CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY –

For the uninitiated, an electric car is just a car propelled by one or more electric motors using energy
stored in rechargeable batteries, instead of burning petrol or diesel internally and exhausting fumes.
There are broadly three kinds of electric cars at present:
1. Solar-powered electric cars and Cars
2. Electric electric cars powered by a mix of internal combustion and batteries
3. Electric cars with on-board battery packs also known as battery electric Car (BEV)
More often than not, electric cars in the context of mobility and environmental
conservation refer to battery electric Cars, but may also refer to plug-in Electric electric Cars (PHEV)
In the Indian context, automobile manufacturers have announced electric four-
wheelers such as Hyundai Kona Electric, Mahindra e-Verito, Mahindra e2o, Porsche Taycan, Tata
Tigor EV 2019, MG ZS. But many more will be needed if India is to take meaningful steps towards
becoming an EV-first nation.
With enthusiasm rising around the chances of Elon Musk’s Tesla launched in India
in 2020, many local and global auto manufacturers have started testing the waters in the Indian market
for electric cars.

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW –

India is a country with the third -largest road network in the world. Road travel seemed to be a
preferred choice in india with over 60% of the population used personal or shared cars to commute.
Market Analysis with Consumer Perspective, Policies and Issues: by Pritam K.
Gujarathi, Varsha A. Shah, Makarand M. Lokhande, Indian Scenario is different because the
current market share of EV/PHEV is around 0.1%. Presently almost all Cars consider fossil fuel-based
transportation. These pollute the atmosphere by the emission of greenhouse gases & causes global
warming. The gap between domestic petroleum production and consumption is widening. India imports
around 70% of oil required per annum. Hence there's an urgent need to investigate factors and
challenges for sustainable and cleaner alternatives. (Pritam K. Gujarathi, 2018)
Perception and Awareness Level of Potential Customers towards India is a country
with the third-largest road network in the world. Road travel seemed to be a preferred choice in India
with over 60 % of the population used personal or shared Cars Electric Cars: Masurali.A, Surya, P,
India contributes around 18% in transport sector alone in terms of carbon emission. The Electric Car
(EV) is one of the foremost feasible alternative solutions to beat the crises. Several automotive
companies are introducing EVs and are expanding their portfolio. Promoting EVs can help reduce fuel
dependence and pollution and beneficial for both consumers and the nation. The education of people
has significantly higher influence over their awareness level on EVs. Apart from manufacturers,
Government should strive hard to spread awareness and influence positive perception among potential
customers. (Masurali A, 2018)
Opportunities and Scope for Electric Cars in India: by Janardan Prasad Kesari,
Yash Sharma, Chahat Goel, Developing an aggressive strategy for the adoption of EVs in India and
ensuring a well-executed implementation is a challenge but vital for government. The geography and
diversity of India will present problems that require thoughtful solutions. Public procurement is
expected to be an important driver of growth of EVs, with the purchase of four-wheeled Cars for
government offices, three-wheeled Cars and buses for public transport. Investments by fleet operators
such as Ola and Uber, and operators of food distribution services, are also expected to boost the initial
growth of two- and four-wheeled electric Cars. However, the private EVs may take 5-6 years to gain
popularity and acceptance. (Janardan Prasad Kesari, 2018)

1
 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY–
This Project is based on comparative study of consumer preference towards. The objectives of the study
are mentioned as below-
▪ To study the perceptions and expectations of potential, for alternative technologies in
automobiles, such as Electric Cars.
▪ To know why electric Car couldn't get enough consumer attraction.
▪ To study the willingness of buyers of considering Electric cars as a practical commuting option
and at when.
▪ To study the other options available for Range Anxious Consumer with respect to existing
batteries used in Electric Cars
▪ To study the current expectations of consumers with respect to Electric Cars, this will lead to
its potential for future.

