Unit : 2 introduction to Computer Networks

Network:-
The collection of interconnected computing devices is called a network. Two computing
devices are said to be interconnected if they are capable of sharing and exchanging
information.

Benefits of Network: -
(1) Resource Sharing: Resource Sharing means to make the
applications/programs, data(files) and peripherals available to anyone on the
network irrespective of the physical location of the resources and the user.
(2) Reliability: Reliability means to keep the copy of a file on two or more different
machines, so if one of them is unavailable (due to some hardware crash or any
other) them its other copy can be used.
(3) Cost Factor: Cost factor means it greatly reduces the cost since the resources can
be shared. For example a Printer or a Scanner can be shared among many
computers in an office/Lab.
(4) Communication Medium: Communication Medium means one can send and
receive messages. Whatever the changes at one end are done, can be
immediately noticed at another.
EVOLUTION OF NETWORKING
ARPANET (1969) – US Government formed an agency named ARPANET( Advanced Research
Project Agency Network) to connect computers at various universities and defence agencies
to share data/information efficiently among all of them.
NSFNET (1985) - National Science Foundation Network was a program of coordinated,
evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) from 1985 to 1995 to
promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. The program
created several nationwide backbone computer networks in support of these initiatives.
Initially created to link researchers to the NSF-funded supercomputing centers, through
further public funding and private industry partnerships it developed into a major part of the
Internet backbone.
INTERNET (1990)- INTER-connection NETwork , The worldwide network of networks.
Data communication terminologies:
Concept of communication: Communication is the act of sending and receiving data from
one device to another device or vice-versa. Data can be of any form i.e. text, image, audio, video
and multimedia files.
Components of Data communication:
Sender: A device that can send data over a network i.e. computer, laptop, smart phone etc.
Receiver: A device can receive data over a network i.e. computer, laptop, smart phone etc.
The sender and receivers are basically called nodes.
Message: It is the data/information that needs to be shared between the sender and receiver.
Communication media: It is the medium through which the data/information is travelled
between the
sender and receiver. These may be wired or wireless.
Protocols: A network protocol is an established set of rules that determine how data is
transmitted between different devices in the same network. Essentially, it allows connected
devices to communicate with each other, regardless of any differencesin their internal
processes, structure or design.
Measuring Capacity of Communication Media: In data communication, the transmission
medium is also known as channel. The capacity of a channel is the maximum amount of signals
or traffic that a channel can carry. It is measured in terms of bandwidth and data transfer rate
as described below:
Bandwidth
Bandwidth of a channel is the range of frequencies available for transmission of data
through that channel.
Higher the bandwidth, higher the data transfer rate.
Normally, bandwidth is the difference of maximum and minimum frequency contained in the
composite signals.
Bandwidth is measured in Hertz (Hz). 1
KHz = 1000 Hz, 1 MHz =1000
Data Transfer Rate
Data travels in the form of signals over a channel. One signal carries one or more bits over the
channel. Data transfer rate is the number of bits transmitted between source and destination
in one second. It is also known as bit rate. It is measured in terms of bits per second (bps). The
higher units for data transfer rates are:
1 Kbps=1024 bps
1 Mbps=1024 Kbps
1 Gbps=1024 Mbps
IP Address:
An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local network. IP
stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format of data sent via
the internet or local network.
Switching techniques:
In large networks, there may be more than one path for transmitting data from sender to
receiver. Selecting a path that data must take out of the available options is called switching.
There are two popular switching techniques – circuit switching and packet switching.
Circuit switching: Circuit switching is a type of network configuration in which a physical
path is obtained and dedicated to a single connection between two endpoints in the network
for the duration of a dedicated connection. Ordinary landline telephone service uses circuit
switching.
Packet switching: Packet switching is the method by which the internet works; it features
delivery of packets of data between devices over a shared network. For example the school
web server is sending you a webpage over the internet or you sending an email to a friend.
 Transmission Media: Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the
information from the sender to the receiver. All the computers or communicating devices in
the network must be connected to each other by a Transmission Media or channel.
➢ A Transmission medium is a medium of data transfer over a network.
➢ The selection of Media depends on the cost, data transfer speed, bandwidth and
distance. Transmission media may be classified as

Transmission Media: Guided (Wired)

