**1.
Introduction to Computer Networks**
A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices that share data and resources. Networks
enable communication, data exchange, and remote access to resources. Key goals: reliability,
efficiency, and scalability.
**2. Types of Networks**
- LAN (Local Area Network): Covers small area like office or home.
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Spans a city.
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large geographic areas.
- PAN (Personal Area Network): Devices around a person (Bluetooth).
**3. Network Topologies**
- Bus: Single central cable; simple but failure-prone.
- Star: Devices connect to a central hub; easy to manage.
- Ring: Devices connect in a circular chain.
- Mesh: Every device connects to every other; very reliable.
**4. OSI Model**
Seven layers:
1) Physical, 2) Data Link, 3) Network, 4) Transport, 5) Session, 6) Presentation, 7) Application.
The OSI model standardizes communication functions.
**5. TCP/IP Model**
Four layers:
1) Network Interface, 2) Internet, 3) Transport, 4) Application.
Widely used in real networks.
**6. IP Addressing**
IP address uniquely identifies devices.
- IPv4: 32-bit, written like [Link]
- IPv6: 128-bit, designed to overcome IPv4 shortage.
**7. Routing & Switching**
Routers determine best path for data packets.
Switches forward frames within a LAN.
Routing protocols: RIP, OSPF, BGP.
**8. Transmission Media**
- Wired: Coaxial, Twisted Pair, Fiber Optic.
- Wireless: Radio waves, microwaves, infrared.
**9. Network Security**
Threats: malware, phishing, DDoS.
Security measures: firewall, encryption, authentication, IDS/IPS.
**10. Protocols**
Common protocols:
- HTTP/HTTPS: Web access
- FTP: File transfer
- SMTP/POP3/IMAP: Email
- DNS: Domain name resolution