1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY –

Data Collection :

Primary Data
Primary data refers to the data collected through primary sources like through surveying, questioning,
primarily by the persons possessing information through a set of self- prepared questions called
questionnaire. Primary sources of data are generally free from exaggeration, but they may be influenced
by personal biasedness of person giving the information.

Secondary Data
Secondary data refers to the data collected through secondary sources like through various websites,
books, newspapers, youtube videos, articles, etc. and in my project preparation web sites, articles, and
youtube videos were of great help.

Sampling Technique
Random sampling is used for research project. I have given equal weightage to my all respondent
and choose them randomly without any biased like gender, age, income, culture etc.

Area of the Study : Barrackpore - Sodpur

Method of Analysis
Studying about the future adoption of Electric cars in India with the help of Questionnaires.

Sample Size
In order to accomplish my study, I had chosen a sample of 60 people comprising of age
group below 25 to 45 and above in which around 21 were female while 39 were male.
Data representation technique and tool

Column chart, Bar chart and Pie chart used for Representation.
2
1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY –
In attempt to make this project authentic and reliable, every possible aspect of the study topic has been
kept in mind. Nevertheless despite of fact some constraints were at play during the formulation of this
project. The main limitations of this project are as follows-
1. Only selected places and people were selected for the study, so the sample of consumers was not
enough to generalize the findings of the project.
2. The main source of data for the study was primary data, sometimes people avoid me to response this
questionnaires.
3. Also there exists some COST LIMITATION in preparation of this project.

4. People are hesitant to disclose the true facts.

5. Secondary data used may or may not be reliable.

6. The chances of biased responses cannot be eliminated though all necessary steps were taken to avoid
the same.

1.6 CHAPTER PLANNING –

The project is on A STUDY ON THE CONSUMER PREFERENCE ON FUTURE ADOPTION OF
ELECTRIC CARS IN INDIA. For the proper and complete
enhancement of my project certain chapters have been planned. The chapter planning of the project is
given below:

Chapter - 1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter - 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK / NATIONAL AND

INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO

Chapter- 3 PRESENTATION OF DATA, ANALYSIS AND

FINDINGS

Chapter - 4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

3
 CHAPTER -2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK / NATIONAL AND

INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO
2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK –

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF INDIAN ELECTRIC

CAR INDUSTRY
Define purpose Setting up the Creating Values Evaluating
Boundaries Values
Setting up the Lack of availability of Lowering the cost of High number of EV
infrastructure space and high cost to commuting. on roads.
Create infrastructure.
(Charging Stations)
and Improved the
Performance.
Increase in High cost of Low emission of Increasing of
Charging speed of Electric cars results pollution. awareness among
Battery. into low scales. population of use of
EV.
Total cost of Proper utilization of Decreasing the cost of Increase of distance
Ownership. resources (may be EV by managing the range using advance
partnership of 2-5 production technology or better
big players can operations and by use batteries (Tesla
result into early shift. of new technology. provide range of
more than 320 km per
charge).

[Source: Secondary Data]

In the above conceptual framework, the stages are self-explanatory. The conceptual
framework is a network of interlinked concepts used to make distinctions and organize an idea. The
conceptual framework is important to understand the various concepts used and the way concepts are
correlated to each other.

4
 2.2 NATIONAL SCENARIO OF ELECTRIC CARS –
While many countries have included EVs as an element of transportation policy, their responses have
varied according to their stage of economic development, energy resource endowments, technological
capabilities, and political prioritization of responses to climate change. In India, a particular set of
circumstances which are conducive to a sustainable mobility paradigm have created an opportunity for
accelerated adoption of EVs over ICE Cars. These are:
1. A relative abundance of exploitable renewable energy resources.

2. High availability of skilled manpower and technology in manufacturing and IT software.

3. An infrastructure and consumer transition that affords opportunities to apply technologies to leapfrog
stages of development.
4. A universal culture that accepts and promotes sharing of assets and resources for the overall common
good.