Twisted Pair Cable: Twisted pair or Ethernet cable is most common type of media which
consists four insulated pairs of wires twisted around each other. It is low-cost, low-weight and
easy to install flexible cables. It can transfer data up to 1Gbps speed covering 100 meters
distance. It uses RJ-45 Connector for connecting computers and network devices. Co-axial
Cable: This type of cable consists a solid insulated wire surrounded by wire mesh, each
separated by some kind of foil or insulator. The inner core carries the signal and mesh
provides the ground. Co-axial Cable or Coax, is most common in Cable TV transmission. It can
carry data up to 500 meters.
Fiber Optic Cable: Optical fiber consists of thin glass or glass like material and carries light
signals instead of electric current. Signal are modulated and transmitted in the form of light
pulses from source using Light Emitting Diode (LED) or LASER beam. Optical fibers offer
secure and high-speed transmission up to a long distance.
Transmission Media: Unguided (Wireless)
Infrared Wave: It used for short-range (approx. 5 meters) communication using wireless
signals. It is mostly used in Remote operated devices like TV, Toys, Cordless phones etc.
Radio waves: Radio wave uses Radio frequencies (3KHz-3 GHz) to make broadcast
network like AM/FM network within city. Radio wave propagates in Omni direction
(surrounding) and penetrate solid walls/buildings.
Microwaves: Microwave are high energy radio waves, used for line of sight communication
using Parabolic antenna aligned with each other. It is high speed wave and can cover distance
up to 100 km).
Network Devices: Hardware device that are used to connect computers, printers, fax
machines and other electronic devices to a network are called network device. There are
many types of network devices used in networking and some of them are described below:
MODEM (Modulator Demodulator): It is a device that converts digital signal to analog
signal (modulator) at the sender’s site and converts back analog signal to digital signal
(demodulator) at the receiver’s end, in order to make communication possible via telephone
lines. It enables a computer to transmit data over telephone or cable lines.
There are two types of MODEM, which are as follows
(i) Internal Modem Fixed within a computer.
(ii) External Modem Connected externally to a computer.
Ethernet card: An Ethernet card in your computer serves one basic function: to transmit data
from the network to your computer. Ethernet cards are physical expansion cards that insert
into a PCI expansion slot on a computer.
RJ45: RJ45 connectors are commonly seen with Ethernet network cables. Ethernet cables with
RJ45 connectors are also called RJ45 cables. These RJ45 cables feature a small plastic plug on
each end, and the plugs are inserted into RJ45 jacks of Ethernet devices.
 Hub: A Hub is a connecting device which connects multiple computers together to form a Local
Area Network (LAN). Hubs make broadcast type Network and do not manage traffic over the
network channel. Signal entering any port is broadcast out on all other ports. It broadcast the
signals to all computers connected in the network. It provides various RJ-45 ports to connect
Twisted Pair cable in STAR topology, making them act as a single network segment. Now days,
Switch is used in place of Hubs.
Types of Hub:
➢ Active Hub: Amplifies the signal when required and works as a Repeater.
➢ Passive Hub: It simply passes the signal without any change.
Switch: A switch is a hardware device, which is used to connect several nodes to form a
Network. It redirects the received signals only to the intended Node i.e. controls Network [Link]
is also used to segment a big network into different Sub networks (Subnet) to control the
network traffic and security. It can also use to combine various small network segments to
form a big Network (as in Tree topology).
Hub V/s Switch: There is a vast difference between switch and hub. A hub forwards each
incoming packet (data) to all the hub ports, while a switch forwards each incoming packet to
the specified recipient.
Repeater: Repeater is a hardware device, which is used to amplify the signals when they are
transported over a long distance. The basic function of a repeater is to amplify the incoming
signal and retransmit it, to the other device.
Router: A router is used to connect different networks together. i.e. for two or more LANs to
be interconnected, you need a router
➢ The basic role of Routers in a network is to determine the best possible route
(shortest path) for the data packets to be transmitted. In a large network (WAN),
multiple routers works to facilitate speedy delivery of data packets.
➢ Router maintains a table of addresses (called routing table) that keeps a track of
paths connected to it.
Gateway:
➢ A gateway is a device, which is used to connect dissimilar networks. The gateway
establishes an intelligent connection between a local network and external
networks, which are completely different in structure.
➢ Gateway is also called protocol converter that convert data packets from one protocol to
other and connects two dissimilar networks.
➢ A gateway can be implemented in hardware, software or both, but they are usually
implemented by software installed within a router.
➢ A LAN gets connected to Internet (WAN) using a gateway.
Network Topologies:
Topology: Topology refers to the way in which the
device/computer/workstations attached to the network are
interconnected.
The layout of interconnection of devices in a network is called
Topology.
Different Topologies are: Star, Bus, Tree, Mesh.
BUS Topology: - The bus topology uses a common
single cable (backbone cable) to connect all the workstations. Each computer performs its task
of sending messages without the help of the central server. However, only one workstation
can transmit a message at a particular time in the bus topology.
Advantages:
(i) Easy to connect and install.
(ii) Involves a low cost of installation time.
(iii) Can be easily extended.
Disadvantages:-
(i) The entire network shuts down if there is a failure in the central cable.
(ii) Only a single message can travel at a particular time.
(iii) Difficult to troubleshoot an error.

