✅ UNIT I – BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF R.C.

BEAMS

1. Properties and Behaviour of Concrete and Steel

 Concrete is a brittle material with high compressive strength but low tensile strength.
 Steel reinforcement is ductile and has high tensile strength.
 Together, they form a composite material where steel carries tensile forces and concrete
carries compressive forces.
 Modulus of elasticity: Steel (approx. 200 GPa) is much higher than concrete (~25 GPa),
influencing stress distribution.
 Bond: Good bond between concrete and steel is essential for composite action.

2. Behaviour of R.C. Beams in Flexure

 When subjected to bending moments, compression occurs in concrete at the top and
tension in steel at the bottom.
 Neutral axis divides compression and tension zones.
 Initial behaviour is linear elastic, but after cracking, tension concrete cracks and steel
carries tension.
 Crack formation: Tensile stresses exceed concrete tensile strength.
 Ultimate failure occurs when either concrete crushes in compression or steel yields in
tension.

3. Modes of Failure of R.C. Beams

 Flexural failure: Yielding of tensile steel followed by crushing of concrete.

 Shear failure: Sudden failure caused by diagonal tension; brittle and undesirable.
 Torsional failure: Due to twisting moments; causes combined bending, shear, and
torsion stresses.
 Mode depends on reinforcement ratio, beam dimensions, and loading.

4. Design of R.C. Beams as per IS 456

 Limit state design: Strength and serviceability limits considered.

 Design based on:
 o Flexure: Calculate bending moment, determine steel area for required moment
capacity.
o Shear: Provide shear reinforcement (stirrups) to resist shear forces.
o Torsion: Design torsional reinforcement.

5. Calculation of Deflections

 Deflections are important for serviceability.

 Calculated by elastic theory or simplified IS 456 methods.
 Factors influencing deflection:
o Span length and beam depth.
o Modulus of elasticity of concrete and steel.
o Cracking reduces stiffness, increasing deflection.
 IS 456 provides formulas for calculating maximum deflection limits.

6. Calculation of Crack Width

 Crack width affects durability and appearance.

 Depends on:
o Tensile stress in steel.
o Concrete cover thickness.
o Bar diameter and spacing.
 IS 456 provides empirical formulas for maximum allowable crack width.
 Control of crack width achieved by limiting steel stress and proper detailing.

✅ UNIT II – BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF R.C.

COLUMNS

1. Behaviour of Short and Long Columns

 Short Columns:
o Height is small compared to lateral dimensions (usually height ≤ 12 times least
lateral dimension).
o Failure mainly due to axial compression and bending.
o Buckling is negligible.
o Stress distribution is nearly uniform across the section.
 Long (Slender) Columns:
o Height much greater than lateral dimensions (height > 12 times least lateral
dimension).
 o Susceptible to buckling under axial load.
o Stability is a major concern; lateral deflections cause additional bending stresses.
o Design considers both axial load and buckling effects.

2. Behaviour of Short Column under Axial Load with Uniaxial and Bi-axial
Moments

 Columns can be subjected to:

o Pure axial load (P): Uniform compression.
o Uniaxial bending moment (Mu): Bending about one axis.
o Biaxial bending moments (Mux, Muy): Bending about both axes
simultaneously.
 Interaction of axial load and moments reduces the load-carrying capacity.
 Failure modes: Crushing of concrete and yielding of steel due to combined stresses.

3. Construction of Pu - Mu Interaction Curves

 Pu - Mu curve: Graphical representation showing the safe combinations of axial load

(Pu) and bending moment (Mu) that a column section can resist.
 Constructed by:
o Assuming various strain conditions in concrete and steel.
o Calculating corresponding Pu and Mu values.
o Plotting axial load (Pu) on vertical axis vs bending moment (Mu) on horizontal
axis.
 Interaction curves provide design limits — column load and moment should fall within
the curve for safety.

4. Design of Slender Columns

 Slender columns need special treatment due to buckling effects.

 IS 456 recommends:
o Calculate slenderness ratio (l/k), where l = effective length, k = radius of
gyration.
o Find effective axial load (N_eff) including moment amplification due to lateral
deflections.
o Design for amplified moments and axial loads.
 Methods to control slenderness effects:
o Provide lateral ties or spiral reinforcement.
o Use bracing or reduce effective length.
o Increase column cross-section.
✅ UNIT III – DESIGN OF SPECIAL R.C. ELEMENTS

1. Design of RC Walls

 Types of walls:
o Load-bearing walls: Carry vertical loads from floors and roofs.
o Shear walls: Resist lateral forces like wind and earthquake loads.
 Design considerations:
o Thickness and reinforcement based on axial loads and bending moments.
o Check for slenderness effects (tall, thin walls may buckle).
o Design for axial compression, bending, and shear.
o Use IS codes for minimum reinforcement and detailing.

2. Design of Corbels

 Corbels are short cantilever projections from beams or columns used to transfer loads.
 Load transfer:
o Corbels transfer concentrated loads to the supporting beam or column.
 Design method:
o Use strut and tie model for corbels to represent flow of forces.
o Ensure concrete struts can carry compression.
o Provide sufficient reinforcement to resist tension in ties.
o Check for shear and bending failure modes.

