
{ }

FINALIZER METHODS
• Initialization→ constructor method is used to initialize an object
when it is declared. This process is called initialization.
• Finalization→finalizer method is just opposite to initialization, it
automatically frees up the memory resources used by the objects. This
process is known as finalization.
• It acts like a destructor.
• The method can be added to any class.

The finalize( ) method has this general form: 99

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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

protected void finalize( )

{
// finalization code here }
Here, the keyword protected is a specifier that prevents access to finalize(
) by code defined outside its class.

PACKAGES
 A package is a collection of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.
 A sub-package in turns divides into classes, interfaces, sub-sub-packages, etc.
 Learning about JAVA is nothing but learning about various packages.
 By default one predefined package is imported for each and every JAVA
program and whose name is [Link].*.
 Whenever we develop any java program, it may contain many
number of user defined classes and user defined interfaces.
 If we are not using any package name to place user defined class
interfaces, JVM will assume its own package called NONAME package.
 In java we have two types of packages they are
predefined or built-in or core packages and user or secondary or
custom defined packages.

BENEFITS:
 The classes contained in the packages of other programs can be easily reused.
 In packages, classes can be unique compared with classes in other packages.
 That is two classes in two different packages can have the same name.
 They may be referred by their fully qualified name, comprising the
package name and the class name.
 Packages provide a way to "hide" classes thus preventing other
programs or packages from accessing classes that are meant for
internal use only.
 Packages also provide a way for separating "design" form "coding".

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 Mangayarkarasi College of Arts and Science for Women
Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University | Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC (3rd Cycle)
Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

USING PACKAGES
 Packages are organized in a hierarchical structure.
o The package named java contains the package awt, which in
turns contain various classes required for implementing graphical
user interface. Best and easiest one to access the class
o Used only once, not possible to access other classes of the
package. There are two ways of accessing the classes stored in a
package
1. Using the fully qualified class name. (Using the package name
containing the class and then appending the class name by using the
dot operator.)
E.g. [Link]
2. Using the import statement, appear at the top of the file. Imported
package class can be accessed anywhere in the program

Syntax:
import [Link];
Or
import packagename.*
These are known as import statements and must appear at the top of the
file, before any class declarations, import is a keyword.
 The first statement allows the specified class in the specified
package to be imported. For example, the statement
import [Link];
imports the class Color and therefore the class name can now be directly
used in the program.
 The second statement imports every class contained in the specified package.
For example, the statement
import [Link].*;
will bring all classes of [Link] package.

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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV
INTERFACES
Interfaces are basically used to develop user defined data types.
 With respect to interfaces we can achieve the concept of multiple inheritances.
 With interfaces we can achieve the concept of polymorphism, dynamic
binding and hence we can improve the performance of a JAVA program
in turns of memory space and execution time.
 An interface is a construct which contains the collection of purely
undefined methods or an interface is a collection of purely abstract
methods.
interface <InterfaceName>
{
variables declaration;
methods declaration;
}

Here, interface is the keyword.

Interface name represent a JAVA valid variable name.
Variables are declared as follows:
static final type VariableName = Value;
All variables are declared as constants. Methods declaration will contain
only a list of methods without any body statements.
return-type methodName1 (parameter_list);

EXTENDING INTERFACES
 Interface can also be extended.
 An interface can be sub-interfaced from other interfaces.
 The new interface will inherit all the member of the super-interface.
 Interface can be extended using the keyword
extends. interface name2 extends name1
{
Body of name2
}
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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

IMPLEMENTING INTERFACES
Implement the interface using implements keyword.
General form1
General form2
class classname
class classname extends
implements
supperclass implements
interfacename
interface1,interface2,………..
{
{
body of classname
body of classname
}
}

EXCEPTION HANDLING
Exceptions: An exception is a condition that is caused by a run-time error in
the program.
 A java exception is an object that descirbes an error condition occurred
in a piece of code. Exceptions can be generated by the Java run-time
system or they can be manually generated by code.
 Exceptions thrown by a Java relate to fundamental errors that violate
the rules of the Java language or the constraints of the Java execution
environment.
 Manually generated exceptions are typically used to report some error
condition to the caller of a method.
 Java exception handling is managed via try, catch, throw, throw and finally.

Exception types
 All exceptions are subclasses of Throwable class. There are two
subclasses that partition exception into two distinct branches,
Exception and Error.
 Exception – this class is used for exceptional conditions that user
program should catch. The class defined for custom exceptions are
subclass to this class. A special subclass called RuntimeException,
Exception of this class is automatically defined for a program.
 Error – This class defines exceptions that are not expected under
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Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV
normal circumstances. Exceptions of this type are used by the Java run-
time system to indicate errors having to be deal by the run-time
environment itself.

40
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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

Syntax of Exception Handling Code

The basic concept of exception handling are throwing an exception and
catching it. Program statements to be montiored are placed within try
block. If an exception occurs within the try block, it is thrown. The code
to handle the exception is placed within in the catch block. Any code that
must be executed before a method returns is put in a finally block.

The general form of an exception-handling

blcok: try {
// block of code to monitor for errors
}
catch (ExceptionType1 exOb) {
// exception handler for ExceptionType1
}
catch (ExceptionType2 exOb) {
// exception handler for ExceptionType2
}
// … finally
{
// block of code to be executed before try block ends
}

 The try block can have one or more statements that could generate
an exception. If any one statement generate an exception, the
remaining statements in the block are skipped and execution jumps
to the catch block.
 The catch block have one or more statements that are necessary to
process the exception. Every try statement should be followed by
atleast one catch statement.
 A try statement may have multiple catch blocks.
 A finally block is added to a try statement to handle an exception
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that is not handled or caught by the previous catch statements. A
finally block can be

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used to handle any exception within in a try block. A finally block may
be added immediately after the try block or after the last catch
block.
 When a finally block is defined, this is guaranteed to executed,
regardless of whether or not an excpetion is thrown.

Nested try statements: the try statement can be nested. Each time a try
statement is entered, the context of that exception is pushed on the
stack. If an inner try statement does not have a catch handler for a
particular exception, the stack is unwound and next try statement’s catch
handlers are inspected for a match. This continues until one of the catch
statements succeeds, if no catch statement matches, then the Java run-
time system will handle the exception.

Throwing our own Exceptions

throw
An exception can be throw from the program. The general form is
throw ThrowableInstance;
where ThrowableInstance must be an object of type Throwable or a subclass
of Throwable.
The flow of execution stops immediately after the throw statement. The
nearest enclosing try block is inspected whether it has a catch statement
that matches the exception. If a match is found, control is transferred to
that statement. If no matching catch is found, then the default exception
handler halts the program and prints the stact trace.
Ex. throw new ArithmeticException();
throw new
NumberFormatException();
throws
If a method can cause an exception but it doesn’t handle then it must specify
this behavior so that callers of the method can guard against that
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exception. This is indicated by using throws clause in the method
declaration. The throws clasuse lists the type of exceptions that method
might throw. The general form is

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type method-name(parameter-list) throws exception-list
{

// body of method
}
where exception-list is a comma separated list of the exceptions that a
method can throw.