STAR Topology: -In Star topology, each node is directly connected to a central device like Hub
or Switch. It is most popular topology to form Local Area Networks (LAN).
Advantages:
(i) Easy to troubleshoot
(ii) A single node failure does not affects the entire network.
(iii) Fault detection and removal of faulty parts is easier.
(iv) In case a workstation fails, the network is not affected.
Disadvantages: -
(i) Difficult to expand.
(ii) Longer cable is required.
(iii) The cost of the hub and the longer cables makes it expensive
over others.
(iv) All nodes are dependent on central node. if the central device (Switch) goes down
then entire network breaks down.

TREE Topology: - The tree topology combines the characteristics of the linear bus and the
star topologies. It consists of groups of star – configured workstations connected to a bus
backbone cable.
Advantages:
(i) Eliminates network congestion.
(ii) The network can be easily extended.
(iii) Faulty nodes can easily be isolated from the rest of the
network.
Disadvantages:
➢ Uses large cable length.
➢ Requires a large amount of hardware components and
hence is expensive.
➢ Installation and reconfiguration are very difficult.
Types of Computer Network:
A computer network may be small or big as per number of computers and other network
devices linked together. A computer network may contain devices ranging from handheld
devices (like mobile phones, tablets, laptops) connected through Wi-Fi or Bluetooth within a
single room to the millions of computers spread across the globe. Based on the size, coverage
area, data transfer speed and complexity, a computer network may be classified as:
LAN (Local Area Network): A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is limited to a small
area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as within lab, school or building. It is
generally privately-owned networks over a distance up to a few kilometers. Now-a-days, we
also have WLAN (Wireless LAN) which is based on wireless network.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): MAN is the networks cover a group of nearby corporate
offices or a city and might be either private or public. Cable TV network or cable based
broadband internet services are examples of MAN.

WAN (Wide Area Network):These are the networks spread over large distances, say across
countries or even continents through cabling or satellite uplinks are called WAN. Typically, a
WAN combines multiple LANs that are geographically separated. It is a network of network.
The world’s most popular WAN is the Internet.
 PAN (Personal Area Network): A Personal Area Network is computer network organized
around an individual person. It generally covers a range of less than 10 meters. Personal Area
Networks can be constructed with cables or wirelessly.

Comparison between PAN, LAN, MAN and WAN: -

Parameter PAN LAN MAN WAN

Area covered Small Area (upto A building or A city (upto 100 Entire country,
10m radius) campus (upto Km radius) Continent or
1 km) Globe
Networking Negligible inexpensive expensive Very expensive
Cost
Transmission Speed High High speed Moderate speed Low speed
speed
Error Rate Lowest Lowest Moderate Highest
Network WLAN, USB LAN/WLAN, Router, Gateway Router, Gateway
Devices used Dongle, Blutooth HUB/Switch,
Repeater,
Modem
Technology/ infrared, Ethernet, Wi- Optical fiber, Microwave,
Media used Bluetooth Fi Radio wave, Satellite
Microwave

Network Protocols:

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) :

➢ The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is a set of rules which is used to access/retrieve
linked web pages across the web using web browser program.
➢ The more secure and advanced version is HTTP is HTTPS (HTTP Secure), which
controls the transfer of information in encrypted form to provide more security
and privacy.
➢ Other protocols like File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Telnet can also be used with
URL. FTP is used to transfer files from web server to web client or vice-versa.
 ➢ Telnet is protocol which used for login on remote computer to access/transfer files
or trouble shooting.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a network protocol for transmitting files between computers
over Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) connections. Point-to-Point
Protocol (PPP) is a TCP/IP protocol that is used to connect one computer system to another.
Computers use PPP to communicate over the telephone network or the Internet. A PPP
connection exists when two systems physically connect through a telephone line.