[Source: Secondary Data]

These circumstances position India to pursue an EV policy which systematically ensures that India’s EV
program keeps pace with the global scale since large economies seem to take significant steps towards
electrification of Cars. India’s growth prospects create potential for developing leadership in EV in
certain segments. In that sense, the policy will encourage a path which starts with India-specific
characteristics and initiatives for its auto sector, building towards global relevance and applications. The
key objectives of the EV policy are:

Reduce primary oil consumption in transportation.

1. Facilitate customer adoption of electric and clean energy Cars.

2. Encourage cutting edge technology in India through adoption, adaptation, and research and
development.
3. Improve transportation used by the common man for personal and goods transportation.
4. Reduce pollution in cities.

5. Create EV manufacturing capacity that is of global scale and competitiveness.

6. Facilitate employment growth in a sun-rise sector.

5
 2.3 INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO OF ELECTRIC
CARS –
The global electric Car market size is projected to grow from 4,093 thousand units in 2021 to 34,756
thousand units by 2030, at a CAGR of 26.8%. Factors such as growing demand for low emission
commuting and governments supporting long range, zero emission Cars through subsidies & tax
rebates have compelled the manufacturers to provide electric Cars around the world. This has led to a
growing demand for electric Cars in the market. Countries around the world have set up targets for
emission reductions according to their own capacity.
Increasing investments by governments across the globe to develop EV charging
stations and Hydrogen fueling stations along with incentives offered to buyers will create opportunities
for OEMs to expand their revenue stream and geographical presence. The market in Asia Pacific is
projected to experience steady growth owing to the high demand for lower cost-efficient and low-
emission Cars, while the North American and European market is fast-growing markets due to the
government initiatives and growing high-performance Passenger Car segment. However, the low
presence of EV charging stations and hydrogen fuel stations, higher costs involved in initial
investments, and performance constraints could hamper the growth of the global electric Car market.

[Source: Secondary Data]

The Electric Car Market is dominated by established players such as Tesla (US), BYD (China),
Volkswagen AG (Germany), BMW Group (Germany) and Nissan Motors (Japan). The market ranking
has been derived by considering a certain percentage of the segmental revenue for each of the
companies mentioned above. These companies also offer extensive products and solutions for the
automotive industry. These companies have strong distribution networks at the global level, and they
invest heavily in R&D to develop new products.
Recent developments:
In April 2024, Toyota launched the new BZ4X and BZ3 models in japan which come with advanced
driving assist technology.
In December 2023, Nissan announced 2024 Ariya model in US. The Car comes with a choice of battery
between 60 kWh and 82 kWh. The mileage ranges between 149 miles and 304 miles per charge.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries had imposed a complete lockdown of more than two
months, which, in turn, has impacted Car production. Manufacturing units around the world were shut
down, and Car sales have taken a huge hit. However, the majority of the automakers resumed Car
production with limited production and necessary measures. Conditions improved in the latter months,
but overall EV increased during the latter months of 2020. This led to an overall increase in demand for
electric Cars in the market maufacturers did not suffer much as demand for zero emission Cars .

6
 CHAPTER – 3

PRESENTATION OF DATA, ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

Presentation of Data and interpretation

Table- 1

Respondents Classification According to Age

Age (in years) No. of Respondents Percentages
Below 25 41 68
25-35 6 10
35-45 5 9
45 and above 8 13
Total 60 100

[Source – Primary Data]

45 and above AGE

13%
35-45
9%

25-35
10%
Below 25
68%

Below 25 25-35 35-45 45 and above

Interpretation -

Table 1 shows that 68% of the respondents are in the age group of below 25, 10% are
in the age group 25-35, 9% are in the age group 35-45 and 13% are in the age group of
45 and above.

7
 Table -2

Respondents Classification According to Gender

Gender No. of Respondents Percentages
Male 39 65
Female 21 35
Others 0 0
Total 60 100

[Source – Primary data]

GENDER
Others
0%

Female
35%

Male
65%

Male Female Others

Interpretation –

Table 2 shows that 65% of the respondents are Male and 35% of the
Respondents are Female.

