Related Literature

In connection with the study, this selected article stated that Nurudeen Alimi(2023)

stated, “Poultry farmers to work with RMRDC to develop cheaper alternative feed raw

materials,” and the Poultry Association of Nigeria (PAN) has said that they would work with the

various Agricultural Research Institutes and the Raw Materials Research and Development

Council (RMRDC) to ensure that cheaper and more affordable alternative poultry feed raw

materials are developed to bring down the prices of poultry feeds that are scaring people, or

rather, making people not produce poultry products at profit. About the study, they are aiming to

develop cheaper and more affordable alternatives with raw materials in order to sustain the needs

of the chicken.​From the article “Cheap feed ingredient facilities to rise in PH” by Jordeene B.

Lagare (2023), The Department of Agriculture (DA) is planning to complete by the fourth

quarter of this year two facilities worth P100 million that will manufacture protein-enriched

copra meal (PECM), which is being touted as a cheaper animal feed ingredient. The agency

issued the directive last year as part of the pandemic, exacerbated by Russia’s invasion of

Ukraine, made it more difficult for countries worldwide to import feed ingredients such as

soybean meal, feed wheat, and corn. Combined, Russia and Ukraine account for 30 percent of

the global supply of feed grains. The Department of Agriculture (DA) is therefore seeking feed

alternatives to alleviate the impact of soaring prices of raw materials for feeds, which, as a result,

have jacked up retail prices of pork and chicken products.

According to research conducted by Mozter (2023), food waste can be transformed into a

sustainable and cost-effective feed option for chickens. This solution not only addresses the

environmental problem of food waste but also offers an affordable alternative to conventional

poultry feeds. The study shows that food waste, when properly treated, can provide essential
nutrients for chickens without compromising their growth or [Link] waste-to-feed

transformation provides a dual benefit by mitigating waste management issues and creating a

sustainable feed supply chain for poultry farms.

​ Similarly, Rao (2022) explored the conversion of fish waste into feed through innovative

technology. The study, conducted in the port city of Visakhapatnam, India, focuses on

transforming fish waste into high-protein feed supplements for livestock, including poultry. This

approach reduces reliance on traditional feed sources and helps address environmental pollution

caused by fish waste. Fish-based feed has been shown to improve poultry nutrition and health

while maintaining cost-effectiveness. This aligns with global trends toward creating circular

economies where waste products are recycled into valuable resources for agricultural use.

The studies conducted by Alimi (2023), Mozter (2023), and Rao (2022) provide valuable

insights into how waste products can be repurposed as feed ingredients, offering potential

solutions to the poultry feed crisis. These research efforts complement the ongoing work in

Nigeria, as highlighted by Alimi, to develop local and affordable feed alternatives. Together,

these studies underscore the importance of sustainability and cost-efficiency in the feed supply

chain, contributing to the overall resilience of the poultry industry.

​ According to the article “Converting food waste into poultry“ by Natalie Kinsley (2020),

the CEO of Food Recycle, Norm Boyle, stated that 30% of all food that is produced is never

consumed. So, the idea is to take that waste and convert it into valuable products such as poultry

feed and liquid fertilizer. The Australian chicken meat and egg sectors are essentially separate

businesses competing for feed components. Each year, 664 million broiler chickens are produced
in Australia, using about 3 million tons of feed. The Centre for International Economics predicts

that by 2050, Australia will need to produce more than twice as many chickens. Food Recycle is

now commercializing their patented and patent-pending technology. The first step of the food

recycling process is heat treatment using direct steam to kill the microbes. The next step is

maceration and dewatering, followed by dehydration, accumulation, blending and finally

pelletizing. The food recycling process is a sustainable solution, both environmentally and

economically. The article shows that food waste can be useful in terms of recycling food; this

can help save waste food that is no longer needed. It can be converted into valuable products

such as poultry feed and liquid fertilizer that can be helpful to people when it comes to

agriculture.

According to Yitbarek MB's article from 2019, "Some Selected Vegetables and Fruit

Wastes for Poultry Feed," the globe produces 1.2-2 billion tons of garbage each year, nearly all

of which are dangerous for environmental degradation and cannot be recycled. Poultry ration

prices are skyrocketing these days, and birds are competing with humans for food. Therefore, it

should be used as a source of substitute feed ingredients in chicken rations after adhering to the

protocols for suitable processing processes for vegetable and fruit wastes. Among the drying

techniques for such wastes include heating, frying, steaming, and sun drying. Based on this

article, it is suggested that these wastes be used as feed materials in chicken diets at the approved

inclusion level, utilizing suitable processing techniques to do. This would assist in lowering the

overall cost of producing poultry and reduce pollution to the environment. This study is

important since it emphasizes cost reduction, environmental sustainability, and waste recycling.