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and is a suite of

communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP is also
used as a communications protocol in a private computer network.
TELNET is commonly used by terminal emulation programs that allow you to log into a
remote host. However, TELNET can also be used for terminal-to-terminal communication and
interprocess communication. TELNET is also used by other protocols (for example, FTP) for
establishing a protocol control channel.
E-Mail (Electronic Mail):
Email is the short form of electronic mail. It is one of the ways of sending and receiving
message(s) using the Internet. An email can be sent anytime to any number of recipients at
anywhere. The message can be either text entered directly onto the email application or an
attached file (text, image, audio, video, etc.) stored on a secondary storage. An existing file can
be sent as an attachment with the email.
E-Mail Protocols:
Email are handled and exchanged through various mail servers in order to deliver email to
mail client. The mail client and mail servers exchange information with each other using some
protocols. The followings are commonly used protocols for email handling-
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): This protocol is used to send emails from
sender to recipient’s mail server.
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): This is a standard client/server protocol for accessing e-
mails from local e-mail server.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3): This protocol facilitates users to access mailboxes and
download messages to their computer.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP):
➢ Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP, allows voice call (telephone service) over the
Internet. VoIP offers voice transmission over a computer network (IP) rather than
through the regular telephone network. It is also known as Internet Telephony or
Broadband Telephony. Examples of VoIP:- WhatsApp, Skype, Google Chat etc.
➢ VoIP works on the principle of converting the analogue voice signals into digital
and then transmitting them over the broadband line.
➢ These services are either free or very economical. That is why these days
international calls are being made using VoIP.

Overview of Internet:
➢ Internet is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public,
academic, business, and government networks, that are linked by various wired,
wireless, and optical networking technologies.
➢ The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve several billion users worldwide.
 ➢ The modern Internet is an extension of ARPANET (Advance Research Project
Agency Network), created in1969 by the American Department of Defense.
➢ In 1990 the British Programmer Tim Berners-Lee developed Hypertext and HTML
to create World Wide Web (WWW).
➢ The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services,
such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW), the
communicational infrastructure to support mail, chat and transfer of Text, Images,
Audio, Video etc.

Introduction to web services:

World Wide Web (WWW):

World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of websites or web pages stored
in web servers and connected to local computers through the internet. These websites contain
text pages, digital images, audios, videos, etc. Users can access the content of these sites from
any part of the world over the internet using their devices such as computers, laptops, cell
phones, etc. The WWW, along with internet, enables the retrieval and display of text and media
to your device.
There sources of the Web (HTML pages) are transferred via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP), may be accessed by users by a software application called a web browser, and are
published by a software application called a web server.
Tim Berners-Lee—a British computer scientist invented the revolutionary World Wide Web
in 1990 by defining three fundamental technologies that lead to creation of www: HTML
,URL, HTTP.

HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language):

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a language which is used to design standardized Web
Pages, so that the Web contents can be read and under stood from any computer using web
browser.
Basic structure of every web page is designed using HTML. HTML uses tags to define the way
page content should be displayed by the web browser. Web pages are stored as .html or .htm
files.
Extensible Markup Language (XML): Extensible Markup Language is a markup language and
file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing arbitrary data. It defines a set of rules
for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine- readable.

Domain Name: A domain name is a unique, easy-to-remember address used to access

websites, such as '[Link]', and '[Link]'.

URL(Uniform Resource Locator):

URL—Uniform Resource Locator is a unique address of web resources located on the web. It
provides the location and mechanism (protocol) to access the resource. URL is sometimes also
called a web address.
A URL contains protocol, domain, sub domain and name of web page along with directory.