Some common Java exceptions

Exception type Cause of Exception
ArithmeticException Caused by math errors
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException Caused by wrong array indexes
ArrayStoreException Caused when a program tries to store the
wrong
type of data
FileNotFoundException Caused by an attempt to access a
nonexistent file. IOException Caused by general I/O failures
NullPointerException Caused by referencing a null object
NumberFormatException Caused when a conversion between
strings and
number fails
OutOfMemoryException Caused when there’s not enough memory to
allocate a new object
SecurityException Caused when an applet tries to perform an action
not allowed by the browser’s security setting
StringIndexOutOfBoundException Caused when a program attempts to
access
a nonexistent character position in a string.

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Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV
SUMMARY
Implement inheritance, packages, interfaces and exception handling of Core Java.

ACTIVITIES
o Create two classes, one as a superclass and the other as a
subclass. Demonstrate inheritance by extending the superclass in the
subclass.
o Discuss scenarios where each type of inheritance would be
useful. Create example classes demonstrating each type of
inheritance.
o Provide a superclass with a parameterized constructor. Create a
subclass that inherits from it and initialize both superclass and subclass
variables using the super keyword.
o Discuss scenarios where overriding is useful and what happens when a
method is called using superclass and subclass references.
o Create an abstract class with one or more abstract methods. Provide
concrete implementations in subclasses. Discuss why abstract classes
are useful compared to concrete classes.
o Create a final class and demonstrate why it cannot be subclassed.
Similarly, create a final method and discuss why it cannot be
overridden.
o Create classes in different packages and demonstrate how access
modifiers (public, protected, default, private) affect visibility across
packages.
o Create interfaces with multiple methods. Implement these interfaces in
classes and discuss how interfaces provide flexibility compared to
classes.
o Provide classes with methods that throw exceptions. Demonstrate how
exceptions propagate up the class hierarchy and how different
exceptions can be handled using try-catch blocks.

SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

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1. What are the different types of inheritance supported in Java? Can you explain
each type?
2. How do you define a superclass and a subclass in Java? What is the relationship
between them?
3. What is method overriding, and how does it relate to inheritance? Provide
an example.
4. How does inheritance facilitate polymorphism in Java?
5. How do the public, protected, and private access modifiers affect member
access in inheritance?
6. What is a package in Java, and why is it used?
7. How do you implement an interface in a class? What is the syntax?
8. What are default and static methods in interfaces? How do they differ from
regular interface methods?
9. How do you use try-catch blocks to handle exceptions? Provide a code example.
10. What is the purpose of the finally block in exception handling? When is
it executed?
11. What
of each?

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BCA – SEMESTER IV
UNIT III
Objective: To enable the students to understand the concepts Multithreaded Programming and I/O
handling.

Multithreaded Programming: Thread Class - Runnable interface –Synchronization – Using synchronized

methods – Using synchronized statement- Interthread Communication – Deadlock.
I/O Streams: Concepts of streams - Stream classes- Byte and

Character stream - Reading console Input and Writing Console output - File Handling.

MULTITHREADED PROGRAMMING
 A flow of control is known as thread.
 If a program contains multiple flow of controls for achieving concurrent
execution then that program is known as multithreaded program.
 A program is said to be a multithreaded program if and only if in which
there exist ‘n’ number of sub-programs there exist a separate flow of
control.
 All such flow of controls are executing concurrently such flow of
controls are known as threads and such type of applications or
programs is called multithreaded programs.
 A thread is similar to a program that has a single flow of control. It has
a beginning a body, and an end, and executes commands sequentially.

CREATING THREADS
Creating threads in Java is simple.

Threads are implemented in the form of objects that contain a method called run( ).
 The run( ) method is the heart and soul of any thread. It makes up the
entire body of the thread and is the only method in which the thread’s
behavior can be implemented.
 A typical run( ) would appear as
follows: public void run( )
{
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---- ( Statements for implementing thread )

}
The run( ) method should be invoked by an object of the concerned thread.
This can be achieved by creating the thread and initiating it with the help
of another thread method called start( ).

A NEW THREAD CAN BE CREATED IN TWO WAYS.

 By creating a thread class : Define a class that extends thread class and
override its run( ) method with the code required by the thread.
 By converting a class to a thread: Define a class that implements
Runnable interface. The Runnable interface has only one method, run( ) ,
that is to be defined in the method with the code to be executed by the
thread.
 The approach to be used depends on what the class we are creating requires.
 If it requires to extend another class, then we have no choice but to
implement the Runnable interface, since Java classes cannot have two
superclasses.

EXTENDING THE THREAD CLASS

 We can make our class Runnable as a thread by extending the class
[Link]. This gives us access to all the thread methods
directly. It includes the following steps:
 Declare the class as extending the Thread class.
 Implement the run( ) method that is responsible for executing the
sequence of code that the thread will execute.
 Create a thread object and call the start( ) method to initiate
the thread execution.

Declaring the class

The thread class can be extended as
follows: class MyThread extends
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Thread
{
……..
……..
}
Now we have a new type of thread MyThread.
Implementing the run( ) method
 The run( ) method has been inherited by the class MyThread.
 We have to override this method in order to implement the code to be
executed by our thread.
 The basic implementation of run( ) will look
like this: public void run( )
{
……..
…….. // Thread code here
}
when we start the new thread, Java calls the thread’s run( ) method,
so it is the run( ) where all the action takes place.

STARTING NEW THREAD

To actually create and run on instance of the thread class, we must
write the following
MyThread aThread = new MyThread( );
[Link] ( ); //invokes run( ) method
The second line calls the start( ) method causing the thread to move
into the runnable state.
Then the Java runtime will schedule the thread to run by invoking its run( )
method. Now, the thread is said to be in the running state.

I/O STREAMS
A file is a collection of related records, a record is collection of fields and a
filed is a group of characters. Storing and managing data using files is
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known as file processing which includes tasks such as creating files,
updating files and manipulation of data. Java handles the file processing in
the form of streams. Java also supports to write and read an object from
the secondary storage device, known as object serialization.

Concepts of Streams
In file processing, input refers to the flow of data into a program and output
means the flow of data out of a program.
Java uses the concept of streams to represent the ordered sequence of
data, a common characteristic shared by all the input/output devices.

A stream persent a uniform, easy-to-use, object-oriented interface between

the program and the input/output devices.
A stream has a source and a destination, which may he physical devices or
programs or other streams in the same program.
Java streams are classified into two basic types are input stream and output
stream. An input stream extracts data from the source and sends it to the
program. An output stream takes data from the program and sends it to
the destination.

Stream Classes

Java Stream
classes

Byte Stream Character

classes Stream classes

Input Stream Output Stream Reader Writer

classes classes classes classes

Memory File 51
Pipe
Memory File Pipe
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The [Link] package contains a large number of stream classes that provide
capabilities for processing all types of data. These classes are classified
into two categories based on the type of data they can process.

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1. Byte stream classes that provide support for handling I/O operations on bytes.
2. Character stream classes that provide support for managing I/O
operations on characters.
Byte stream and character stream classes contain specialized classes to deal
with input and output operations independently on various types of
devices.
Byte Stream Classes
Byte stream classes provide functional features for creating and
manipulating streams and files for reading and writing bytes. Java
provides two kinds of byte stream classes input stream and output stream
classes.
Input stream classes: Input stream classes are used to read bytes, include a
super class known as InputStream and various subclasses for supporting
various input- related functions.
The super class InputStream is an abstract class. The InputStream class
defines methods for performing input functions such as
 Reading bytes
 Closing streams
 Marking positions in streams
 Skipping ahead in a stream
 Finding the number of bytes in a stream

Some of the InputStream methods are

1. read( ) Reads a byte from the input stream
2. read(byte b[ ]) Reads an array of bytes into b
3. read(byte b[ ], int n, int m) Reads m bytes into b starting from nth byte.
4. available( ) Gives number of bytes available in the input
5. skip(n) Skips over n bytes from the input stream
6. reset( ) Goes back to the beginning of the stream
7. close( ) Close the input stream

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The DataInputStream class extends FilterInputStream and implements the

interface DataInput. The DataInput interface contains the following
methods:
readShort( ) readDouble( ) readInt( )
readLine( ) readLong( ) readChar( )
readFloat( ) readBoolean( ) readUTF(
)

Output Stream Classes: Output stream classes are derived from the base clas
OutputStream. The OutputStream is an abstract class. The subclasses of
the OutputStream can be used for performing the output operations.