3. Strut and Tie Method

 Used for design of discontinuity regions (D-regions) such as corbels, deep beams, and
pile caps where the assumption of plane sections does not hold.
 Basic idea:
o Model concrete compression zones as struts (compression members).
o Model reinforcement as ties (tension members).
o Nodes connect struts and ties, transmitting forces.
 Design steps:
1. Identify load path and form strut-tie model.
2. Calculate forces in struts and ties from equilibrium.
3. Check strength of concrete struts and provide reinforcement for ties.
4. Ensure proper detailing of nodes.
4. Design of Simply Supported and Continuous Deep Beams

 Deep beams:
o Beams with small span-to-depth ratio (typically < 3).
o Stresses do not follow plane section assumptions.
o Strut and tie method used for design.
 Simply Supported Deep Beams:
o Load transferred through compression struts and tension ties.
o Design for shear and flexure simultaneously.
 Continuous Deep Beams:
o Longer beams with multiple supports.
o More complex load paths.
o Analyze bending moments and shear forces for each span.
o Design reinforcement accordingly using strut-tie approach.

5. Analysis and Design of Grid Floors

 Grid floors:
o Floors consisting of beams arranged in two directions forming a grid.
o Used for large spans or heavy loads.
 Analysis:
o Model beams as two-way spanning.
o Calculate moments and shear in both directions.
 Design:
o Design beams for bending, shear, and torsion.
o Provide proper reinforcement at supports and spans.
o Check deflections and crack widths.

✅ UNIT IV – FLAT SLABS AND YIELD LINE BASED

DESIGN

1. Design of Flat Slabs According to IS Method

 Flat slabs are slabs supported directly on columns without beams.

 Advantages:
o Reduced floor-to-floor height, ease of formwork, and flexibility in layout.
 Design considerations:
o Determine thickness based on span and loading.
 o Provide two-way reinforcement (top and bottom layers) to resist bending
moments.
o Provide column heads or drops if necessary to reduce shear stresses.
 Moment distribution:
o Calculate moments in column strips and middle strips as per IS 456 guidelines.
o Design reinforcement accordingly.

2. Check for Shear in Flat Slabs

 Types of shear failure:

o One-way (beam) shear: Along column faces.
o Punching shear: Sudden failure around column perimeters.
 Punching shear check:
o Critical perimeter is usually at d/2 distance from column face, where d = effective
depth.
o Calculate shear stress at this perimeter.
o If shear stress exceeds allowable limits, provide shear reinforcement or increase
slab thickness.

3. Design of Spandrel Beams

 Spandrel beams are beams along the perimeter of slabs, often supporting walls or
facades.
 Design similar to conventional beams:
o Calculate bending moments and shear forces due to slab and wall loads.
o Provide reinforcement as per IS code requirements.
o Check deflection and crack widths.

4. Yield Line Theory and Design of Slabs

 Yield line theory is a method to analyze ultimate load-carrying capacity of slabs.

 Assumes slab forms plastic hinges (yield lines) where it bends and collapses.
 Used to find the collapse load of slabs under different boundary conditions and loading.
 Important for slab designs where elastic analysis is complex or not conservative.

5. Virtual Work Method

  A method to calculate collapse loads of slabs by equating external work done by loads to
internal work done by plastic hinges.
 Steps:
1. Assume yield line pattern and rotation of slab segments.
2. Calculate internal work from hinge rotations and plastic moment capacity.
3. Calculate external work from applied loads and displacements.
4. Equate internal and external work to find collapse load.

6. Equilibrium Method

 An alternative approach for yield line analysis.

 Uses force equilibrium of slab segments separated by yield lines.
 Checks moment equilibrium and compatibility to find ultimate load.
✅ UNIT V – INELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES

1. Inelastic Behaviour of Concrete Beams

 Concrete beams exhibit non-linear behavior beyond the elastic limit due to cracking of
concrete and yielding of steel reinforcement.
 This inelastic region shows plastic deformations and redistribution of stresses.
 Important for understanding ultimate load capacity and post-yield performance.

2. Moment-Curvature Curves

 The moment-curvature curve plots the bending moment (M) against curvature (φ) of a
beam section.
 Elastic region: Linear increase of moment with curvature.
 Plastic region: Non-linear; shows yielding of steel and crushing of concrete.
 Provides insight into stiffness degradation and ductility.

3. Moment Redistribution

 In statically indeterminate structures, the moment distribution changes when parts of the
structure yield.
 Some moments are redistributed from plastic hinges to other sections to delay failure.
 IS 456 allows limited moment redistribution (up to 30%) based on ductility
considerations.
 Enables more economical designs by accounting for actual behavior.

4. Concept of Ductility

 Ductility is the ability of a structure to undergo large deformations without sudden

failure.
 Allows redistribution of forces and energy dissipation during events like earthquakes.
 Crucial for safe failure modes and structural resilience.
5. Detailing for Ductility

 Proper reinforcement detailing ensures ductile failure.

 Key detailing practices:
o Adequate confinement reinforcement (stirrups, ties).
o Proper anchorage and lap lengths.
o Avoid brittle failure modes (like shear or bond failures).
o Use of ductile steel and adherence to IS 456 guidelines.

6. Design of Beams and Columns for Ductility

 Beams and columns designed to achieve ductility by:

o Providing sufficient longitudinal reinforcement for plastic hinges.
o Ensuring confinement of concrete in critical zones (especially columns).
o Designing to avoid premature shear failure.
 IS code provisions for limiting reinforcement ratios and detailing to improve ductility.

7. Design of Cast-in-Situ Joints in Frames

 Cast-in-situ joints connect beams and columns during construction.

 Joints must transfer moments and shear forces reliably.
 Design considerations:
o Provide adequate joint shear reinforcement (stirrups, ties).
o Ensure proper development length of reinforcement bars inside joints.
o Check for joint shear failure and maintain ductility.