8
 Table -3

Respondents Classification According to occupation

Occupation No. of Respondents Percentages
Student 35 58
Job 11 18
Business 1 2
Profession 6 10
Housewife 6 10
Others 1 2
Total 60 100

[Source – Primary data]

OCCUPATION
Student Job Business Profession Housewife Others

2%
10%

10%

2%

58%
18%

Interpretation:

Table 3 shows that 58% of the respondents are students, 18% of the
respondents are engaged in job, 2% of the respondents are engaged in business and
others respectively, 10% of the respondents are engaged in profession and housewife
respectively.

9
 Table – 4

Considering owning an electric car an advantage over owning a gasoline-

powered car
Options No. of Respondents Percentages
Yes 44 73
Neutral 13 22
No 3 5
Total 60 100

[Sources – Primary Data]

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Yes Neutral No

No. of Respondents Percentages

Interpretation:

Table 4 shows that out of 60 people; 44 people said Yes, 13 people go for
Neutral and 3 people said No.

10
 Table – 5

Considering that electric cars can protect from global warming

Options No. of respondents Percentages

Strongly Agree 27 45
Agree 23 38
Don’t Know 5 8
Disagree 3 5
Strongly Disagree 2 4
Total 60 100

[Sources – Primary Data]

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
Strongly Agree Agree Don’t know Disagree Strongly Disagree

No. of Respondents Percentages

Interpretation:

Table 5 shows that out of 60 people 27 people said Strongly Agree, 23 people
said Agree, 5 people said Don’t Know, 3 people said Disagree and 3 people said
Strongly Disagree.

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 Table – 6

Considering that electric cars can replace regular cars in terms of satisfying
consumer needs
Options No. of Respondents Percentages
Strongly Agree 13 22
Agree 26 44
Don’t Know 14 23
Disagree 5 8
Strongly Disagree 2 3
Total 60 100

[Sources – Primary Data]

8%
23% 3% Strongly agree

Agree
22%
Don’t Know

Disagree

44% Strongly Disagree

Interpretation:

Table 6 shows that out of 100%; 22% people said Strongly Agree, 44%
people said Agree, 23% people said Don’t Know, 8% people Said Disagree and 3%
people said Strongly Disagree.

12
 Table -7

Considering that electric cars are very expensive

Options No. of Respondents Percentages
Strongly Agree 7 12
Agree 19 32
Don’t Know 26 44
Disagree 4 6
Strongly Disagree 4 6
Total 60 100

[Sources – Primary Data]

No. of Respondents Percentages

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
Strongly Agree Agree Don’t know Disagree Strongly Disagree

Interpretation:

Table 6 shows that out of 60 people; 7 people said Strongly Agree, 19 people
said Agree, 26 people said Don’t Know, 4 people Said Disagree and 4 people said
Strongly Disagree.

13
 Table – 8

Considering that Electric cars maintenance and infrastructure is well developed

Options No. of Respondents Percentages
Strongly Agree 9 15
Agree 23 38
Don’t Know 12 20

12
Disagree 14 23
9

Strongly Disagree 2 4

4
2
Total 60 100

[Sources – Primary Data]

38

No. of respondents Percentages

23

23
20
15

14

STRON GLY AGREE AGREE DON’T KNOW DISAGREE STRONGLY DISA GREE

Interpretation :

Table 8 shows that out of 100%; 15% people said Strongly Agree, 38% people said Agree,
20% people said Don’t Know, 23% people Said Disagree and 4% people said Strongly
Disagree.

