OPTIMAL INSTALLATION OF DG AND

CAPACITOR IN
RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
USING DYNAMIC
ARITHMETIC
OPTIMIZATIONALGORITHM (DAOA)
PROJECT SYNOPSIS
PROJECT STAGE-I (PW-EE 781)

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
SURAJIT MONDAL (25701622010)
ANIRBAN DEY (25701622044)
SWASTIKA MUKHERJEE (25701622046)
RAKTIM CHAKRABORTY (25701622043)
SANCHAYAN CHATTERJEE (25701622009)
SUMAN DAS (25701622042)
DEBMALYA MUKHOPADHAYAY (25701622047)
JOYDEEP MONDAL (25701622001)

JANUARY 2025

CAMELLIA INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY &

MANAGEMENT
 ABSTRACT
This paper presents an innovative approach to optimizing the installation of Distributed
Generation (DG) units and capacitors in radial distribution systems through a Dynamic
Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (DAOA). The optimization problem is formulated to
minimize active power loss and voltage deviation of the network. The DAOA, a novel
heuristic method inspired by dynamic arithmetic processes, is employed to efficiently search
for the optimal placement of DG and capacitor. The algorithm's dynamic nature allows it to
adaptively refine solutions over iterations, ensuring convergence to a near-optimal solution.
The effectiveness of DAOA is demonstrated through comparative analysis with conventional
optimization techniques, showcasing significant improvements in system performance
metrics. The potency of the algorithm is tested on 33-bus and 69-bus test network. To
improve the efficiency of distribution network power loss minimization and voltage deviation
minimization are taken as objective functions. Simulation results on standard radial
distribution test systems highlight the algorithm's robustness and efficiency in handling
complex optimization scenarios. This approach provides a valuable tool for utilities seeking
to integrate DG and capacitors to achieve cost-effective and reliable distribution network
enhancements.

Keywords – Distributed Generation (DG); Capacitor Placement; Radial Distribution System;

Dynamic Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (DAOA); Power Loss Reduction; Voltage
Stability; Optimization Techniques.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Nowadays the rapidly increasing in the load system inductive in nature. The networks power
factor is to be lagging in nature. The leads in increasing power losses in distribution generator
(DG) it also includes effect like poor regulation in the network, voltage, load imbalance,
power factor, very bad power quality, low voltage in system. A high reluctance and resistance
ratio in along with a high voltage drop in the radial distribution network (RDNs) gets more
losses in the network.
The general installation of DG and shunt capacitor banks can improve the capacity and the
power quality of the network. The dynamic version algorithm controls the exploration and
exploration purpose. It changes the candidate solution and finds face during the entire
optimisation process.
In radial distribution system, strategic placement and sizing of DG’s such as photovoltaic
panel or wind turbine and capacitors are crucial. The DAOA is employed to solve this
complex optimisation problem by exploring various configurations and selecting the best one
based on the defined objects like loss of minimization and voltage regulation.
Using DAOA for the optimal installation of DG's and capacitors result in significant
improvement in the efficiency and reliability of radial distribution systems. The algorithms
efficiency balanced power quantity and economics considerations leading to an optimised
cost-effective distribution network.
The DAOA effectively in defines the optimal placement and sizing of DG's and capacitors
leading to reduce power losses, improves stability and cost-effective operations in radial
distribution system.