The OutputStream includes methods to perform the following operations

1. Writing bytes
2. Closing streams
3. Flusing streams

Some of the methods defined in the OutputStream

class. Method Description
1. write( ) Writes a byte to the output stream
2. write(byte[ ] b) Writes all bytes in the array b to the output stream
3. write(byte b[ ], int n, int m) Writes m bytes from array b starting from nth byte
4. close( ) Closes the output stream
5. flush( ) Flushes the output stream

The DataOutputStream implements the interface DataOutput. The

DataOutput interface consist the following methods.
writeShort( ) writeDouble( )
writeInt( ) writeLine( )
writeLong( ) writeChar( )

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writeFloat( ) writeBoolean( ) writeUTF( )

Character Stream classes

Character streams can be used to read and write 16-bit unicode characters.
There are two kinds of character stream classes,
1. reader stream classes and
2. writer stream classes.
Reader Stream classes: Reader stream classes are designed to read
character from the files. The Reader class is an abstract class and it is the
base class for all other classes in this group. The Reader class contains
methods to handle various input operations based on characters.
Writer Stream classes: The writer stream classes are designed to perform all
output operations on files. These classes do the task based on characters.
The Writer class is an abstract class and it is the base for all the classes in
this group.

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The classes used for various input/output operations in both groups are given below.

Task

Character Stream Class Byte Stream class

Performing input operations Reader InputStream

Buffering input BufferedReader
BufferedInputStream
Keeping track of line numbers LineNumberReader
LineNumberInputStream Reading from an
array CharArrayReader
ByteArrayInputStream Reading from files FileR
FileInputStream Filtering the input Filter
FilterInputStream Puhsing back Push
PushbackInputStream Reading from a pipe Piped
PipedInputStream
Reading from a string StringReader
StringBufferedInputStream Reading primitive
types DataInputStream
Performing output operations Writer OutputStream
Buffering output BufferedWriter
BufferedOutputStream
Writing to an array CharArrayWriter
ByteArrayOutputStream Filtering the output Filter
FilterOutputStream Writing to a file FileW
FileOutputStream
Writing to a pipe PipedWriter PipedOutputStream
Writing to a string StringWriter
Writing primitive types DataOutputStream
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Other usefule I/O classes

The [Link] pacakge supports many other classes for performing certain
specialized functions. Some of the classes are
 RandomAccessFile – this class enables to read and write bytes, text
and Java data types to any location in the file. This class extends object
class and implements DataInput and DataOutput interfaces. This class
implements methods of both interfaces.

Object
Interface Interface
DataInput DataOutput

RandomAccessFile

Implementation of the RandomAccessFile

 StreamTokenizer – this class is a subclass of object can be used for
breaking up a stream of text from an input text file into meaningful
pieces called tokens.

Other Stream classes

 Object Streams – Java supports input and output operations on objects
using the object streams. The object streams are created using the
ObjectInputStream and ObjectOutputStream classes. The contents of
the file is read or write as object, and this process is called object
serialization.
 Piped Streams – Piped streams provide functionality for threads to
communicate and exchange data between them.
 Pushback Streams – the pushback streams are created by the classes
PushbackInputStream or PushbackReader, can be used to push a single
byte or character back into the input stream so that it can be reread.
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This is commonly used with parsers.
 Filtered Streams – These streams provide the basic capability to create
input and output streams for filtering input/output in a number of ways.
These streams placed between an input stream and an output stream
and perform some optional processing on the data they transfer. Java
supports this through two abstract classes, FilterInputStream and
FilterOutputStream.

SUMMARY
Implement multi-threading and I/O Streams of Core Java

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ACTIVITIES
o Implement two classes ThreadClassA and ThreadClassB to demonstrate
thread creation using both extending the Thread class and
implementing the Runnable interface.
o Create a shared resource accessed by multiple threads to demonstrate
synchronization.
o Implement a producer-consumer scenario using wait() and notify()
methods for inter-thread communication.

SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1. What is a thread in Java, and how does it differ from a process?
2. How do you create a thread in Java? Explain both the Runnable interface and the Thread
class.
3. Can you describe the thread lifecycle and the methods that change a thread's state?
4. What is synchronization, and why is it necessary in multithreaded programming?
5. Explain the concept of a synchronized block and how it differs from a synchronized
method.
6. What is the purpose of the wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods?
7. How do you implement producer-consumer problems using these methods?
8. What is the difference between thread-safe and non-thread-safe classes?
9. How can you make a class thread-safe in Java?
10. What are the main types of I/O in Java (byte stream vs. character stream)?
11. How do you read from and write to files in Java using I/O streams?
12. What is the purpose of BufferedReader and BufferedWriter?
13. What is serialization in Java, and why is it used?
14. How do you implement serialization for a custom class?
15. How does Java handle exceptions in I/O operations?
16. What are checked and unchecked exceptions in the context of I/O?

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Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

UNIT IV
Objective: To enable the students to use AWT controls, Event Handling and
Swing for GUI.

AWT Controls: The AWT class hierarchy - user interface components- Labels - Button - Text
Components - Check Box - Check Box Group - Choice - List Box - Panels – Scroll Pane - Menu -
Scroll Bar. Working with Frame class - Colour - Fonts and layout managers.

Event Handling: Events - Event sources - Event Listeners - Event Delegation Model (EDM)
- Handling Mouse and Keyboard Events - Adapter classes - Inner classes

AWT CONTROLS

Every AWT controls inherits properties from Component class.

COMPONENT
The class Component is the abstract base class for the non menu user-
interface controls of AWT. Component represents an object with graphical
representation.

CONTAINER
The Container is a component in AWT that can contain another components

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like buttons, textfields, labels etc. The classes that extends Container class are
known as container such as Frame, Dialog and Panel.
It is basically a screen where the where the components are placed at
their specific locations. Thus it contains and controls the layout of
components.
Types of containers:
There are four types of containers in Java AWT:
1. Window
2. Panel
3. Frame
4. Dialog

Window
The window is the container that have no borders and menu bars. You
must use frame, dialog or another window for creating a window. We need
to create an instance of Window class to create this container.

Panel
The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title bar, border or menu
bar. It is generic container for holding the components. It can have other
components like button, text field etc. An instance of Panel class creates a
container, in which we can add components.

Frame
The Frame is the container that contain title bar and border and can have
menu bars. It can have other components like button, text field, scrollbar
etc. Frame is most widely used container while developing an AWT
application.

