Lesson 1 – Nationalism in Europe

Q1. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? (2m)

Answer : Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who worked for the unification of Italy.
He founded a secret society called Young Italy to spread ideas of freedom and nationalism.

Q2. What was the main aim of the Treaty of Vienna? (3m)
Answer : The main aim of the Treaty of Vienna (1815) was to restore the old monarchies and
create peace in Europe after Napoleon’s defeat.
It wanted to stop the spread of democracy and nationalism.

Q3. Explain the role of language and culture in developing nationalist sentiments in
Europe. (5m)
Answer : Common language united people and created pride.

1. Folk songs, stories, and poems spread nationalist feelings.

2. In Poland, the Polish language was used as a sign of resistance against Russian rule.
3. Cultural activities helped people feel emotionally connected as one nation.

Q4. Describe the role of Bismarck in German unification. (5m)

Answer :

1. Otto von Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia.

2. He followed the policy of Blood and Iron (war and military power).
3. He fought three wars – with Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), and France (1870–71).
4. After winning these wars, Germany was united in 1871 under King Kaiser William I.

Q5. How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of a nation in Europe?
(5m)
Answer : Art, music, and literature spread national pride.

1. Folk tales and songs developed unity.

2. Writers like Grimm Brothers in Germany collected folk stories.
3. Culture gave people a feeling of shared history and belonging.
Q6. Describe the process of Italian unification. (5m)
Answer : Italy was divided into many states.

1. Mazzini spread the idea of unification through Young Italy.

2. Count Cavour, Prime Minister of Sardinia, used diplomacy and wars to unite the north.
3. Garibaldi and his Red Shirts united southern Italy.
4. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II became the first king of united Italy.

Q7. Write the importance of Balkan politics. (5m)

Answer : The Balkans had many ethnic groups under the Ottoman Empire.

1. Each group wanted independence.

2. Big powers like Russia, Germany, and Britain got involved.
3. These tensions led to conflicts and finally to the First World War.

Lesson 2 – Nationalism in India

Q1. What was the Rowlatt Act? Why was it opposed? (2m)
Answer: The Rowlatt Act (1919) allowed the British to arrest people without trial and jail them
without any reason.
It was opposed because it took away Indians’ freedom and was very unfair.

Q2. What was the Non-Cooperation Movement? Explain. (5m)

Answer: Started by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 to protest against British rule peacefully.

1. People boycotted British schools, offices, clothes, and courts.

2. Indian institutions and goods were promoted.
3. It united Hindus and Muslims and made the freedom movement stronger.
4. It showed the power of non-violence and people’s unity.

Q3. Describe the Salt March and its importance in India’s struggle for independence. (5m)
Answer: Gandhiji started the Salt March in 1930 from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi (240 miles).

1. He made salt illegally to protest against the British salt tax.

2. It became a symbol of Indian courage and unity.
3. People all over India joined the protest.
 4. It marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Q4. How did the First World War help in the growth of the national movement in India?
(5m)
Answer: During the war, taxes and prices increased heavily.

1. Indian soldiers were sent to fight for the British.

2. Many soldiers returned with new ideas of freedom and equality.
3. The economic hardships and injustice made people angry at British rule.
4. It created the base for mass movements led by Gandhiji.

Q5. In what ways were women and wealthy peasants involved in the Civil Disobedience
Movement? (5m)
Answer:

Women:

1. Many women made salt and took part in rallies.

2. They went to jail for participating in protests.
3. They supported men by running homes and meetings.

Wealthy peasants:

1. Stopped paying taxes and refused to grow cash crops.

2. Wanted reduction in revenue and more rights over land.
3. Actively supported Gandhiji and the freedom struggle.

Lesson 3 – The Making of the Global World

Q1. What were the Corn Laws? Why were they abolished? (2m)
Answer: The Corn Laws were British laws that put high taxes on imported grains.
They were abolished because they made food very costly for the poor.
After removal, cheap food could be imported easily.

Q2. Mention two effects of the Great Depression on India. (2m)

Answer: 1. Prices of agricultural products fell sharply.

2. Farmers suffered losses and faced poverty.

Q3. Who were indentured labourers? (2m)
Answer: Indentured labourers were poor Indian workers who were sent to other countries (like
Mauritius, Fiji, and the Caribbean) on long-term work contracts for very low wages.

Q4. What was the Rinderpest disease and how did it affect African people? (3m)
Answer:

Rinderpest was a cattle disease that spread in Africa in the 1890s.

