CHAPTER 2 Ankit Diswar

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Python Programming Fundamentals

Keywords

Definition: Keywords in Python are reserved words that have predefined meanings and
functionalities. They cannot be used as identifiers.

There are a total of 35 keywords in Python:

• 'False', 'None', 'True'

• 'and', 'or', 'not', 'is'

• 'if', 'elif', 'else'

• 'while', 'for', 'break', 'continue', 'return', 'in', 'yield'

• 'try', 'except', 'finally', 'raise', 'assert'

• 'import', 'from', 'as', 'class', 'def', 'pass', 'global', 'nonlocal', 'lambda', 'del', 'with'

• 'async', 'await'

Note: All keywords in Python start with a lowercase letter, except True, False, and None,
which begin with an uppercase letter:

Example Program to Display Keywords:

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Identifiers

Definition: Identifiers are names used to represent entities like variables, functions,
classes, objects, or methods in a program.

Rules for Identifiers:

1. Allowed characters are:

o Alphabets (a-z, A-Z)

o Digits (0-9)

o Underscore (_)

2. An identifier should not start with a digit.

3. Identifiers are case-sensitive.

4. Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.

5. There is no limit to the length of an identifier, but lengthy identifiers are not
recommended.

Special Identifiers:

• _identifier: Indicates private identifiers.

• __identifier: Indicates strongly private identifiers.

• __add__: A special identifier defined by Python, also known as a magic method

(dunder method).

Datatypes

Definition: Data types specify the type of data a variable can hold. Python dynamically
assigns types based on the value assigned to a variable.

Built-in Data Types:

1. Primitive Types: int, float, complex, bool, str

2. Sequence Types: list, tuple, range

3. Set Types: set, frozenset

4. Mapping Type: dict

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5. Binary Types: bytes, bytearray

6. Special Type: None

Methods to Get Data Properties:

1. type(data): Returns the type of the data.

2. id(data): Returns the memory address of the data.

3. print(data): Prints the data.

Integer Datatype

Definition: Integers represent whole numbers. Python supports the following number
systems:

1. Decimal (Base-10): Default system with digits 0-9.

Example: a = 1234

2. Binary (Base-2): Prefixed with 0b or 0B and uses digits 0 and 1.

Example: b = 0b1101

3. Octal (Base-8): Prefixed with 0o or 0O and uses digits 0-7.

Example: c = 0o123

4. Hexadecimal (Base-16): Prefixed with 0x or 0X, using digits 0-9 and letters a-f/A-
F.
Example: d = 0x1A3

Base Conversion Functions:

1. bin(value): Converts an integer to binary.

2. oct(value): Converts an integer to octal.

3. hex(value): Converts an integer to hexadecimal.

Floating-Point Datatype

Definition: Represents decimal numbers or numbers in scientific notation.

Example: a = 123.45, b = 1.23e3
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Complex Datatype

Definition: Represents numbers in the form real + imaginary.

Example: z = 3 + 4j

Boolean Datatype

Definition: Represents two values: True (1) and False (0).

Example: is_valid = True

String Datatype

Definition: Represents a sequence of characters enclosed in single ('), double (") or triple
quotes (''').
Example: name = "Python"

String Slicing: Strings can be sliced using indices.

Example: substring = name[0:3]

Bytes and Bytearray

1. Bytes: Immutable sequence of byte values ranging from 0 to 256.

Example: b = bytes([65, 66, 67])

2. Bytearray: Similar to bytes but mutable.

Example: ba = bytearray([65, 66, 67])

Collection Datatypes

1. List: Ordered and mutable collection.

Example: fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

2. Tuple: Ordered and immutable collection.

Example: coordinates = (10, 20)

3. Range: Immutable sequence of numbers.

Example: r = range(5)

4. Set: Unordered collection with no duplicates.

Example: unique_items = {1, 2, 3}
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5. Frozenset: Immutable version of a set.

Example: fs = frozenset([1, 2, 3])

6. Dictionary: Key-value pair collection.

Example: student = {'name': 'John', 'age': 25}

Type Conversion

Definition: Converts data from one type to another.

1. int(value): Converts to integer.

2. float(value): Converts to float.

3. complex(value): Converts to complex.

4. bool(value): Converts to boolean.

5. str(value): Converts to string.

Input and Output Operations

IO Operations is represented as “Input and Output Operations”.

To perform IO operations in python, there are two inbuilt/pre-defined methods:

1) input()

2) print()

Input Operations:

input():

• input() is an inbuilt method, which is used to read a value which is entered from
keyboard during the time of running of the program.
• input() method can read a string value by default.
• To read other type of the data/value, we required to perform the type conversion
to input() method with the required type.

Ex: To read a decimal/integer value:

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Output Operations:

print():

• print() is an inbuilt method used to write/print anything/any data on the screen.

• print() method is reserved with new line after printing of any data in all the time.
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1. F-String Formatting:

• Introduced in Python 3.6, f-strings allow embedding variables directly into strings
using curly braces {}.
• It's clean and concise.
Example:
a = 100
b = 12.234
c = "12-23j"
d = False
e = "Python"
print(f"a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}, d = {d}, e = {e}")

Output:
a = 100, b = 12.234, c = 12-23j, d = False, e = Python

2. Using sep Parameter:

• sep (separator) specifies the string inserted between each value while printing.
• By default, sep is a space (' ').
Example:
print(a, b, c, d, e, sep=" | ")
Output:
100 | 12.234 | 12-23j | False | Python

3. Using end Parameter:

• end specifies the string appended at the end of the output. By default, it’s a
newline ('\n').
• It’s useful to control how lines are printed.
Example:
print("Start of line: ", end="")
print(a, b, c, d, e)
Output:
Start of line: 100 12.234 12-23j False Python

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