1.2 LITEATURE REVIEW

The simultaneous allocation of DGs and CBs in RDN has becomes the subject of interest of
the research community for enhancing the performance of network. the integration of
Distributed Generation (DG) and capacitor banks in radial distribution systems is crucial for
enhancing efficiency, reliability, power loss minimize, voltage deviation minimize, yearly
economical cost minimize. This literature review focuses on the application of the Dynamic
Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (DAOA) for the optimal installation of DG and capacitor
banks in radial distribution systems, specifically analysing case studies involving 33-bus and
69-bus systems.
Radial distribution system is widely uses due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness.
However, they face challenges such as power loss minimization, voltage deviation
minimization, voltage stability index minimization, economical cost minimization.
Concerning the operating scenarios of DGs, most studies examined the DGs working at a
unity power factor (UPF), or a predefined power factor (PPF) only did few studies investigate
with optimal power factor (OPF) of DGs obviously, the optimal setting of the power factor of
DG has not been well researched before. The DG’s power factor is often predefined at a
specific value before performing the main optimization procedure. This may lead to settling
at a non-optimal global solution to the optimization algorithm; therefore, this aspect needs to
be further concerned. In comparison with a fixed power factor operating mode, an optimal
operating mode of DG power factor can contribute to a further improvement in the network
performance indexes. Notably, with the recent technology advances, DGs can be worked at
any power factor modes by using inverters coupled among them.
The anticipated rise in global electricity demand over the next several decades presents
numerous challenges for electrical distribution networks. These challenges include
heightened power losses, inadequate voltage regulation, suboptimal power factors, load
imbalances, elevated short-circuit levels, deteriorating power quality, and diminished supply
reliability. A report published by BloombergNEF indicates that global electricity consumption
is projected to rise to approximately 38.7 billion megawatt-hours (MWh) by the year 2050,
representing a 57% increase from the 25 billion MWh recorded in 2017 [1]. An elevated R/X
ratio combined with a significant voltage drop in radial distribution networks (RDNs) results
in increased losses within these systems. The strategic deployment of distributed generation
(DG) units and shunt capacitor banks (CBs) within RDNs has the potential to enhance both
the capacity and power quality of these networks. In contrast to conventional generation
methods, distributed generation encompasses smaller-scale generation units, typically ranging
from 1 kW to 50 MW, which are situated in proximity to the end user [2]. The connection of
DG units to distribution networks, when appropriately allocated, leads to a reduction in
power losses and an improvement in the overall voltage levels of the network. Furthermore,
the incorporation of DG alleviates the load on transmission lines and postpones the need for
network upgrades [3]. Renewable distributed generators (DGs), such as solar and wind
energy systems, have gained significant traction as alternatives to fossil fuels due to the
inherent constraints associated with traditional energy sources. To maximize the benefits of
these DGs, it is essential to identify the optimal locations and capacities for their
implementation within radial distribution networks (RDNs). Failure to do so may result in
various adverse consequences, including substantial power losses and instances of
overvoltage [4]. To determine the optimal location and capacity of DGs in radial distribution
networks, it uses a two-stage framework to first identify the best site for the DG and then
calculate its size. An index, called the DG selection index, combines factors related to real
power losses and voltage stability to identify the most suitable bus location. The article also
provides a DG sizing formula to establish the ideal generation capacity. The approach is
validated through tests on 12-bus, 33-bus, and 69-bus radial distribution network models
under various operational power factor modes [5]. The aim of this research was to reduce
power losses and operational expenses while enhancing voltage stability in 33 and 69-bus
RDNs. The research [6] proposed the utilization of the Taguchi method (TM) to address the
multi-objective optimal design of green products (ODGP) problem, in combination with the
technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). A multi-objective
opposition-based chaotic differential evolution (MOCDE) algorithm has been introduced as a
method for addressing the multi-objective optimal dispatch generation problem (ODGP) [7].
The Dynamic Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm is a novel optimization technique that
adapts arithmetic operations based on dynamic conditions within the system. It has shown
promise in solving complex optimization problems in electrical engineering. In a 33-bus
system utilized DAOA led to a 30% reduction in power losses while enhancing voltage
profile across various load condition, and 69-bus system the implementation of DAOA
resulted the improved reliability metrics and reduced operational costs, showcasing the
algorithm’s effectiveness.
The Dynamic Arithmetic Optimization, algorithm presents a powerful tool for the optimal
installation of DG and capacitor banks in radial distribution systems. The reviewed studies
highlight its effectiveness in improving performance metrics in both 33-bus and 69-bus
systems. Future research should focus on real-time applications, scalability, and integrating
emerging technologies such as smart grids and energy storage systems.

PROPOSED ALGORITHM
The meta-heuristic algorithms have successfully been used to solve any type of optimization
problem in the field of structural engineering. The newly proposed Arithmetic Optimization
Algorithm (AOA) has recently been presented for mathematical problems. The AOA is a
meta-heuristic that uses the main arithmetic operators’ distribution behaviour, such as
multiplication, division, subtraction, and addition in mathematics. In this paper, a dynamic
version of the arithmetic optimization algorithm (DAOA) is presented. During an
optimization process, a new candidate solution change to regulate exploration and
exploitation in a dynamic version in each iteration. The most remarkable attribute of DAOA
is that it does not need to make any effort to preliminary fine-tuning parameters relative to the
most present meta-heuristic. Also, the new accelerator functions are added for a better search
phase. To evaluate the performance of both the AOA and its dynamic version, minimizing the
weight of several truss structures under frequency bound is tested.
Two dynamic characteristics with a new accelerator function are implemented in the basic
arithmetic optimization algorithm version to improve this performance. The dynamic version,
which controls the exploration and exploitation behaviour, changes the candidate solutions
and search phase during the optimization process. The most remarkable attribute of DAOA is
that it does not need to make any effort to preliminary fine-tuning parameters relative to the
most present meta-heuristic.
TEST SYSTEM
The impedance of a distribution line results in both voltage drop and power losses, which
encompass active and reactive power losses. The extent of these voltage drops, and power
losses is predominantly determined by the line's impedance and the load's power. In general,
altering the line's impedance to mitigate voltage drop and power losses is not a feasible
option due to the high costs associated with line replacement. Therefore, a more effective
approach is to adjust the distribution power by modifying the power losses. In this study, two
very well-known test systems, 33-bus, and 69-bus will be used to examine the effectiveness
of the proposed algorithm.

FUTURE SCOPE
Looking ahead, we will proceed our research work by using the same algorithm for 85-bus,
94-bus & also 118-bus system is well. We will also be looking to work on voltage stability
index and optimize the cost as well as minimize emission. Minimizing emission is very
important in now days because of pollution. So, optimization of emission will be better
option for future work.

REFERENCE
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distributed generations in radial distribution network, Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. 27
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