In the above URL, http is the protocol name, it can be https, http, FTP, Telnet, etc. www is a sub
domain. [Link] is the domain name. Textbook is directory and [Link] is webpage.
 The complete unique address of the page on a website is called URL (Uniform Resource
Locator) e.g. [Link]
Since computers on the network are identified by its IP addresses, so it is required to convert
a Domain name or URL typed in the Browser, in to its corresponding IP address. This process
is called Domain Name Resolution. This resolution is done by the designated servers called
DNS servers, provided by the Internet Service Providers (ISP) like BSNL, Airtel, Jio etc.
Website:
➢ Website is a collection of related web pages that may contain text, images, audio
and video. The first page of a website is called home page. Each website has specific
internet address (URL) that you need to enter in your browser to access a website.
➢ A website is a collection of web pages related through hyperlinks, and saved on a
web server. A visitor can navigate pages by clicking on hyperlinks.
➢ The main purpose of website is to make the information available to people at
large. For example, a company may advertise or sell its products, a government
organization may publish circulars, float tenders, invite applications for
recruitments etc.
➢ A website can be accessed by providing the address of the website (URL) in the
browser. The main page of website (Home page) will be open when it is opened on
the browser.
Web Page:
➢ A web page is a document on the WWW that is viewed in a web browser. Basic
structure of a web page is created using HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language).
➢ To make web pages more attractive, various styling CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
and formatting are applied on a web page.
➢ Further, program codes called scripts also used to make webpage interactive and
define different actions and behavior. JavaScript, PHP and Python are commonly
used script language.
➢ The first page of the website is called a home page which contains Menus and
Hyperlinks for other web pages.
➢ A web page is usually a part of a website and may contain information in different
forms, such as: text, images, audio & video, Hyperlinks, interactive contents (chat
etc.)
A web page can be of two types: Static Web Page and Dynamic Web Page

Web Browsers:
➢ A web browser or simply ‘browser’ is a software application used to access
information on the World Wide Web. When a user requests some information, the
web browser fetches the data from a web server and then displays the webpage
on the user’s screen.
➢ The popular web browsers are Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer,
Opera, Safari, Lynx and Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Edge etc.
➢ A web browser essentially displays the HTML documents which may include text,
images, audio, video and hyperlinks that help to navigate from one web page to
another. The modern browsers allow a wide range of visual effects, use encryption
for advanced security and also have cookies that can store the browser settings
and data.
Web Server:
➢ A web server is used to store and deliver the contents of a website to web clients
such as a browser.
➢ A Computer stores web server software and a website's contents (HTML pages,
images, CSS style sheets, and JavaScript files). The server needs to be connected to the
Internet so that its contents can be made accessible to others.
➢ Web server as a software, is a specialized program that understands URLs or web
addresses coming as requests from browsers, and responds to those requests.
➢ The server is assigned a unique domain name so that it can be accessed from
anywhere using Internet. The web browser from the client computer sends a HTTP
request for a page containing the desired data or service. The web server then accepts
request, interprets, searches and responds (HTTP response) against request of the web
browser. The requested web page is then displayed in the browser of the client. If the
requested web page is not found, web server generates “Error: 404 Not found” as a
response.
Web Hosting:
➢ A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and
organisations to make their website accessible via the World Wide Web. In Simple,
uploading of website on Web Server is known as hoisting. To upload the website, we
need some web space on server to upload website. This space is available on some
nominal charges.
➢ All web servers are assigned a unique numeric address called IP address when
connected to the Internet. This IP address needs to be mapped/changed to domain name
(Textual name) of the website using DNS (Domain Name Service). Thus, user can access
website by providing domain name through a browser (URL). The domain name has to
be registered (purchased) with an authorized agency i.e. Registrar Domain Names.
QUESTIONS ON COMPUTER NETWORKING
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS(1 MARK EACH)
1. is a communication methodology designed to deliver both voice and multimedia
communications over Internet protocol.
(A) SMTP (B) VoIP (C) PPP (D) HTTP

2. Which of the following is used to receive emails over Internet?

a) SMTP b) POP c) PPP d) VoIP

3. What is the size of IPv4 address?

(a)32 bits (b) 64 bits (c) 64 bytes (d) 32 bytes

4. protocol provides access to command line interface on a remote computer.

a) FTP b)Telnet c)VoIP d)SMTP

5. is a communication methodology designed to deliver electronic mail (E-mail) over
the internet.