It killed almost all the cattle, which were the main wealth of Africans.
People became poor and were forced to work for Europeans to survive.

Q5. Explain the impact of the First World War on the global economy. (5m)
Answer:

1. Many countries spent a lot of money on war and became poor.

2. Prices of goods rose and trade between countries decreased.
3. Millions of people died or became jobless.
4. The United States became the world’s biggest economic power.
5. The world faced shortages and economic instability.

Q6. Describe the role of Indian entrepreneurs and bankers in global trade during the 19th
century. (5m)
Answer:

1. Indian traders and bankers played an active part in international trade.

2. Shikaripuri and Marwari bankers financed trading networks.
3. They helped in exporting goods like cotton, jute, and spices.
4. Invested money in plantations and industries.
5. Helped connect India with global markets.
Lesson 1 – Resources

Q1. What is resource planning? Why is it necessary in India? (3m)

Answer: Resource planning means using resources wisely and carefully for future use.
It is necessary in India because:

1. Resources are unevenly distributed.

2. Some areas have more, some have less.
3. Proper planning helps in using them without waste and ensures development.

Q2. Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources. (3m)

Answer:

Renewable Resources Non-Renewable Resources

Can be used again and again. Get exhausted after use.
Example: Sun, wind, water. Example: Coal, oil, gas.

Q3. What is sustainable development? Why is it important? (3m)

Answer: Sustainable development means using resources in such a way that they are available
for future generations too.
It is important because:

1. Resources are limited.

2. It protects the environment.
3. It ensures long-term development.

Q4. Explain the distribution and characteristics of alluvial soil in India. (5m)
Answer:

1. Found mostly in northern plains and river valleys.

2. Made by rivers – very fertile.
3. Rich in potash, lime, and humus.
4. Suitable for crops like rice, wheat, and sugarcane.
5. Also found in coastal areas.
Q5. Explain any five factors responsible for soil formation. (5m)
Answer:

1. Parent rock – Type of rock from which soil forms.

2. Climate – Rainfall and temperature affect soil.
3. Relief – Shape and slope of land.
4. Organisms – Plants, animals, and microorganisms mix humus.
5. Time – Soil forms slowly over long periods.

Q6. Why is conservation of resources essential? Suggest any five methods of resource
conservation. (5m)
Answer:
It is essential to avoid shortage and protect the environment.
Methods:

1. Use resources carefully.

2. Reduce, reuse, recycle.
3. Use renewable energy sources.
4. Plant more trees.
5. Avoid wastage of water and electricity.

Q7. Describe the importance of equitable distribution of resources in society. (5m)

Answer:

1. Resources should be shared fairly among all people.

2. It helps reduce poverty and inequality.
3. Ensures peace and balance in society.
4. Helps in overall development.
5. Everyone gets equal opportunity.

Q8. Describe the need of resources for human survival. (3m)

Answer:

1. Resources are needed for food, water, shelter, and clothing.

2. They help in making tools, machines, and industries.
3. Without natural resources, life and development are not possible.
Q9. What is land degradation? What are the causes and control measures? (5m)
Answer:
Meaning: Land degradation means loss of the land’s fertility or productivity.

Causes:

1. Deforestation
2. Overgrazing by animals
3. Mining and quarrying
4. Overuse of chemical fertilizers

Control Measures:

1. Plant more trees (afforestation)

2. Use organic manure instead of chemicals
3. Terrace farming and contour ploughing
4. Proper irrigation methods to stop waterlogging

Q10. What is resource conservation? Write any four methods to conserve resources. (5m)
Answer:
Meaning: Resource conservation means using resources carefully so that they are not wasted and
remain available for the future.

Methods:

1. Reduce, reuse, and recycle.

2. Use renewable sources like solar and wind energy.
3. Avoid wastage of water, electricity, and food.
4. Protect forests and wildlife.
Lesson 3: Water Resources

Q1. What is a multipurpose river project? Give one example. (2m)

Answer:
A multipurpose river project is a project that helps in many ways like producing electricity,
irrigation, flood control, fishing, and water supply.
Example: Bhakra Nangal Dam on the Sutlej River.

Q2. What is rainwater harvesting? State one importance. (3m)

Answer:
Rainwater harvesting means collecting and storing rainwater for future use.
Importance: It helps to recharge groundwater and saves water for dry seasons.

