SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Historical Development of Science and

Technology Science,
Science - latin word “scientia” which
means “knowledge” “collective
knowledge”

Technology - is defined as the use of

scientific knowledge for practical
purposes or applications, whether in
industry or in our everyday lives.

 Technology as a way of Ancient Science

revealing(Martin Heidegger). ● Stone Age
 Technology as a means to an end. ● Bronze Age
 Technology as a human activity. ● Iron Age

Inter-relatedness of Science and Middle Ages Science

Technology ● Was there a decline of science in the
middle ages? The Middle Ages have
Nature of Science very little evidence to support the idea
● Science presumes that the world is that there was any progress in society
understandable during the periods 500 to 1400
● Scientific ideas are subject to change
● Scientific knowledge is durable Modern scholars regard the Golden
● Science cannot provide complete Age of Islam and the enlightenment of
answers to all questions the Byzantine Empire as the true
● Science demands evidence centers of knowledge.

Nature of Science Renaissance

● Science is a blend of logic and ● Rebirth
imagination ● Renaissance was a pivotal era that
● Science explains and predicts bridged the gap between the medieval
● Science tries to identify and avoid and modern worlds, leaving a lasting
bias impact on art, culture, science, and
● Science is not authoritarian thought.
● Science is a complex social activity.
● There are generally accepted ethical
principles in the conduct of science.

Francesco Redi’s Experiment

 likely to survive and reproduce, passing
those advantageous traits to their
offspring.
● “On the Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection”

Sigmund Freud
● Sigmund Freud was an Austrian
neurologist who developed
psychoanalysis
● Relates to the ideas or methods of
Sigmund Freud, especially those about
how people’s hidden thoughts and
feelings influence their behavior with
respect to the causes and treatment of
neurotic and psychopathic states, the
interpretation of dreams, etc.
● Freud changed how we think of
human behavior
● Freud revolutionized how we think
about and treat mental health
conditions (from hypnosis to free-
association).
● Psychoanalysis
● Freud introduced us to the
“unconscious” world and explained
Scientific and Technological how it operates (Id, Ego, Superego).
Breakthroughs ● influence on Carl Jung, Otto Rank,
Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Anna Freud,
Nicolaus Copernicus Melanie Klein and Erik Erikson
●Heliocentric Theory: Copernicus
challenged the long-standing MESOAMERICA
geocentric model, which placed the ● Mesoamerica refers to the diverse
Earth at the center of the universe, a civilizations that shared similar cultural
view that had been widely accepted characteristics in the geographic areas
since the time of Ptolemy. Copernicus’ comprising the modern-day countries
model suggested that the Earth and of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras,
other planets orbit the Sun, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and
fundamentally altering the Costa Rica.
understanding of the cosmos. ● Civilizations of Mesoamerica
included the Olmec, Maya, and Aztec
Charles Darwin ● Civilizations of Mesoamerica grew to
● Darwin proposed that species evolve advanced societies with grand
over time through a process called architectural structures, innovative
natural selection. In this process, irrigation systems, and complex
individuals with traits that are better societal organizations.
suited to their environment are more
 ● The Ancient Mayans developed the
science of astronomy, calendar systems,
and hieroglyphic writing. They were
also known for creating elaborate
ceremonial architecture, such as
pyramids, temples, palaces, and
observatories. These structures were
all built without metal tools. Mayan
● The Ancient Mayans developed the
Olmec science of astronomy, calendar systems,
● Mother culture of Mesoamerica. and hieroglyphic writing. They were
● The Olmec civilization, one of the also known for creating elaborate
earliest in Mesoamerica, made ceremonial architecture, such as
significant contributions that pyramids, temples, palaces, and
influenced later cultures like the Maya observatories. These structures were
and Aztec Olmec all built without metal tools.
● Mother culture of Mesoamerica.
● The Olmec civilization, one of the
earliest in Mesoamerica, made
significant contributions that
influenced later cultures like the Maya
and Aztec.
● The Olmecs were apparently the first
Mesoamerican people to fathom the
concept of zero, develop a calendar,
and create a hieroglyphic writing Civilization
system. Also, they are credited for the ● Mayan – Hernán Cortés, Francisco de
discovery of the first conduit drainage Montejo
system known in the Americas. ● Olmec - José María Melgar y Serrano
● Aztec Civilization - Hernán Cortés in
1519
● Inca - Francisco Pizarro

How did Science and Technology

changed the world?

