NCERT SCIENCE EXPANDED NOTES – CLASSES 6
TO 10 (ENGLISH)
CLASS 6
Food: Sources & Components
Food comes from plants and animals. Carbohydrates provide energy, proteins build body tissues,
fats store energy, vitamins and minerals regulate body functions. Balanced diet prevents deficiency
diseases.
Separation of Substances
Methods include handpicking, threshing, winnowing, sedimentation, filtration, evaporation and
condensation. Each depends on particle size, weight and solubility.
Living Organisms & Habitats
Organisms adapt to surroundings: desert animals store water, aquatic animals have streamlined
bodies. Living characteristics include respiration, excretion, reproduction.
CLASS 7
Nutrition in Plants & Animals
Plants prepare food by photosynthesis using chlorophyll, sunlight, CO2 and water. Animals show
holozoic nutrition including ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation.
Heat
Heat transfer occurs through conduction, convection and radiation. Temperature is measured by
thermometer, materials expand on heating.
Electric Current & Its Effects
Electric current produces heating and magnetic effect. Used in fuses, electromagnets, circuit
breakers.
CLASS 8
Crop Production & Management
Steps: ploughing, sowing, manuring, irrigation, weeding, harvesting and storage. Fertilizers are
chemical-based, manures are natural.
Materials: Synthetic Fibres & Metals
Rayon, nylon, polyester are synthetic. Metals are lustrous, malleable and conduct heat; non-metals
are brittle and poor conductors.
Sound
Produced by vibrations. Frequency determines pitch; amplitude determines loudness.
CLASS 9
Matter & Its Nature
Matter exists as solid, liquid and gas. Diffusion increases with temperature. Density = mass/volume.
Atoms & Molecules
Laws: conservation of mass and constant proportion. Atomic number, mass number and chemical
formulas explained.
Motion & Force
Speed, velocity, acceleration. Newton’s laws of motion explain inertia, F=ma, and action–reaction.
CLASS 10
Chemical Reactions
Types: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement and redox. Balancing
equations maintains mass.
Life Processes
Nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion. Photosynthesis in plants; human circulatory
system uses heart and blood vessels.
Electricity & Magnetism
Ohm’s law: V=IR. Series and parallel circuits. Magnetic field around current-carrying wire; electric
motor and generator principles.