LABEL
Label is a passive control because it does not create any event when
accessed by the user. The label control is an object of Label. A label

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displays a single line of read- only text. However the text can be changed
by the application programmer but cannot be changed by the end user in
any way.
Field
 static int CENTER -- Indicates that the label should be centered.
 static int LEFT -- Indicates that the label should be left justified.
 static int RIGHT -- Indicates that the label should be right justified.
Constructors

Label() - Constructs an empty label.

Label(String text) - Constructs a new label with the specified string of text,
left justified.
Label(String text, int alignment) - Constructs a new label that presents the
specified string of text with the specified alignment.

Methods

void setText(String text) It sets the texts for label with the specified text.

void setAlignment(int It sets the alignment for label with the

alignment)
specified alignment.

String getText() It gets the text of the label

int getAlignment() It gets the current alignment of the label.

void addNotify() It creates the peer for the label.

protected String It returns the string the state of the label.

paramString()

BUTTON
A button is basically a control component with a label that generates an
event when pushed. The Button class is used to create a labeled button
that has platform independent implementation. The application result in

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some action when the button is pushed.
When we press a button and release it, AWT sends an instance of
ActionEvent to that button by calling processEvent on the button. The
processEvent method of the button receives the all the events, then it
passes an action event by calling its own method processActionEvent. This
method passes the action event on to action listeners that are interested
in the action events generated by the button.
To perform an action on a button being pressed and
released, the ActionListener interface needs to be implemented. The
registered new listener can receive events from the button by calling
addActionListener method of the button. The Java application can use the
button's action command as a messaging protocol.

CONSTRUCTOR

Button( ) It constructs a new button with an empty string i.e. it

has no label.

Button (String text) It constructs a new button with given string as its label.

Methods

void setText (String text) It sets the string message on the button

String getText() It fetches the String message on the

button.
void setLabel (String label) It sets the label of button with the
specified string.

String getLabel() It fetches the label of the button.

void It adds the specified action listener to get

the action events from the button.
addActionListener(ActionListener l)

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String getActionCommand() It returns the command name of the

action event fired by the button.

ActionListener[ ] It returns an array of all the action

getActionListeners()
listeners registered on the button.

protected String paramString() It returns the string which represents the

state of button.

void It removes the specified action listener

removeActionListener so that it no longer receives action
(ActionListener l) events from the button.

void It sets the command name for the action

event given by the button.
setActionCommand(String
command)

TEXT FIELD
The object of a TextField class is a text component that allows a user to
enter a single line text and edit it. It inherits TextComponent class,
which further inherits Component class.
When we enter a key in the text field (like key pressed, key released or
key typed), the event is sent to TextField. Then the KeyEvent is
passed to the registered KeyListener. It can also be done using
ActionEvent; if the ActionEvent is enabled on the text field, then the
ActionEvent may be fired by pressing return key. The event is handled by
the ActionListener interface.

Constructor

TextField() It constructs a new text field component.

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TextField(String text) It constructs a new text field initialized with the

given string text to be displayed.

TextField(int columns) It constructs a new textfield (empty) with given

number of columns.

TextField (String text, It constructs a new text field with the given text and
int columns) given number of columns (width).

Methods

void addNotify() It creates the peer of text field.

boolean echoCharIsSet() It tells whether text field has character

set for echoing or not.

void It adds the specified action listener to

addActionListener(ActionListene receive action events from the text field.
r l)

ActionListener[] It returns array of all action listeners

getActionListeners()
registered on text field.

AccessibleContext It fetches the accessible context related

getAccessibleContext() to the text field.

int getColumns() It fetches the number of columns in text

field.
char getEchoChar() It fetches the character that is used for
echoing.
void It removes specified action listener so
removeActionListener that it doesn't receive action events
(ActionListener l) anymore.

void setColumns(int columns) It sets the number of columns in text field.

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void setEchoChar(char c) It sets the echo character for text field.

void setText(String t) It sets the text presented by this text

component to the specified text.

TEXT AREA
The object of a TextArea class is a multiline region that displays text. It
allows the editing of multiple line text. It inherits TextComponent class.
The text area allows us to type as much text as we want. When the text in
the text area becomes larger than the viewable area, the scroll bar
appears automatically which helps us to scroll the text up and down, or
right and left.
Class constructors:

TextArea() It constructs a new and empty text area with

no text in it.

TextArea (int row, int It constructs a new text area with specified
column)
number of rows and columns and empty string
as text.

TextArea (String text) It constructs a new text area and displays

the specified text in it.

TextArea (String text, int It constructs a new text area with the specified
row, int column) text in the text area and specified number
of rows and

columns.

TextArea (String text, int It construcst a new text area with specified
row, int column, int text in text area and specified number of rows
scrollbars) and columns and visibility.

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Methods

void addNotify() It creates the peer of text field.

boolean echoCharIsSet() It tells whether text field has character

set for echoing or not.

void It adds the specified action listener to

addActionListener(ActionListene receive action events from the text field.
r l)

ActionListener[] It returns array of all action listeners

getActionListeners()
registered on text field.

AccessibleContext It fetches the accessible context related

getAccessibleContext() to the text field.

int getColumns() It fetches the number of columns in text

field.
char getEchoChar() It fetches the character that is used for
echoing.
void It removes specified action listener so
removeActionListener that it doesn't receive action events
(ActionListener l) anymore.

void setColumns(int columns) It sets the number of columns in text field.

void setEchoChar(char c) It sets the echo character for text field.

void setText(String t) It sets the text presented by this text

component to the specified text.

CHECKBOX
The Checkbox class is used to create a checkbox. It is used to turn an
option on (true) or off (false). Clicking on a Checkbox changes its state
from "on" to "off" or from "off" to "on".

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Constructor

Checkbox() It constructs a checkbox with no string as

the label.

Checkbox(String label) It constructs a checkbox with the given

label.
Checkbox(String label, It constructs a checkbox with the given label
boolean state) and sets the given state.

Checkbox(String label, It constructs a checkbox with the given

boolean state, label, set the given state in the specified
CheckboxGroup group) checkbox group.

Checkbox(String It constructs a checkbox with the given

label, in the given checkbox group and set
label, CheckboxGroup group, to the specified state.
boolean state)

Method

void It adds the given item listener to get the

addItemListener(ItemListener IL)
item events from the checkbox.

AccessibleContext It fetches the accessible context of

checkbox.
getAccessibleContext()

void addNotify() It creates the peer of checkbox.

CheckboxGroup It determines the group of checkbox.

getCheckboxGroup()

ItemListener[] getItemListeners() It returns an array of the item

listeners registered on checkbox.

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String getLabel() It fetched the label of checkbox.

Object[] getSelectedObjects() It returns an array (size 1) containing

checkbox label and returns null if
checkbox is not selected.

boolean getState() It returns true if the checkbox is on, else

returns off.

protected void It process the item events occurring in the

processItemEvent checkbox by dispatching them to
(ItemEvent e) registered ItemListener object.

void It removes the specified item listener so

removeItemListener(ItemListe that the item listener doesn't receive item
ner l) events from the checkbox anymore.

void It sets the checkbox's group to the

setCheckboxGroup(CheckboxGro given checkbox.
up g)

void setLabel(String label) It sets the checkbox's label to the

string argument.

void setState(boolean state) It sets the state of checkbox to the

specified state.

CHECKBOXGROUP
The object of CheckboxGroup class is used to group together a set of
Checkbox. At a time only one check box button is allowed to be in "on"
state and remaining check box button in "off" state. It inherits the object
class.