Mortality Rate
Aztec
● A mortality rate is the number of
● The Aztec was a strong state due to
deaths due to a disease divided by the
its military power, its religion, and its
total population.
tribute system.
● They developed their own calendar
Average Lifespan
of 18 months of 20 days each, built
● Aside from the reason that people
large cities and huge pyramids and
engage less in combat and are less
temples, and developed a farming
likely to die in treatable diseases now
system called chinampas that they used
as opposed to then, science is able to
to grow crops on shallow lake beds.
prolong lives by enhancing living status
Aztec Mayan
and discovering different remedies to Current Technological Advancement
most diseases. Distribution of
medicines is also made easier and Nanotechnology
faster. ● the science and engineering of
manipulating matter at the atomic and
Literacy Rate molecular scale, typically between 1
● Access to education provided to and 100 nanometers. It involves
more individuals generally creates a working with materials at this
more informed public that could incredibly small scale to create new
determine a more just society. structures, devices, and systems with
unique properties and functionalities.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ● the science and engineering of
● Higher country income is brought manipulating matter at the atomic and
upon by high productivity, often an molecular scale, typically between 1
indicator of presence of technology. and 100 nanometers. It involves
working with materials at this
GDP and GDP incredibly small scale to create new
● GDP measures production within a structures, devices, and systems with
country's borders, regardless of who unique properties and functionalities.
produces it.
● GNP measures production by the Artificial Intelligence
country's residents, regardless of ● refers to the field of computer
where they produce it. science focused on creating systems
● GDP - consumption, investment, capable of performing tasks that
government spending, and exports. typically require human intelligence.
● GNP – GDP + IEO; income earned These tasks can include learning,
overseas reasoning, problem-solving, perception,
and language understanding.
 Energy
 Agriculture GMOs
 Transportation ● Genetically modified organism (GMO)
 Defense is the term used for an organism
 Communication created through genetic engineering.
 Medicine and Health Care ● The World Health Organization
(WHO, 2014 ) defines GMO as an
“ organisms, either plant, animal, or
Science drives Innovation, Innovation microorganisms, in which the genetic
drives Science material (DNA ) has been altered in a
way that does not occur naturally by
Disruptive Innovation mating or natural recombination.”
● It refers to the innovation that
transforms expensive or highly Cloning
sophisticated products or services— ● Cloning is a technique scientists use
previously accessible to a high-end or to create exact genetic replicas of
more-skilled segment of consumers— genes, cells, or animals.
to those that are more affordable and ● Animals have been cloned to have
accessible to a broader population. gene mutations that help scientists
study diseases that develop in the and populations; the genetic variation
animals. among these; and their complex
● In 2001, a cat named CC was the first assemblages of communities and
pet to be created through cloning. ecosystems .
● Cloning might one day bring back ● It also refers to the interrelatedness
extinct species like the woolly of genes, species, and ecosystems and
mammoth or giant panda. in turn, their interactions with the
● Cloning is a technique scientists use environment.
to create exact genetic replicas of
genes, cells, or animals. Biodiversity Loss
● Animals have been cloned to have ● Habitat Loss and Destruction
gene mutations that help scientists ● Alterations in Ecosystem Composition
study diseases that develop in the ● Invasive Species
animals. ● Overexploitation
● In 2001, a cat named CC was the first ● Pollution and Contamination
pet to be created through cloning. ● Global Climate Change
● Cloning might one day bring back
extinct species like the woolly Global Warming
mammoth or giant panda. ● Global warming is the long-term
heating of Earth's surface observed
Stem Cell Research since the pre-industrial period
● Special cells that have the ability to (between 1850 and 1900) due to
turn into different types of cells in the human activities, primarily fossil fuel
body and can make copies of burning, which increases heat-trapping
themselves. They are important for greenhouse gas levels in Earth's
growth, repair, and healing. For atmosphere (NASA.)
example, stem cells can become muscle
cells, nerve cells, or blood cells, Greenhouse Gases
depending on what the body needs. ● Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gases
that trap heat in the Earth's
BIODIVERSITY atmosphere and contribute to the
greenhouse effect, which is essential
Levels of Bio Org for maintaining the planet’s
1. Atom temperature. However, human
2. Molecules activities have increased the
3. Organelles concentration of these gases, leading to
4. Cells global warming and climate change.
5. Tissues ● Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gases
6. Organs that trap heat in the Earth's
7. Organ Systems atmosphere and contribute to the
8. Organism greenhouse effect, which is essential
9. Population for maintaining the planet’s
10. Communities temperature. However, human
activities have increased the
Biodiversity concentration of these gases, leading to
● Biodiversity is the variety of life on global warming and climate change.
Earth, it includes all organisms, species, Greenhouse Gases
● Carbon Dioxide also to cultural hybridization, where
● Methane new forms of cultural expression