Q3. Mention two traditional methods of rainwater harvesting in India. (3m)

Answer:

1. Khadins and Johads – used in Rajasthan.

2. Tanks – used in South India.
(Other examples: Ponds in West Bengal, Bamboo pipes in Meghalaya.)

Q4. Write any three advantages and disadvantages of multipurpose projects. (5m)

Advantages:

1. Provide irrigation water to farms.

2. Produce hydroelectric power.
3. Help in flood control and water supply.

Disadvantages:

1. Cause displacement of people.

2. Destroy forests and wildlife.
3. Can cause water disputes between states.
Q5. Why is water conservation necessary? Explain with five reasons. (5m)
Answer:

1. Water is limited and cannot be replaced easily.

2. Population is increasing, so water demand is high.
3. To prevent droughts and water scarcity.
4. For agriculture, industries, and drinking purposes.
5. To maintain balance in nature and protect aquatic life.

Lesson 4: Agriculture
Q1. Why do farming practices vary in different regions? Give three major reasons. (3m)
Answer
Farming practices are different in each region because of:

1. Different types of climate.

2. Different types of soil.
3. Different availability of water and technology.

Q2. Write the main characteristics of ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. (3m)
Answer

1. In this farming, a patch of forest is cleared by cutting and burning trees.

2. The ash is mixed with the soil and crops are grown.
3. After the fertility of the land is lost, farmers move to a new area.

Q3. Why is India called an agriculturally important country? Write four supportive
arguments. (5m)
Answer

1. About 60–70% of India’s population depends on agriculture for livelihood.

2. Agriculture provides raw materials to industries like cotton, sugar, and jute.
3. It earns foreign exchange by exporting agricultural products.
4. It provides food for the growing population.
5. It helps in rural development and employment.
Q4. What is the main difference between subsistence and commercial farming? (3m)
Answer:

Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming

Farmers grow crops mainly for their family use. Farmers grow crops for selling in the market.
Small land holdings. Large land holdings.
Traditional methods used. Modern machines and fertilizers used.

Civics – Lesson 1: Power Sharing

Q1. Why did the feeling of alienation increase among the Sri Lankan Tamils in 1956? (3m)
Answer:

1. In 1956, the Sri Lankan government made Sinhala the only official language.
2. Tamil people were ignored in government jobs and education.
3. Buddhism was given special status, so Tamils felt left out and discriminated against.

Q2. State any one step taken in Belgium to rule out the problem of regional differences and
cultural diversities. (2m)
Answer:
Belgium gave equal power to both Dutch and French-speaking people by forming a community
government that protected the cultural and language rights of all groups.

Q3. “Local government is an effective way to uphold the democratic principle of

decentralization.” Justify. (5m)
Answer:

1. Local government gives power to people at the village or city level.

2. It allows people to take part in decision-making directly.
3. It reduces the burden on the central government.
4. It helps in quick solving of local problems.
5. It strengthens democracy and makes governance more efficient.

Q4. Why is power sharing desirable in a democracy? (2m)

Answer:

1. It helps to avoid conflicts between different groups.

2. It ensures stability, unity, and participation of people in government.
Q5. State one difference between horizontal and vertical distribution of power. (2m)
Answer:

Horizontal Power Sharing Vertical Power Sharing

Power is shared among different organs of
Power is shared among different levels –
government – Legislature, Executive, and
Central, State, and Local governments.
Judiciary.

Q6. What do you mean by the system of ‘checks and balances’? (3m)
Answer:
It means each organ of government (Legislature, Executive, Judiciary) checks the powers of the
others so that no one becomes too powerful.

Q7. Explain one prudential and one moral reason for power sharing. (3m)
Answer:

• Prudential Reason: Power sharing helps to reduce social conflicts and political
instability.
• Moral Reason: It is the spirit of democracy because people have the right to be
consulted and share power.

Q8. How is power shared among different organs of government? (3m)

Answer:

1. Legislature makes laws.

2. Executive implements the laws.
3. Judiciary interprets the laws.
This division ensures no organ misuses its power.

Q9. What measures were adopted by the Sri Lankan government to establish Sinhala
supremacy? (5m)
Answer:

1. Sinhala was made the only official language.

2. Buddhist religion was given special protection.
3. Tamils were denied government jobs and education.
4. They faced discrimination in university admissions.
5. These steps led to anger and demand for Tamil Eelam.
Q10. Describe the horizontal and vertical distribution of power in India with examples.
(5m)
Answer:

• Horizontal Power Sharing:

Power is shared among Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.
Example – Parliament makes laws, Government implements, and Courts check if laws
are fair.
• Vertical Power Sharing:
Power is divided among Central, State, and Local governments.
Example – Central handles national matters, State handles regional issues, and Local
bodies handle local problems.