CHOICE

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The object of Choice class is used to show popup menu of choices. Choice
selected by user is shown on the top of a menu. It inherits Component
class.
Constructor

Choice() It constructs a new choice menu.

Methods

void add(String item) It adds an item to the choice menu.

void It adds the item listener that receives item

events from the choice menu.
addItemListener(ItemListener l)

void addNotify() It creates the peer of choice.

String getItem(int index) It gets the item (string) at the given index
position in the choice menu.

int getItemCount() It returns the number of items of the choice

menu.
ItemListener[] It returns an array of all item listeners
getItemListeners()
registered on choice.

T[] Returns an array of all the objects

getListeners(Class listenerType) currently registered as FooListeners upon
this Choice.

int getSelectedIndex() Returns the index of the currently selected

item.
String getSelectedItem() Gets a representation of the current choice
as a string.

Object[] getSelectedObjects() Returns an array (length 1) containing

the currently selected item.

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void insert(String item, int Inserts the item into this choice at the
index)
specified position.

void remove(int position) It removes an item from the choice menu

at the given index position.

void remove(String item) It removes the first occurrence of the item

from choice menu.

void removeAll() It removes all the items from the choice

menu.
void It removes the mentioned item listener.
Thus is doesn't receive item events from
removeItemListener the choice menu anymore.
(ItemListener l)

void select(int pos) It changes / sets the selected item in the

choice menu to the item at given index
position.

void select(String str) It changes / sets the selected item in the

choice menu to the item whose string value
is equal to string specified in the argument.

LIST
The object of List class represents a list of text items. With the help of the
List class, user can choose either one item or multiple items. It inherits the
Component class.

Constructor

List() It constructs a new scrolling list.

List(int row_num) It constructs a new scrolling list initialized

with the given number of rows visible.

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List (int row_num, It constructs a new scrolling list initialized

Boolean multipleMode) which displays the given number of rows.

Methods

void add(String item) It adds the specified item into the

end of scrolling list.

void add(String item, int index) It adds the specified item into list
at the

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given index position.

void addActionListener(ActionListener It adds the specified action listener

l)
to receive action events from list.

void addItemListener(ItemListener l) It adds specified item listener to

receive item events from list.

void addNotify() It creates peer of list.

void deselect(int index) It deselects the item at given

index position.

ActionListener[] getActionListeners() It returns an array of action

listeners registered on the list.

String getItem(int index) It fetches the item related to given

index position.

int getItemCount() It gets the count/number of items in

the list.
ItemListener[] getItemListeners() It returns an array of item
listeners registered on the list.

String[] getItems() It fetched the items from the list.

int getRows() It fetches the count of visible rows in

the list.

int getSelectedIndex() It fetches the index of selected item of

list.
int[] getSelectedIndexes() It gets the selected indices of the list.

String getSelectedItem() It gets the selected item on the list.

String[] getSelectedItems() It gets the selected items on the list.

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Object[] getSelectedObjects() It gets the selected items on scrolling

list in

array of objects.

int getVisibleIndex() It gets the index of an item which

was made visible by method
makeVisible()

void makeVisible(int index) It makes the item at given index

visible.
boolean isIndexSelected(int index) It returns true if given item in the
list is selected.

boolean isMultipleMode() It returns the true if list allows

multiple selections.

protected String paramString() It returns parameter string

representing state of the scrolling list.

protected void It process the events on scrolling list.

processEvent(AWTEvent e)
protected void It process the item events occurring
processItemEvent(ItemEve on list by dispatching them to a
nt e) registered ItemListener object.

void It removes specified action listener.

removeActionListener Thus it doesn't receive further action
(ActionListener l) events from the list.

void removeItemListener(ItemListener It removes specified item listener.

l)
Thus it doesn't receive further action
events from the list.

void remove(int position) It removes the item at given index

position from the list.

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void remove(String item) It removes the first occurrence of an

item from list.

void removeAll() It removes all the items from the list.

void replaceItem(String newVal, int It replaces the item at the given

index)
index in list with the new string
specified.

void select(int index) It selects the item at given index in

the list.
void setMultipleMode(boolean b) It sets the flag which determines
whether the list will allow multiple
selection or not.

void removeNotify() It removes the peer of list.

PANEL
The Panel is a simplest container class. It provides space in which an
application can attach any other component. It inherits the Container
class.
It doesn't have title bar.

MENU
The object of MenuItem class adds a simple labeled menu item on menu.
The items used in a menu must belong to the MenuItem or any of its
subclass.
The object of Menu class is a pull down menu component which is
displayed on the menu bar. It inherits the MenuItem class.

WORKING WITH FRAME CLASS

The class Frame is a top level window with border and title. It uses
BorderLayout as default layout manager.
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Constructor

Frame()
Constructs a new instance of Frame that is initially invisible.

Frame(GraphicsConfiguration gc)
Constructs a new, initially invisible Frame with the specified
GraphicsConfiguration.
Frame(String title)
Constructs a new, initially invisible Frame object with the specified title.

Frame(String title, GraphicsConfiguration gc)

Constructs a new, initially invisible Frame object with the specified title
and a GraphicsConfiguration.

Methods

void addNotify()
Makes this Frame displayable by connecting it to a native screen resource.

int getCursorType()
Deprecated. As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by [Link]().

int getExtendedState()
Gets the state of this
frame.

static Frame[] getFrames()

Returns an array of all Frames created by this application.

Image getIconImage()
Returns the image to be displayed as the icon for this frame.

Rectangle getMaximizedBounds()
Gets maximized bounds for this
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frame.

MenuBar getMenuBar()
Gets the menu bar for this frame.

int getState()
Gets the state of this frame (obsolete).

String getTitle()
Gets the title of the frame.

boolean isResizable()
Indicates whether this frame is resizable by the user.

boolean isUndecorated()
Indicates whether this frame is undecorated.

protected String paramString()

Returns a string representing the state of this Frame.

void remove(MenuComponent m)
Removes the specified menu bar from this frame.

void removeNotify()
Makes this Frame undisplayable by removing its connection to its
native screen resource.

void setCursor(int cursorType)

Deprecated. As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by [Link](Cursor).

void setExtendedState(int
state) Sets the state of this
frame.

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void setIconImage(Image image)

Sets the image to be displayed as the icon for this window.

void setMaximizedBounds(Rectangle
bounds) Sets the maximized bounds for
this frame.

void setMenuBar(MenuBar mb)

Sets the menu bar for this frame to the specified menu bar.

void setResizable(boolean resizable)

Sets whether this frame is resizable by the user.

void setState(int state)

Sets the state of this frame (obsolete).

void setTitle(String title)

Sets the title for this frame to the specified string.

FONTS
In Java, Font is a class that belongs to the [Link] package. It implements
the Serializable interface. FontUIResource is the direct known subclass of
the Java Font class.
It represents the font that are used to render the text. In Java, there are
two technical terms that are used to represent font are characters and
Glyphs.
There are two types of fonts in Java:
o Physical Fonts
o Logical Fonts

Physical Fonts
Physical fonts are actual Java font library. It contains tables that maps
character sequence to glyph sequences by using the font technology
such as TrueType Fonts (TTF) and PostScript Type 1 Font. Note that all
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implementation of Java must support TTF. Using other font technologies is
implementation dependent. Physical font includes the name such as
Helvetica, Palatino, HonMincho, other font names. The property of the
physical font is that it uses the limited set of writing systems such as Latin
characters or only Japanese and Basic Latin characters. It may vary as to
configuration changes. If any application requires a specific font, user
can bundle and instantiate that font by using the createFont() method of
the Java Font class.