● Nitrous Oxide emerge.
● Chlorofluorocarbon
● Water Vapor Technological Globalization
● The rapid spread of technology and
Sustainability information across the globe.
● Sustainability means meeting our Innovations in communication, such as
own needs without compromising the the internet and social media, have
ability of future generations to meet revolutionized how people connect and
their own needs. share information. This connectivity
● Sustainability presumes that facilitates global collaboration,
resources are finite, and should be innovation, and access to knowledge.
used conservatively and wisely with a
view to long-term priorities and Political Globalization
consequences of the ways in which ● The increasing involvement of
resources are used. international organizations and
agreements in global governance.
GLOBALIZATION Institutions like the United Nations, the
World Trade Organization, and various
Globalization regional bodies play roles in shaping
● Refers to the process of increasing international policies and addressing
interconnectedness and global issues such as climate change,
interdependence among countries human rights, and security.
through the exchange of goods,
services, information, ideas, and Social Globalization
cultural practices. ● The movement of people across
borders, including migration, tourism,
Economic Globalization and international education. This leads
● This involves the integration of to the exchange of ideas and practices
national economies through trade, between cultures and can impact social
investment, and financial flows. structures and relationships.
Companies operate across borders, and
global supply chains and markets Global Economy and Market
influence economic activities. Trade Integration
agreements, multinational corporations,
and global financial markets are key Global Economy
components of economic globalization. ● The global economy refers to the
interconnected global system of
Cultural Globalization economic activities, including trade,
● The spread and exchange of cultural investment, finance, and production,
elements such as language, music, food, that spans across national borders. It
and fashion across different societies. encompasses the collective economic
This can lead to cultural activity of all countries and the
homogenization, where local traditions interactions between them.
and customs might be influenced or
overshadowed by global trends, but Market Integration
1. Horizontal Integration International System
2. Vertical Integration 1. United Nations (UN)
3. Conglomeration 2. World Bank
3. World Trade Organization (WTO)
Horizontal Integration 4. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
● business strategy where a company 5. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
expands its operations by acquiring or (NATO)
merging with other companies at the 6. World Health Organization (WHO)
same level of the supply chain. This
type of integration involves
consolidating firms that operate in the World’s Major Religion
same industry and at the same stage of
production or distribution. The primary Major Religion
goals are to increase market share, 1. Christianity
reduce competition, achieve 2. Islam
economies of scale, and enhance 3. Hinduism
overall efficiency. 4. Buddhism
5. Judaism
Vertical Integration
● business strategy where a company Christianity
expands its operations into different ● Christianity is a major world religion
stages of its supply chain. This involves based on the life, teachings, and
controlling more of the production resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is one of
process, from raw materials to the final the largest religions globally and has a
product, either by acquiring or merging rich history and diverse traditions.
with companies involved at different ● Monotheism, Jesus Christ, The
levels of the supply chain or by Trinity, Salvation, The Bible.
developing these capabilities internally.
The goal is to increase control, reduce Islam
costs, and improve efficiency. ● A major world religion founded in the
7th century CE by the Prophet
Conglomeration Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula. It
● refers to the process by which a is one of the three Abrahamic faiths,
company or organization acquires or alongside Judaism and Christianity.
merges with businesses in unrelated ● Monotheism (Tawhid), Prophets, The
industries. This strategy is often used to Quran, Five Pillars (Faith, Prayer,
diversify a company's operations and Charity, Fasting, Pilgrimage)
revenue streams, reducing risk by
spreading investments across various Hinduism
sectors. Unlike vertical integration, ● One of the world's oldest religions
which focuses on different stages of and a major cultural and spiritual
the same supply chain, conglomeration tradition originating from the Indian
involves diversification into completely subcontinent. It encompasses a diverse
different industries. range of beliefs, practices, and
philosophies.
The Global Interstate System
International System
● Dharma, Karma, Samsara, Moksha,
Brahman, Atman, Vedas, Vishnu, Shiva,
Devi

Buddhism
● A major world religion and
philosophical system founded in the
5th to 4th century BCE by Siddhartha
Gautama, known as the Buddha ("the
Awakened One"). It originated in India
and has since spread to various parts of
Asia and the world.
● Four Noble Truths, The Eightfold Path,
Nirvana

Judaism
● One of the oldest monotheistic
religions, with a rich tradition spanning
over 3,000 years. It is the foundation of
both Christianity and Islam and has
significantly influenced Western culture
and religious thought.
● Monotheism, Covenant, Torah,
Tanakh [Torah (Law), Nevi’im
(Prophets), Ketuvim (Writings)] Thank
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