Civics – Lesson 2: Federalism

Q1. Distinguish between a unitary and federal form of government. (5m)
Answer:

Unitary Government Federal Government

Power is divided between central and state
Power is held by a single central authority.
governments.
Example: UK, France Example: India, USA
Local governments only follow central States have their own powers along with the central
government. government.

Q2. What are Union list, State list, and Concurrent list? Give examples. (5m)
Answer:

1. Union List: Subjects only the central government can make laws on.
Example: Defence, Foreign Affairs
2. State List: Subjects only state governments can make laws on.
Example: Police, Agriculture
3. Concurrent List: Subjects both central and state governments can make laws on.
Example: Education, Forests

Q3. State two differences between coming together and holding together federations. (3m)
Answer:
Coming Together Federation Holding Together Federation
Formed when independent states Formed when a large country divides power among
unite. regions.
Example: USA Example: India

Q4. How has the 1992 constitutional amendment strengthened local government in India?
(3m)
Answer:

1. Made Panchayati Raj and Municipalities constitutional bodies.

2. Regular elections are required.
3. Local governments got more powers and funds to run independently.

Q5. Mention any two reasons to state that India is a federal country. (2m)
Answer:

1. Power is divided between Central and State governments.

2. There is a written Constitution that defines powers of each level.

Q6. “Federal power sharing is the spirit of democracy.” Justify this statement with
reference to India. (5m)
Answer:

1. Federalism ensures that both central and state governments have their own powers.
2. States can make laws on local matters.
3. Prevents concentration of power.
4. Gives citizens more participation.
5. Promotes unity in diversity.

Q7. What challenges does Indian federalism face? Suggest any two measures to strengthen
it. (5m)
Answer:
Challenges:

1. Conflicts between Centre and States.

2. Demand for more autonomy by states.

Measures to strengthen:
 1. Respect the powers of states.
2. Promote cooperation between Centre and States.

Civics – Lesson 3: Gender, Religion, and Caste

Q1. Mention any two factors responsible for the low political representation of women in
India. (3m)
Answer:

1. Social pressure and traditional family responsibilities.

2. Lack of money and support to contest elections.

Q2. What is meant by the term feminist movement? (2m)

Answer:
A feminist movement is a struggle for equal rights and opportunities for women in all areas of
life.

Q3. Mention any two steps taken by the Indian government to improve women’s political
representation. (3m)
Answer:

1. Reservation of one-third of seats for women in local bodies (Panchayats and

Municipalities).
2. Awareness campaigns and education programs to encourage women’s participation.

Q4. Explain any two forms of caste inequalities still existing in India. (3m)
Answer:

1. Untouchability – Some people are treated as inferior and denied social rights.
2. Discrimination in jobs, education, and marriage based on caste.

Q5. What is communalism? Describe its major features. (3m)

Answer:
Communalism is the belief that one religion is superior to others.

Major features:
 1. Creates conflict between religious groups.
2. Divides society on the basis of religion.
3. Can lead to riots and violence.

Q6. Why is it important to promote equality among gender, religion, and caste for
democracy to function properly? (5m)
Answer:

1. Democracy works best when everyone has equal rights.

2. Reduces discrimination and social conflicts.
3. Promotes participation of all groups in decision-making.
4. Ensures justice, unity, and peace in society.
5. Helps in the overall development of the country.

Economics – Lesson 1: Development

Q1. What do you mean by per capita income? (2m)
Answer:
Per capita income is the average income of a person in a country.
It is calculated by dividing the country’s total income by its population.

Q2. Why do different people have different developmental goals? (3m)

Answer:
Different people have different needs.

1. Farmers want better farming and irrigation.

2. Workers want jobs and higher wages.
3. Business people want profits and growth.

Q3. Which criterion is used by the World Bank to classify countries? (3m)
Answer:
The World Bank classifies countries based on per capita income into:

1. High-income countries
2. Middle-income countries
3. Low-income countries
Q4. What are the limitations of using per capita income as a measure of development? (3m)
Answer:

1. It does not show the distribution of income.

2. It ignores health, education, and living conditions.
3. It does not reflect poverty or inequality.

Q5. What is the Human Development Index (HDI)? (2m)

Answer:
HDI is a measure of development based on health, education, and income of people in a
country.