Logical Fonts
Java defines five logical font families that are Serif, SansSerif, Monospaced,
Dialog, and DialogInput. It must be supported by the JRE. Note that JRE
maps the logical font names to physical font because these are not the
actual font libraries. Usually, mapping implementation is locale
dependent. Each logical font name map to several physical fonts in order
to cover a large range of characters.

A Font object have three different names that are:

o Logical font name: It is the name that is used to construct the font.
o Font face name: It is the name of particular font face. For example,
Helvetica Bold.

o Family name: It is the name of the font family. It determines the

typograph design among several faces.

LAYOUT MANAGER
The Layout managers enable us to control the way in which visual
components are arranged in the GUI forms by determining the size and
position of components within the containers.
Types of LayoutManager
There are 4 layout managers in Java
 FlowLayout: It arranges the components in a container like the words
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on a page. It fills the top line from left to right and top to bottom. The
components are arranged in the order as they are added i.e. first
components appears at top left, if the container is not wide enough to
display all the components, it is wrapped around the line. Vertical and
horizontal gap between components can be controlled. The
components can be left, center or right aligned.
 BorderLayout: It arranges all the components along the edges or the
middle of the container i.e. top, bottom, right and left edges of the area.
The components added to the top or bottom gets its preferred height,
but its width will be the width of the container and also the
components added to the left or right gets its preferred width, but its
height will be the remaining height of the container. The components
added to the center gets neither its preferred height or width. It covers
the remaining area of the container.
 GridLayout: It arranges all the components in a grid of equally sized
cells, adding them from the left to right and top to bottom. Only one
component can be placed in a cell and each region of the grid will have
the same size. When the container is resized, all cells are automatically
resized. The order of placing the components in a cell is determined as
they were added.
 GridBagLayout: It is a powerful layout which arranges all the
components in a grid of cells and maintains the aspect ration of the
object whenever the container is resized. In this layout, cells may be
different in size. It assigns a consistent horizontal and vertical gap
among components. It allows us to specify a default alignment for
components within the columns or rows.

EVENT HANDLING
Event and Listener (Java Event Handling)
Changing the state of an object is known as an event. For example, click
on button, dragging mouse etc. The [Link] package provides
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many event classes and Listener interfaces for event handling.

Java Event classes and Listener interfaces

Event Classes Listeners

ActionEvent ActionListener

MouseEvent MouseListener and MouseMotionListener

MouseWheelEvent MouseWheelListener

KeyEvent KeyListener

ItemEvent ItemListener

TextEvent TextListener

AdjustmentEvent AdjustmentListener

WindowEvent WindowListener

ComponentEvent ComponentListener

ContainerEvent ContainerListener

FocusEvent FocusListener

Following steps are required to perform event handling:

1. Register the component with the Listener
2. Java Event Handling Code

We can put the event handling code into one of the following places:
 Within class
 Other class
 Anonymous class

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EVENT DELEGATION MODEL

The Delegation Event Model in Java is based on a hierarchy of objects, with
one object acting as the source of the event and other objects acting as
listeners that respond to those events. When an event occurs, the source
object generates an event object and passes it to all the registered
listeners. Each listener then has the opportunity to process the event and
respond accordingly.

One of the key benefits of the Delegation Event Model in Java is that it
allows for a high level of modularity in Java applications. By separating the
event source from the event listener, you can create more flexible and
scalable code. This model also allows for easy customization, as different
event listeners can be created to handle different types of events.

The Delegation Event Model in Java consists of three main components:

event source, event object, and event listener.
Event source: This is the object that generates the event. When an event
occurs, the event source creates an event object and passes it to all
registered event listeners. Examples of event sources can be a button, a
text field, or any other component of the user interface.
Event object: This is a Java object that encapsulates information about the
event that occurred. It contains details such as the type of event, the
source of the event, and any additional data that may be relevant to the
event. The event object is passed to all registered event listeners,
allowing them to respond to the event appropriately.
Event listener: This is an interface that defines methods for responding to
events. To handle an event, an object must implement the appropriate
event listener interface and register itself with the event source. When the
event occurs, the event
source calls the appropriate method on each registered event listener,
passing in the event object.
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HANDLING MOUSE AND KEYBOARD EVENTS

Mouse Events
MouseListener and MouseMotionListener is an interface in [Link]
package . Mouse events are of two types. MouseListener handles the
events when the mouse is not in motion. While MouseMotionListener
handles the events when mouse is in motion.
There are five types of events that MouseListener can
generate. There are five abstract functions that
represent these five events. The abstract functions are:
1. void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) : Mouse key is released
2. void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) : Mouse key is pressed/released
3. void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) : Mouse exited the component
4. void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) : Mouse entered the component
5. void mousepressed(MouseEvent e) : Mouse key is pressed

There are two types of events that MouseMotionListener can generate.

There are two abstract functions that represent these five events. The
abstract functions are:
1. void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) : Invoked when a mouse button is
pressed in the component and dragged. Events are passed until the
user releases the mouse button.
2. void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e) : invoked when the mouse cursor is
moved from one point to another within the component, without
pressing any mouse buttons.

Keyboard Events
The Java KeyListener is notified whenever you change the state of key. It
is notified against KeyEvent. The KeyListener interface is found in
[Link] package, and it has three methods.

Interface declaration
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Following is the declaration for [Link] interface:

1. public interface KeyListener extends EventListener

Methods of KeyListener interface

The signature of 3 methods found in KeyListener interface are given below:

public abstract void keyPressed It is invoked when a key has

(KeyEvent e); been pressed.

public abstract void It is invoked when a key has

keyReleased (KeyEvent e); been released.

public abstract void keyTyped It is invoked when a key has been

typed.
(KeyEvent e);

ADAPTER CLASSES
In Java's event handling mechanism, adapter classes are abstract classes
provided by the Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) package for receiving
various events. These classes contain empty implementations of the
methods in an event listener interface, providing a convenience for
creating listener objects.
The adapter classes in Java are
 WindowAdapter
 KeyAdapter
 MouseAdapter
 FocusAdapter
 ContainerAdapter
 ComponentAdapter
These adapter classes implement interfaces like WindowListener,
KeyListener, MouseListener, FocusListener, ContainerListener, and
ComponentListener respectively, which contain methods related to
specific events.

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INNER CLASSES
A Java inner class is a class that is defined inside another class. The
concept of inner class works with nested Java classes where outer and
inner classes are used.

The main class in which inner classes are defined is known as the outer
class and all other classes which are inside the outer class are known as
Java inner classes.

SUMMARY
Implement AWT and Event handling.
ACTIVITIES
o Represents an object with graphical representation.

SELF–ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1. What is AWT, and how does it differ from Swing?
2. What are the primary components provided by AWT?
3. What is the purpose of the `Frame` class in AWT?
4. What are layout managers in AWT? Name and explain a few common ones.
5. How do you set a layout manager for a container in AWT?
6. How do you perform custom painting in AWT?
7. What is the role of the `Graphics` class in AWT?
8. What is Swing, and how does it enhance AWT?
9. Explain the concept of "lightweight" components in Swing.
10. What is the "look and feel" of a Swing application, and how can it be changed?
11. How do you set a custom look and feel for a Swing application?
12. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using Swing over AWT.
13. Can you use AWT components in a Swing application? If so, how?
14. What is event handling in Java?
15. What is an event listener, and how do you implement one in Java?
16. How do you use ActionListener, MouseListener, and KeyListener in
your applications?
17. How do you register an event listener with a component?
18. What is the Event Dispatch Thread, and why is it important in Swing?
19. How do you create and handle custom events in Java?
20. What is the difference between using built-in events and custom events?
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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

UNIT V
Objective: To equip the student with programming knowledge SWING
components.