14
 Table – 9

Factors Encourages to consider buying an electric car

Options No. of Respondents Percentages

Price 9 15
Promotion 2 3
Performance 16 27
Brand 3 5
Environmental Impact 20 34
Low Noise Level 3 5
References 2 3
Others 3 5
Government Initiatives 2 3
Total 60 100

[Sources – Primary Data]:

Price

Promotion
5%3% 15%
3%
5% Performance
3%
Brand

Environmental Imapct

34% 27%
Low Noise Level

5% References

Others

Govt. Initiatives

Interpretation:

Table 9 shows that out of 100%, 15% people said Price, 3% people said
Promotion, 30% people said Performance, 5% people said Brand, 34% people said
Environmental Impact, 5% people said Low Noise Level, 3% people said
References and 5% people said others.

15
 Table – 10

Factors Discourages to consider buying an electric car

Options No. of Respondents Percentages

Limited range 10 17
Higher Price 22 37
Lack of Consumer Choice 6 10
Lack of trust of New 9 15
Technology
Long Recharging time 9 15
Others 4 6
Total 60 100

[Sources – Primary Data]

37

22

17
15 15

10 10 9 9
6 4 6

LIMITED RANGE HIGHER PRICE LACK OF LACK OF TRUST OF LONG OTHERS

CONSUMER NEW RECHARGING
CHOICE TECHNOLOGY TIME

No. of respondents Percentages

Interpretation:

Table 10 shows that out of 60 people; 10 people said Limited Range, 22

people said Higher Price, 6 people said Lack of consumer choice, 9 people said Lack
of trust of new technology, 9 people said Long Recharging time and 4 people said
others.

16
 Table – 11

Sources to get the most of the knowledge about electric cars

Options No. of Respondents Percentages

Newspaper 5 8
Television 3 5
Magazines 3 5
Internet sources 36 60
Blogs 6 10
Customer reviews 4 7
Others 3 5
Total 60 100

[Sources – Primary Data]

Others

Customer reviews

Blogs

Internet Sources

Magazines

Television

Newspaper

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Percentages No. of Respondents

Interpretation:

Table 11 shows that out of 60 people; 5 people said Newspaper, 3 people

said Magazines, 3 people said Television, 36 people said Internet Sources, 6 people
said Blogs, 4 people said Customer Reviews and 3 people said others.

17
 Table – 12

Buying an electric car will can change Person’s Image

Options No. of Respondents Percentages

A Positive Impact 28 47
Not Sure 22 36
Won’t change anything 10 17
Total 60 100

[Sources – Primary Data]

17%

46%

37%

A Positive Impact Not sure Won't Change Anything

Interpretation:

Table 12 shows that out of 100%; 46% said A Positive Impact, 37% said
Not sure and 17% said Won’t Change Anything.

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 Table – 13

Level of Importance in someone's advice regarding car choice

Options No. of Respondence Percentages

Will consider the opinion 21 35
of family and friends
Will only take into 23 39
account the advice of
professionals
Will consider peer 7 12
suggestions
I rely on my own 9 14
knowledge
Total 60 100

[Sources – Primary Data]

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Will consider the opinion Will only take into Will consider peer I rely on my own
of family and friends account the advice of suggestions knowledge
professionals

No. of Respondents Percentages

Interpretation:

Table 13 shows that out of 60 people, 21 people said Will consider the
opinion of family and friends, 23 people said Will only take into account the advice
of professionals, 7 people said Will consider peer suggestions and 9 people said I rely
on my own knowledge.

19
 Table – 14

Buying preferences of electric car in Future

Options No. of Respondents Percentages

Mahindra 10 17
Hyundai 6 10
Tata Motors 19 32
Tesla 21 35
Others 4 6
Total 60 100

[Sources – Primary Data]

Others
6% Mahindra
17%

Hyundai
Tesla 10%
35%

Tata Motors
32%

Mahindra Hyundai Tata Motors Tesla Others

Interpretation:

Table 14 shows that out of 100%; 17% people said Mahindra, 10%
people said Hyundai, 32% people said Tata Motors, 35% people said Tesla and 6%
people go for Others.