Q6. Mention any two indicators of human development other than income. (2m)
Answer:

1. Life expectancy (health)

2. Literacy rate (education)

Q7. What is meant by sustainable development? Suggest any three measures to promote it.
(5m)
Answer:
Sustainable development means using resources carefully so that future generations can also
benefit.

Measures:

1. Plant more trees and protect forests.

2. Use renewable energy like solar and wind.
3. Reduce, reuse, and recycle resources.

Q8. Describe the main criteria used by the World Bank and UNDP to classify countries.
(5m)
Answer:

• World Bank: Based on per capita income – High, middle, low income countries.
• UNDP (HDI): Uses health, education, and income to rank countries as high, medium, or
low human development.
Q9. “Development goals of different sections of people can be conflicting.” Justify with
examples. (5m)
Answer:

• Different groups have different priorities:

1. Farmers may want irrigation projects.

2. Industries may want land and water for factories.

• Sometimes, meeting one group’s goal may harm another’s.

• Example: Building a dam may provide water for farmers but submerge villages.

Q10. How are countries classified as developed, developing, and underdeveloped? (5m)
Answer:

• Developed countries: High per capita income, good health and education.
• Developing countries: Moderate income, improving health and education.
• Underdeveloped countries: Low income, poor health and education.

Economics – Lesson 2: Sectors

Q1. Define primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors with one example each. (2m)
Answer:

1. Primary sector: Uses natural resources directly.

Example: Farming, fishing, mining.
2. Secondary sector: Converts raw materials into goods.
Example: Factories making clothes, cars.
3. Tertiary sector: Provides services.
Example: Teachers, doctors, shops.

Q2. What is meant by disguised unemployment? (2m)

Answer:
Disguised unemployment is when more people are working than actually needed.
Example: In a farm, 10 people work but only 5 are really needed
Q3. Distinguish between organized and unorganized sectors. (5m)
Answer:

Organized Sector Unorganized Sector

Workers have regular wages and benefits. Workers have no fixed income or benefits.
Example: Banks, factories Example: Street vendors, small shops
Government monitors it Not monitored by government

Q4. Mention two objectives of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 2005. (3m)
Answer:

1. Provide at least 100 days of employment to rural households.

2. Improve rural infrastructure like roads, ponds, and irrigation.

Q5. Why has the tertiary sector become the largest producing sector in India? Explain any
four reasons. (5m)
Answer:

1. Growth of IT and software industries.

2. Increase in banking, transport, and communication.
3. More people prefer services over agriculture.
4. Government support for tourism, education, and healthcare.

Q6. Describe the measures taken by the government to protect workers in the unorganized
sector. (5m)
Answer:

1. Laws for minimum wages and working conditions.

2. Social security schemes like pensions, insurance, and maternity benefits.
3. Skill development programs to improve employment.
4. Registration and monitoring of unorganized workers.
5. Support for cooperative societies and unions.
Economics – Lesson 3: Money and Credit
Q1. Why do banks demand collateral before giving a loan? (3m)
Answer:
Banks ask for collateral (something valuable like land or gold) to secure the loan.
If the borrower cannot repay, the bank can take the collateral to recover the money.

Q2. Who supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans in India? (3m)
Ans.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) supervises banks, cooperatives, and other formal lenders in
India.

Q3. What are the disadvantages of taking loans from informal lenders? (3m)
Ans.
1. They charge very high interest.
2. Can harass borrowers for repayment.
3. No legal protection if problems arise.

Q4. What is meant by a debt trap? (2m)

Ans.
A debt trap is when a person borrows money again and again to repay old loans and cannot
escape from debt.

Q5. What are the main features of Self-Help Groups (SHGs)? How do they help in rural
development? (5m)
Ans.
Features:
1. Small groups of 10–20 people, mostly women.
2. Members save regularly and give small loans to each other.
Benefits for rural development:
3. Provides easy access to credit.
4. Encourages savings and financial discipline.
5. Supports small businesses and livelihoods.
6. Reduces dependence on moneylenders.
7. Empowers women socially and economically.

Q6. Why is it necessary that banks and cooperatives increase their lending especially in
rural areas? (5m)
Ans.
1. Most rural people need loans for agriculture and small businesses.
2. Helps reduce dependence on moneylenders.
3. Encourages savings and investment in villages.
4. Boosts rural economy and development.
5. Provides employment and improves living standards.