Swing: Introduction to Swing - Hierarchy of swing components. Containers - Top level containers -
JFrame - JWindow – Jdialog JPanel - JButton - JToggleButton - JCheckBox – JradioButton
JLabel , JTextField
- JTextA
-
JList
JComb
- JScro
SWING
Java Swing is a part of Java Foundation Classes (JFC) that is used to create window-based
applications. It is built on the top of AWT (Abstract Windowing Toolkit) API and entirely written
in java.
Java Swing provides platform-independent and lightweight components.
The [Link] package provides classes for java swing API such as JButton, JTextField, JTextArea,
JRadioButton, JCheckbox, JMenu, JColorChooser etc.

Hierarchy of Java Swing classes

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Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

The methods of Component class are widely used in java swing that are
given below.

public void add(Component c) add a component on another component.

public void setSize(int sets size of the component.

width,int height)

public void sets the layout manager for the

component.
setLayout(LayoutManager m)

public void setVisible(boolean b) sets the visibility of the component. It is

by default false.

JFrame
The [Link] class is a type of container which inherits the
[Link] class. JFrame works like the main window where
components like labels, buttons, textfields are added to create a GUI.
Unlike Frame, JFrame has the option to hide or close the window with the
help of setDefaultCloseOperation(int) method.

Constructors

JFrame() It constructs a new frame that is initially

invisible.
JFrame(GraphicsConfiguration It creates a Frame in the specified
gc)
GraphicsConfiguration of a screen device
and a blank title.

JFrame(String title) It creates a new, initially invisible Frame with

the specified title.

JFrame(String It creates a JFrame with the specified title

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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

and the specified

title, GraphicsConfiguration gc) GraphicsConfiguration of a
screen

device.

Methods

protected void addImpl (Component Adds the specified

comp, Object child Component.
constraints, int index)

protected createRootPane() Called by the constructor

JRootPane methods to create the default
rootPane.

protected void frameInit() Called by the constructors to init

the JFrame properly.

void setContentPane(Containe It sets the contentPane property

contentPane)

void setIconImage(Image image) It sets the image to be displayed

as the icon for this window.

void setJMenuBar(JMenuBar It sets the menubar for this

frame.
menubar)

void setLayeredPane(JLayeredPa It sets the layeredPane property.

ne layeredPane)

JRootPane getRootPane() It returns the rootPane object

for this frame.

TransferHandle getTransferHandler() It gets the transferHandler

r property.

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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

JDialog
The JDialog control represents a top level window with a border and a title
used to take some form of input from the user. It inherits the Dialog class.
Unlike JFrame, it doesn't have maximize and minimize buttons.

Constructors

JDialog() It is used to create a modeless dialog without a

title and without a specified Frame owner.

JDialog (Frame owner) It is used to create a modeless dialog with

specified Frame as its owner and an empty
title.

JDialog (Frame owner, It is used to create a dialog with the

String title, boolean modal) specified title, owner Frame and modality.

JPanel
The JPanel is a simplest container class. It provides space in which an
application can attach any other component. It inherits the JComponents
class.
It doesn't have title bar.

Constructors

JPanel() It is used to create a new JPanel with a double

buffer and a flow layout.

JPanel(boolean It is used to create a new JPanel with FlowLayout

isDoubleBuffered) and the specified buffering strategy.

JPanel(LayoutManager It is used to create a new JPanel with the specified

layout) layout manager.

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Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV
JButton
The JButton class is used to create a labeled button that has platform
independent implementation. The application result in some action when
the button is pushed. It inherits AbstractButton class.

Constructors

JButton() It creates a button with no text and icon.

JButton(String s) It creates a button with the specified text.

JButton(Icon i) It creates a button with the specified icon object.

Methods

void setText(String s) It is used to set specified text on button

String getText() It is used to return the text of the button.

void setEnabled(boolean b) It is used to enable or disable the button.

void setIcon(Icon b) It is used to set the specified Icon on

the button.

Icon getIcon() It is used to get the Icon of the button.

void setMnemonic(int a) It is used to set the mnemonic on the

button.
void addActionListener It is used to add the action listener to
(ActionListener a) this object.

JToggleButton
JToggleButton is used to create toggle button, it is two-states button to
switch on or off.
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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV
Constructors

JToggleButton() It creates an initially unselected toggle

button without setting the text or image.

JToggleButton(Action a) It creates a toggle button where properties

are taken from the Action supplied.

JToggleButton(Icon icon) It creates an initially unselected toggle

button with the specified image but no text.

JToggleButton(Icon icon, It creates a toggle button with the specified

boolean selected) image and selection state, but no text.

JToggleButton(String text) It creates an unselected toggle button

with the specified text.

JToggleButton(String text, It creates a toggle button with the specified

boolean selected) text and selection state.

JToggleButton(String text, It creates a toggle button that has the

Icon icon) specified text and image, and that is initially
unselected.

JToggleButton(String text, It creates a toggle button with the specified

Icon icon, text, image, and selection state.
boolean selected)

Methods

AccessibleContex getAccessibleContext It gets the AccessibleContext

t ()
associated with this JToggleButton.

String getUIClassID() It returns a string that specifies the

name of the l&f class that renders this
component.
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Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

protected String paramString() It returns a string representation of

this JToggleButton.

void updateUI() It resets the UI property to a value

from the current look and feel.

JCheckBox
The JCheckBox class is used to create a checkbox. It is used to turn an
option on (true) or off (false). Clicking on a CheckBox changes its state
from "on" to "off" or from "off" to "on ".It inherits JToggleButton class.

Constructors

JCheckBox() Creates an initially unselected check box button

with no text, no icon.

JChechBox(String s) Creates an initially unselected check box with text.

JCheckBox(String Creates a check box with text and specifies

whether or not it is initially selected.
text, boolean selected)

JCheckBox(Action a) Creates a check box where properties are taken

from the Action supplied.

Methods

AccessibleContext It is used to get the AccessibleContext associated

getAccessibleContext() with this JCheckBox.

protected It returns a string representation of this JCheckBox.

String paramString()

JRadioButton
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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV
The JRadioButton class is used to create a radio button. It is used to
choose one option from multiple options. It is widely used in exam
systems or quiz.
It should be added in ButtonGroup to select one radio button only.

Constructors

JRadioButton() Creates an unselected radio button with no

text.
JRadioButton(String s) Creates an unselected radio button with
specified

text.

JRadioButton(String s, Creates a radio button with the specified

boolean text and selected status.
selected)

Methods

void setText(String s) It is used to set specified text on button.

String getText() It is used to return the text of the button.

void setEnabled(boolean b) It is used to enable or disable the button.

void setIcon(Icon b) It is used to set the specified Icon on the button.

Icon getIcon() It is used to get the Icon of the button.

void setMnemonic(int a) It is used to set the mnemonic on the button.

void It is used to add the action listener to this object.

addActionListener(ActionListe
ner a)

JLabel
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The object of JLabel class is a component for placing text in a container. It
is used to display a single line of read only text. The text can be changed
by an application but a user cannot edit it directly. It inherits JComponent
class.

