Resouces and Development

Class 10 Notes

Resources:
• Everything available in our enviroinment which can be
used to satisfy our needs.
• eg: Oil, Humans, Sunlight

Interdependent Relationship:
• Nature is full or Resources.
• Human beings interact with natural through technology
to form institutions to accelerate their economic
development.

Classification of Resource:
• On the basis of origin: Biotic and Abiotic.
• On the basis of Exhaustibility: Renewable and Non-
Renewable.
• One the Basis of Ownership: Indiviual, Community,
National and International.
• On Basis of Status of Development: Potenial,
Development, stock and Reserves.

What are the problems caused due to Indiscriminet use

of Resources by human beings?
• Enviroinment Pollution
• Exploitation of Resources
• Deplition of Resources
• Global Warming
• Accumation of Resource in few hands.

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 • Land Degradation

Sustainable Development:
• Sustainable Economic development means
development should take place without damaging the
enviroinment and development in the present should
not comprise with the needs of the future generations.

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992:

• In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in Rio
de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first International Earth
Summit.
• The Summit was convened for addressing urgent
problems of environmental protection and
socioeconomic development at the global level.
• The assembled leaders signed the Declaration on
Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity.
• The Rio Convention endorsed the global Forest
Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for achieving
Sustainable Development in the 21st century.

Agenda 21:
• It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at
the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), which took place at Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil.
• It aims at achieving global sustainable development. It
is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty,
disease through global co-operation on common
interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

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 • One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every
local government should draw its own local Agenda
21.

Short Answers Type Questions 1:

1. What is the main Aim of Agenda 21? (Board Question
2024)
2. In which International conference was Agenda 21
Adopted? (Board question 2024)
3. Explain the Meaning of Sustainable Development.
(Board Question 2024)
Answers:
1. It aims at achieving global sustainable development. It
is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty,
disease through global co-operation on common
interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.
2. Rio de Janeiro
3. Sustainable Economic development means
development should take place without damaging the
enviroinment and development in the present should
not comprise with the needs of the future generations.

Resource Planning:
• Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious
use of resources. It has importance in a country like
India, which has enormous diversity in the availability
of resources. There are regions which are rich in
certain types of resources but are deficient in some
other resources.
• For example, the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and
Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits.
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 • Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources
but lacks in infrastructural development.
• The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar
and wind energy but lacks in water resources.
• The cold desert of Ladakh is relatively isolated from
the rest of the country. It has very rich cultural heritage
but it is deficient in water, infrastructure and some vital
minerals.
• This calls for balanced resource planning at the
national, state, regional and local levels.

Resource Planning in India:

Resource planning in India is a complex process which
involves:
• Identification and inventory of resources
• Developing a planning structure endowed with
appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up.
• Matching the resource development plans with overall
national development plans.

Land Resource in India:

• There are 43% of Plains, 30% of Mountains and 27%
of Plateaus.
• Land is a natural resource of utmost importance. It
supports natural vegetation, wild life, human life,
economic activities, transport and communication
systems. (etc)
Land Utilization:
Land resources are used for the following purposes:
1. Forest
2. Land not Available
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 3. Other Uncultivated Land
4. Fallow Land
5. Net Sown Land

1. Forests
2. Land not available for cultivation
(a) Barren and waste land
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads,
factories, etc.
3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land,
(b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not
included in net sown area),
(c) Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5
agricultural years).
4. Fallow lands
(a) Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less
than one agricultural year)
(b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past
1 to 5 agricultural years).
5. Net sown area the physical extent of land on which crops
are sown harvested is known as net sown area. Area sown
more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is
known as gross cropped area.
Land Use Pattern in India:
➔ Physical Factors: Topography (Physical relief),
Climate, Soil types.
➔ Human Factors: Population Density, Technology
Capability, Culture and traditions.
Land Degredation:

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 ● Land Degredation is the process of Decreasing of land
by making it Unfit to use.
● Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter
and clothing are obtained from land. Human activities
have not only brought about degradation of land but
have also aggravated the pace of natural forces to cause
damage to land.
● Some human activities such as deforestation, over
grazing, mining and quarrying too have contributed
significantly in land degradation.
● In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar
Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land
degradation due to water logging leading to increase in
salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
Measures of Land Degredation:
● Afforestation
● Management of grazing land
● Regulation Mining
● Over grazing
● Over Irrigation
● Plantation os shelter belts growing thorny bushes.
Short Answer type Questions 2:
1. Explain the Steps which are involved in Resource
Planning.
2. What are the measures of Land Degredation
Soil as a Resource:
● Soil is the most important renewable natural resource.
● It is the medium of plant growth and supports different
types of living organisms on the earth.

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 ● The soil is a living system.
● It takes millions of years to form soil upto a few cm in
depth.
Classification of Soil:
Types of Soil Area Characteristics Crops
and Feature

North of * It contains * Sugarcane

Gujarath, adewuate * Paddy
Punjab, propotion of * Wheat
Haryana, UP,Potash, * Cereal
Bihar Phosphoric * Pulse
Alluvial Soil acid and lime.
*Fertile Soil
*According to
their age
alluvial soils
can be
classified as
old alluvial
(Bangar) and
new alluvial
(Khadar).
Gujarat, * It is black in *Cotton
Maharashtra, colour.
Karnataka, * It is called
Black Soil Madhya as Regur Soil
Pradesh and Cotton
Soil.
*It is rich in
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 soil Nutrients.
Odisha, * It is redish * Wheat
Chhattisgarh, in Colour due * Millet
Southern part to diffusion on * Oil Seeds
of middle Iron. * Cotton
Red Soil ganga Plain. * It is yellow * Pulses
in colour due
to hydreted
Form.
Maharashtra, * Very deep. * Cashewnet
Odisha, * It is weaak
Western in humus.
Bengal * It is acidic.
Laterit Soil *It is
generally
defeciant in
plants
Nutrients.
Gujarat, *It lacks in * Date Palm
Rajastan humus and
Arid Soil moisture.
* It is sandy in
texture.
Hilly and * Soil texture * Tea
Valley Side various * Coffee
Forest Soil according to * Wheat
the mountain * Maize
or hills * Barley
enviroinment.
Soil Erosion :

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 ● The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent
washing down is described as soil erosion. The
processes of soil formation and erosion, go on
simultaneously and generally there is a balance
between the two.
Causes of Soil Erosion:
• Human Activities
• Natural Forces

Types of Soil Erosion:

● Gullies: The running water cuts through the clayey
soils and makes deep channels as gullies.
● Sheet Erosion: Sometimes water flows as a sheet over
large areas down a slope. In such cases the top Gully
Erosion soil is washed away. This is known as sheet
erosion.
● Wind Erosion: Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping
land known as wind erosion.
Soil Conservation:
● Minimizing the grazing
● Minimizing the Mining
● Afforestation
● Minimizing Irrigation
● Contour Ploughing
● Strip Cropping
● Terrace Cultivation
● Shelterbet Farming
Try Answer the Following Questions:

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1. There is enough for everybody’s need but not for
anyone’s greed, Explain this Cote which was Coted by
Mahatma Ghandi.
2. Why has the Issue of Sustainability become essential for
development in Present times? Explain with examples.
(Board Question 2024)

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