STATISTICS – CLASS 10 FORMULAS WITH EXAMPLES
1. Mean (Ungrouped Data)
Formula: Mean = (Sum of all observations) / (Number of observations)
Example: Numbers = 4, 6, 8 → Mean = (4+6+8)/3 = 18/3 = 6
2. Mean (Grouped Data – Direct Method)
Formula: Mean = (Σf×x) / Σf
Example: Classes: 1–3, 3–5; Midpoints x: 2, 4; Frequencies f: 3, 5
Mean = (3×2 + 5×4) / (3+5) = (6+20)/8 = 26/8 = 3.25
3. Mean (Assumed Mean Method)
Mean = A + (Σf×d) / Σf
where d = x − A
4. Mode (Grouped Data)
Mode = l + [(f1 − f0) / (2f1 − f0 − f2)] × h
l = lower limit of modal class
f1 = frequency of modal class
f0 = frequency of class before modal class
f2 = frequency after modal class
h = class width
Example:
Modal class = 20–30
l = 20, f1 = 10, f0 = 6, f2 = 5, h = 10
Mode = 20 + [(10−6)/(20−6−5)]×10 = 20 + (4/9)×10 = 20 + 4.44 = 24.44
5. Median (Grouped Data)
Median = l + [( (N/2) − C ) / f ] × h
l = lower limit of median class
N = Σf (total frequency)
C = cumulative frequency before median class
f = frequency of median class
h = class width
Example:
Median class = 30–40
l = 30, N = 100, C = 40, f = 30, h = 10
Median = 30 + [(50−40)/30]×10 = 30 + (10/30)×10 = 30 + 3.33 = 33.33
6. Cumulative Frequency (CF)
CF = sum of frequencies up to that class.
Example: f = 4, 6, 5 → CF = 4, 10, 15
7. Midpoint (Class Mark)
Midpoint = (Upper limit + Lower limit) / 2
Example: Class 10–20 → Midpoint = (10+20)/2 = 15
8. Class Width
Class width = Upper limit − Lower limit
Example: Class 30–40 → Width = 10
9. Step-Deviation Method (Mean)
Mean = A + h × (Σf×u / Σf)
where u = (x − A) / h
10. Median for Ungrouped Data
If n is odd: Median = value at (n+1)/2
If n is even: Median = average of values at n/2 and (n/2 + 1)
Example: 3, 5, 7, 9 → Median = (5+7)/2 = 6
11. Mode (Ungrouped Data)
Mode = most frequent value.
Example: 2, 3, 3, 3, 5 → Mode = 3
12. Range
Range = Maximum value − Minimum value
Example: Values: 7, 12, 20 → Range = 20 − 7 = 13
13. Standard Deviation (Basic Intro Formula)
SD = √(Σ(x − mean)² / n)
Example: Values: 2, 4, 4
Mean = 10/3 ≈ 3.33
SD = √[(1.33² + 0.67² + 0.67²) / 3] ≈ √(2.67/3) ≈ 0.94
All formulas included.