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3.2 Findings –

 More no. of Males compared to Females has opted for the survey.

 A large no. of people have their occupation as Student.

 A major section of Students has shown much interest to get more details about
Electric Cars technologies.

 It was found that –

- The present cost of vehicle is too high
- The insufficient range on a single charge.
- The lack of information about the technology.

Where the main cause of concern and were preventing people from buying an
Electric car.

 Majority of the people would like to know more about Electric cars from
Internet Sources and newspaper ads.

 Performance the Electric car is not a concern with people for buying an Electric
car.

 Even Government subsidies and Insurance policies are not a concern with
people for buying an Electric car.

 Majority will take the advice from professionals for buying an Electric car.

21
 CHAPTER – 4

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

1.1 ​ Conclusion –

 The responses for the questionnaire proved to be crucial for the conclusion of
our project as the results were positive and where matching with what was
predicted by me.
 The perception of people towards EVs is still unsatisfactory as a major section
of our society is still unaware of various alternatives technologies.
 The current EVs don’t meet the consumer’s expectations to a larger extent.
 The consumers will prefer EVs only if they are comparable with current vehicles
on road, so a change in consumer's behavior is important. They should gradually
become more conscious about the use of cleaner technologies.
 Though many consumers will not prefer the current Electric vehicles but still
there are lots of options available which is built to meet consumer's expectations.

1.2 ​ Recommendation –

 The Government Initiatives taken for the promotion of EVs is still in developing
stage.
 This is up to papers, though various agencies have been formed and various
plans have been brought by them but still its implementation is not yet done
 Marketing of such products will really play an important role as a stepping foot
towards GREENER ENVIRONMET.
 Various companies should take initiatives to promote electric vehicles as a part
of their corporate social responsibilities.
 Finally the future of the Electric/Hybrid Vehicles is GREEN.

22
BIBLIOGRAPHY-

 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
india/
 [Link]
car

ANNEXURE

Questionnaire

Name – ……………………………

Age – a) Below 25 b) 25-35 c) 35-45 d) 45 and above.

Gender – a) Male b) Female c) others

Occupation – a) Student b) Job c) Business

d) Profession e) Housewife f) others

23
Do you consider owning an electric car an advantage over owning a
gasoline-powered car?

a) Yes b) Neutral c) No

Do you think that electric cars can protect from global warming?

a) Strongly Agree b) Agree c) Don’t Know

d) Disagree e) Strongly Disagree.

Do you think that electric cars can replace regular cars in terms of
satisfying consumer needs?

a) Strongly Agree b) Agree c) Don’t Know

d) Disagree e) Strongly Disagree.

Do you think electric cars are very expensive?

a) Strongly Agree b) Agree c) Don’t Know

d) Disagree e) Strongly Disagree.

Do you think that electric cars maintenance and infrastructure is well

developed?

a) Strongly Agree b) Agree c) Don’t Know

d) Disagree e) Strongly Disagree.

24
Which of the following would you consider when buying an electric car?

a) Price b) Promotion c) Performance d) Brand

e) Environmental impact f) Low Noise Level g) References h) others

What factors discourages you to consider buying an electric car?

a) Limited range b) higher price

c) Lack of consumer choice d) Lack of trust to new technology

e) Long recharging time f) others

From what sources did you get the most of your knowledge about
electric cars?

a) Newspapers b) Television c) Magazines

d) Internet sources e) Blogs

f) Customer Reviews g) others.

How do you think buying an electric car will change your image?

a) A positive Impact
b) Not sure
c) Won’t change anything

25
How important is someone's advice regarding your car choice?

a) Will consider the opinion of family and friends

b) Will only take into account advice of professionals

c) Will consider peer suggestions

d) I rely on my own knowledge

If you want to buy an electric car in the future, which company's car
will you buy?

a) Mahindra
b) Hyundai
c) Tata Motors
d) Tesla
e) Others.

………………………..***……………………….

26
27