. (a) VoIP (b) HTTP (c) PPP (d) SMTP

6. Which protocol is used for transferring files over a TCP/IP network?
a) FTP b) SMTP c) PPP d) HTTP

7. Network in which every computer is capable of playing the role of a client, or a server or
both at same time
is called
a) local area network b) peer-to-peer network c) dedicated server network d) wide
area network

8........................... is a communication methodology designed to establish a direct and

dedicated communication between an internet user and his/her ISP.
a) VoIP (b) SMTP (c) PPP (d)HTTP

9. Identify the device on the network which is responsible for forwarding data from one
device to another
(a) NIC (b) Router (c) RJ45 (d) Repeater

10. Which of the following device send data to every connected node?
a) Switch b)Repeater c)Router d) Hub

11. In which type of switching first the connection is established between sender
and receiver and then the data is transferred?
a) Circuit b)Message c)Packet d)None

12. Identify the cable which consists of an inner copper core and a second
conducting outersheath:
(i)Twisted Pair (ii) Co-axial (iii) Fiber Optical (iv) Shielded Twisted Pair
13. In fiber optic transmission, data is travelled in the form of:
 (i) Light (ii) Radio link (iii) Microwave Link (iv) Very low frequency
14. Which of the following devices modulates digital signals into analog signals
that can be sentover traditional telephone lines?
(i) Router (ii) Gateway (iii) Bridge (iv) Modem

15. Out of the following guided media, which is not susceptible to

external interference?
(i) Twisted Pair (ii) Co-axial Cable (iii) Fiber Optical (iv) Electric Wire

16. Which of the following device is used for sorting and distribution of data packet
to theirdestination based on their IP Address?
(i) Gateway (ii) Router (iii) Bridges (iv) Switch

17. Which of the following device is used to connect network of different

protocols so that theycan communicate properly?
(i) Gateway (ii) Router (iii) Bridges (iv) Switch

18. Which type of Network is generally privately owned and links the devices in a
single office,building or Campus?
a. LAN b. MAN c. WAN d. PAN

19. Raj, is working as a Tech Support Engineer and sometimes he wants to work
on Client’scomputer from his office. Identify the traditional protocol used
for this purpose?
a. FTP [Link] c,HTTP d.POP3

20. Raj is looking for some information about How Router works, for this he
opens the browser and typed the URL of requested site. In few moments he
received the requested page on his browser screen. Identify the type of
protocol, used between Browser (Client) and Web Server for the
communication?
a. TCP/IP [Link] c,SMTP d.POP3

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Write two points of difference between Bus topology and star topology.
2. Write two points of difference between XML and HTML.
3. Write the full forms of the following:
(i) HTTP (ii) FTP
4. Discuss the use of TELNET
5. Write two advantages and two disadvantages of circuit switching.
6. Differentiate between Web server and web browser. Write any two popular web browsers.

7. Classify each of the following Web Scripting as Client Side Scripting and
Server SideScripting :
(i) Java Scripting
(ii) ASP
(iii) VB Scripting
(iv) JSP

8. What is Bandwidth? What is the measuring unit of Bandwidth in term of range

 of frequencies a channel can pass?
9. (a) Write the full forms ithe following:
(i) FTP (ii) HTTPS
b) Name the protocols which are used for sending and receiving emails?

10. Write two differences between Coaxial and Fiber transmission media.

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. A professional consultancy company is planning to set up their new offices in India with its
hub at
Hyderabad. As a network adviser, you have to understand their requirement and suggest them
the best
available solutions. Their queries are mentioned as (i) to (v) below.

a) Which will be the most appropriate block, where TTC should plan to install their server?

b) Draw a block to block cable layout to connect all the buildings in the most appropriate
manner for efficient communication.

c) What will be the best possible connectivity out of the following, you will suggest to
connect the new setup of offices in Bengalore with its London based office.
● Satellite Link
● Infrared
● Ethernet

d) Which of the following device will be suggested by you to connect each computer in each
of the buildings?
● Switch
● Modem
● Gateway

e) Company is planning to connect its offices in Hyderabad which is less than1 km. Which
type of network will be formed?

Sol: (i) The company should install its server in finance block as it is having maximum
number of computers.
(ii) The layout is based on minimum cable length required, which is 120 metres in the
above case.
 (iii) Satellite Link.
(iv) Switch.
(v) LAN

2. FutureTech Corporation, a Bihar based IT training and development company, is planning to

set up training centers in various cities in the coming year. Their first centeris coming up in
Surajpur district. At Surajpur center, they are planning to have 3different blocks - one for
Admin, one for Training and one for Development. Each block has number of computers, which
are required to be connected in a network for communication, data and resource sharing. As a
network consultant of this company,you have to suggest the best network related solutions for
them for issues/problems raised in question nos. (i) to (v), keeping in mind the distances between
variousblocks/locations and other given parameters.