Constructors

JLabel() Creates a JLabel instance with no image and with an

empty string for the title.

JLabel(String s) Creates a JLabel instance with the specified text.

JLabel(Icon i) Creates a JLabel instance with the specified image.

JLabel(String s, Icon i, Creates a JLabel instance with the specified text,

int horizontalAlignment) image, and horizontal alignment.

Methods

String getText() t returns the text string that a label displays.

void setText(String text) It defines the single line of text this

component will display.

void setHorizontalAlignment It sets the alignment of the label's contents

(int alignment) along the X axis.

Icon getIcon() It returns the graphic image that the label

displays.
int getHorizontalAlignment() It returns the alignment of the label's
contents along the X axis.

JTextField
The object of a JTextField class is a text component that allows the
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editing of a single line text. It inherits JTextComponent class.

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Approved by UGC Under Section 2(f) Status| ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai-625402
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Constructors

JTextField() Creates a new TextField

JTextField(String text) Creates a new TextField initialized with the specified

text.
JTextField(String text, Creates a new TextField initialized with the specified
int text and columns.
columns)

JTextField(int columns) Creates a new empty TextField with the specified

number of columns.

Methods

void It is used to add the specified action

listener to receive action events from this
addActionListener(ActionListener l) textfield.

Action getAction() It returns the currently set Action for

this ActionEvent source, or null if no
Action is set.

void setFont(Font f) It is used to set the current font.

void It is used to remove the specified action

removeActionListener(ActionListe listener so that it no longer receives action
ner l) events from this textfield.

JTextArea
The object of a JTextArea class is a multi line region that displays text. It
allows the editing of multiple line text. It inherits JTextComponent class
Constructors:

JTextArea() Creates a text area that displays no text initially.

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Paravai, Madurai-625402
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JTextArea(String s) Creates a text area that displays specified text initially.

JTextArea(int row, Creates a text area with the specified number of

int rows and columns that displays no text initially.
column)

JTextArea(String s, int Creates a text area with the specified number of

row, int column) rows and columns that displays specified text.

Methods:

void setRows(int rows) It is used to set specified number of rows.

void setColumns(int cols) It is used to set specified number of columns.

void setFont(Font f) It is used to set the specified font.

void insert(String s, It is used to insert the specified text on the specified

position.
int position)

void append(String s) It is used to append the given text to the end of the
document.

JList
The object of JList class represents a list of text items. The list of text
items can be set up so that the user can choose either one item or
multiple items. It inherits JComponent class.
Constructors:

JList() Creates a JList with an empty, read-only, model.

JList(ary[] listData) Creates a JList that displays the elements in the specified
array.
JList(ListModel<ary> Creates a JList that displays elements from the specified,
dataModel) non- null, model.

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Paravai, Madurai-625402
BCA – SEMESTER IV

Methods:

Void addListSelectionListener It is used to add a listener to the list, to be notified

(ListSelectionListener each time a change to the selection occurs.
listener)

int getSelectedIndex() It is used to return the smallest selected cell index.

ListModel getModel() It is used to return the data model that holds a

list of items displayed by the JList component.

void It is used to create a read-only ListModel from an

array of objects.
setListData(Object[] listData)

JComboBox
The object of Choice class is used to show popup menu of choices. Choice
selected by user is shown on the top of a menu. It inherits JComponent
class.
Constructors:

JComboBox() Creates a JComboBox with a default data model.

JComboBox(Object[] Creates a JComboBox that contains the elements in

items)
the specified array.

JComboBox(Vector<?> Creates a JComboBox that contains the elements in

items) the specified Vector.

Methods:

void addItem(Object anObject) It is used to add an item to the item list.

void removeItem(Object anObject) It is used to delete an item to the item list.

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void removeAllItems() It is used to remove all the items from the list.

void setEditable(boolean b) It is used to determine whether the

JComboBox is editable.

void addActionListener It is used to add the ActionListener.

(ActionListener a)

void addItemListener(ItemListener It is used to add the ItemListener.

i)

JScrollPane
A JscrollPane is used to make scrollable view of a component. When
screen size is limited, we use a scroll pane to display a large component
or a component whose size can change dynamically.
Constructors

JScrollPane() It creates a scroll pane. The Component parameter, when

present, sets the scroll pane's client. The two int
JScrollPane(Component
) parameters, when present, set the vertical and horizontal

JScrollPane(int, int) scroll bar policies (respectively).

JScrollPane(Componen
t, int, int)

Methods

void setColumnHeaderView(Compone It sets the column header for the

nt)
scroll pane.

void setRowHeaderView(Component) It sets the row header for the scroll

pane.
void setCorner(String, Component) It sets or gets the specified corner.

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Paravai, Madurai-625402
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Componen getCorner(String) The int parameter specifies which

t corner and must be one of the
following constants defined
ScrollPaneConstants:
UPPER_LEFT_CORNER,
UPPER_RIGHT_CORNER,
LOWER_LEFT_CORNER,
LOWER_RIGHT_CORNER,
LOWER_LEADING_CORNER,
LOWER_TRAILING_CORNER,
UPPER_LEADING_CORNER,
UPPER_TRAILING_CORNER.

void setViewportView(Component) Set the scroll pane's client.

SUMMARY
Use Swing to create GUI.

ACTIVITIES
o Create a JFrame that displays a simple window with a label and a
button. Clicking the button should display a message dialog.
o Create a JFrame with multiple JPanels, each using a different layout
manager (e.g., BorderLayout, FlowLayout, GridLayout). Add buttons or
other components to each panel to observe how layouts affect
component positioning.
o Construct a JFrame that mimics a simple form (e.g., login screen or
personal information form) using JLabels and JTextFields. Implement
validation by changing text colors or displaying error messages.
o Develop a settings panel within a JFrame that includes checkboxes for
enabling/disabling options and radio buttons for selecting options
exclusively (like selecting a color theme).
o Create a JFrame with both a JComboBox and a JList. Populate them with

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Paravai, Madurai-625402
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data (e.g., items in a dropdown list or selectable items in a list).
Implement event listeners to handle selection changes.
o Customize JButton and JToggleButton components by setting icons,
tooltips, and background colors based on different states (like hover or
click). Experiment with different look and feel options to change the
appearance of components.
o Implement a JFrame with multiple buttons, each performing a different
action (e.g., changing panel content, clearing form data). Use
ActionListener to manage button clicks effectively.

SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1. What is Swing, and how does it differ from AWT?
2. How do you create a `JButton`? Provide an example of how to add it to a
`JFrame`.
3. What is the purpose of `JLabel`, and how can you use it to display
text and images?
4. How do you create a `JTextField`, and how can you retrieve user input from it?
5. What is the difference between `JTextArea` and `JTextField`?
6. How do you create a `JCheckBox`, and how can you determine its state?
7. Explain how to use a `JRadioButton` and group them using a `ButtonGroup`.
8. How do you create a `JComboBox` and add items to it?
9. What is the difference between `JList` and `JComboBox`?
10. W
hat is a `JPanel`, and how can it be used to organize components?
11. How
GridLayout` in Swing?
12. H
ow do you create and display a modal dialog using `JDialog`?
13. H
ow do you attach an `ActionListener` to a button?
14. H
ow can you create a custom component by extending `JComponent`?
15. E
xplain how to override the `paintComponent` method for custom drawing.

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