(i) Suggest the most appropriate block/location to house the SERVER in the Surajpur
center (out of the 3 blocks) to get the best and effective connectivity. Justify your answer.

(ii) Suggest why should a firewall be installed at the Surajpur Center?

(iii) Suggest the best wired medium and draw the cable layout (Block to Block) to
most efficiently connect various blocks within the Surajpur Center.

(iv) Suggest the placement of the following devices with appropriate reasons:
a) Switch/Hub b) Router

(v) Suggest the best possible way to provide wireless connectivity between Surajpur Center
and Raipur Center.

Sol: i) Development because it contains more number of computers

ii) Surajpur centre has multiple blocks and firewall ensures security. So it is required. It
allows or block unwanted attacks.
iii)

iv) a) Switch/Hub – In every block to interconnect the devices within every block
b) Router -In development block because server is going to be placed here
v) Satellite

3. Total-IT Corporation, a Karnataka based IT training company, is planning to set up

training
centers in various cities in next 2 years. Their first campus is coming up in Kodagu district.
At Kodagu campus, they are planning to have 3 different blocks, one for AI, IoT and
DS (Data Sciences) each. Each block has number of computers, which are required to
be connected in a network for communication, data and resource sharing. As a network
consultant of this company, you have to suggest the best network related solutions for them
for issues/problems raised in question nos. (i) to (v), keeping in mind the distances between
various blocks/locations and other given parameters.

(i) Suggest the most appropriate block/location to house the SERVER in the Kodagu
campus (out of the 3 blocks) to get the best and effective connectivity. Justify your answer.
Ans: IoT block, as it has the maximum number of computers.

(ii) Suggest a device/software to be installed in the Kodagu Campus to take care of data
security.
Ans:Firewall

(iii) Suggest the best wired medium and draw the cable layout (Block toBlock) to most
efficiently connect various blocks within the Kodagu Campus.
Ans:Optical fiber
 (iv) Suggest the placement of the following devices with appropriate reasons:
a) Switch/Hub b) Router
Sol:a) Switch/Hub: In each block to interconnect the computers in that block.
b) Router: In IoT block (with the server) to interconnect all the three blocks.

(v) Suggest a protocol that shall be needed to provide Video Conferencing solution between
Kodagu Campus and Coimbatore Campus.
Sol:VoIP

4. Aryan Infotech Solutions has set up its new center at Kamla Nagar for its office and web
based activities. The company compound has 4 buildings as shown in the diagram below:

i) Suggest a cable layout of connections between the buildings.

 ii) Suggest the most suitable place (i.e. building) to house the server of this organisation
with a
suitable reason

iii) Suggest the placement of the following devices with justification:

a. Internet Connecting Device/Modem
b. Switch

iv) The organisation is planning to link its sale counter situated in various parts of the
same city,
which type of network out of LAN, MAN or WAN will be formed? Justify your answer.

v) What do your mean by PAN? Explain giving example.

Sol: i)

ii) Orbit Building

iii) a. Internet Connecting Device/Modem- Orbit Building
b. Switch- Each Building
iv) MAN, it is formed to connect various locations of the city via various
communication media.
v) PAN is “Personal Area Network”, basically configured at home area.

5. Magnolia Infotech wants to set up their computer network in the Bangalorebased campus having
four
buildings. Each block has a number of computers that are required to be connected for ease of
communication, resource sharing and data security. You are required to suggest the best answers
to
the questions i) to v) keeping in mind the building layout on the campus.
i) Suggest the most appropriate block to host the Server. Also justify your choice.

ii) Suggest the device that should should be placed in the Server
building so that they can connect to Internet Service Provider to
avail Internet Services.

iii) Suggest the wired medium and draw the cable block to block layout
to economically connect the various blocks.

iv) Suggest the placement of Switches and Repeaters in the network with
justification.

v) Suggest the high-speed wired communication medium between

Bangalore Campus and Mysore campus to
establish a data network.

Sol: i) Admin Block since it has maximum number of computers.

ii) Modem should be placed in the Server building
iii) The wired medium is UTP/STP cables.

iv) Switches in all the blocks since the computers need to be

connected to the network. Repeaters between Admin and HR block&
Admin and Logistics block. The reason being the distance is more
than 100m.
v) Optical Fiber cable connection.