It also promotes a more sustainable poultry industry for those who are part of the agricultural

sector.
​ ​ In this article, “Turn Food Scraps Into Poultry Feed” by Joel Salatin (2017), this

article highlights the resourcefulness of chickens in repurposing food and garden scraps into

poultry feed. Historically, chickens played a vital role in farmsteads by consuming surplus food

waste and assisting in pest control. It delves into the potential of utilizing food scraps efficiently

to meet the dietary needs of chickens and explores strategies to ensure a balanced and hygienic

feeding process. The article discusses chickens’ historical role as effective scavengers on farms,

helping to manage food and garden waste while contributing to the ecosystem. Chickens require

a balanced diet of protein and carbohydrates. It examines the challenges of providing a

well-rounded diet solely through kitchen scraps, emphasizing the importance of supplementing

as necessary. Various protein sources, including worms, grubs, and even occasional small

animals, are explored as alternatives to ensure chickens receive adequate nutrition. Maintaining

cleanliness and preventing the spread of disease while feeding scraps to chickens are discussed.

This article provides insights into methods like using exclusion boards and wire mesh platforms

to keep the feeding area sanitary. The article underlines how chickens efficiently convert food

scraps into eggs, providing a biological barrier between scraps and human consumption. It

underscores the valuable ecological role of chickens as food waste recyclers. It highlights the

need for careful consideration of nutritional balance and hygiene when using food scraps as

poultry feed. By adopting effective feeding strategies, chickens can continue to play an essential

role in converting food waste into valuable resources while maintaining their health and

productivity.

Related Studies
​ From the study “Food Waste Reuse as a Feed for Organic Chicken: a Case Study” by

Latifa Mechkirrou et al. (2021), due to rapid population growth associated with urbanization,

which is expected to reach 9.7 billion people by 2050, rates of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

generation are experiencing a significant increase of more than double over the next twenty years

in lower-income countries. It is predicted that it will reach 2.2 billion tons by the end of 2025;

moreover, the generation of MSW has a higher rate than urbanization; therefore, the same is true

for food waste (FW), which occupies the highest proportion of fermentable household waste. As

food waste (FW) is inevitably generated by many sectors, such as households, hotels,

supermarkets, and restaurants, it is strongly recommended that it be recovered more efficiently

buried as MSW. The present study proved the feasibility of reusing food waste generated in

restaurants after their stabilization, sterilization, and granulation as a food substitute for organic

chicks. This could then help boost poultry production at a lower cost and ensure a balanced diet

for the public.

​ According to the study “Fruit and Vegetable Peels: Utilization of High Value

Horticultural Waste in Novel Industrial Applications” conducted by Harsh Kumar et al. (2020),

as the production and consumption of horticultural crops have surged globally, substantial

amounts of peel waste have been generated. These peels are rich reservoirs of valuable bioactive

substances like carotenoids, enzymes, polyphenols, oils, vitamins, and more. The study aimed to

explore the potential applications of these peels across various industries, encompassing the

development of edible coatings, probiotics, nanoparticles, carbon dots, microbial media, biochar,

and biosorbents. Overall, this research underscores the substantial potential of fruit and vegetable

peels as valuable resources for diverse industrial applications. These waste materials, replete

with bioactive compounds, can be transformed into edible films, probiotics, metallic
nanoparticles, and carbon dots. This not only addresses the predicament of food waste but also

delivers economic advantages while contributing to sustainable and environmentally friendly

technologies. The study underscores the significance of harnessing these peels as a valuable

commodity with benefits for both the environment and human well-being.

​ According to the study “Comparative Analysis Between the Effectiveness of Galunggong

(Alepes melanoptera) Guts and Gills with Sugar as Alternative Feeds to 45-Days Chicken” by

Juvic Lloyd C. Angeles, et al. (2019), improper disposal of waste is a pressing issue in modern

society, leading to environmental challenges. Biodegradable waste emitting unpleasant odors is a

common problem, and fish guts and gills are typically considered inedible and, as a result, are

discarded, worsening food waste problems. Nevertheless, prior research has suggested that fish

guts and gills contain valuable proteins capable of accelerating animal growth, especially in

chickens. Consequently, this study was conducted to investigate the potential advantages of

utilizing Galunggong guts and gills as an alternative chicken feed. The study included three

groups, each consisting of four chickens. The experimental groups were provided with

Galunggong guts and gills as their feed, while the control group received standard commercial

chicken feed. The width and weight of the chickens were measured every two weeks, and

statistical analysis was performed using the ANOVA two-way factor. The results from the

ANOVA two-way factor analysis indicated that there were no significant differences in terms of

the chickens’ width and weight among those fed with Galunggong guts and gills, and those

receiving commercial chicken feeds. This study proposes that both Galunggong guts and

Galunggong gills can function effectively as alternative chicken feeds. Their nutritional value

appears to be on par with that of conventional commercial chicken feeds, presenting an

practices in poultry farming.

​ From the study ”Utilization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes in Poultry Feeding: A Review”

by Yitbarek MB Department of Animal Science et al. (2019), the global poultry industry,

accounting for 35% of livestock production, faces significant challenges due to a shortage of

affordable feed ingredients, resulting in increased production costs. The study aims to assess the

potential utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as alternative feed sources to address these

challenges. The research reviews various fruit and vegetable wastes, including: pomace apple,

banana peels, pulp citrus, pomace grape, bran pineapple, meal avocado, meal kernel mango,

pomace tomato, waste cabbage, waste carrot, waste sweet potato, waste tomato, waste potato,

waste grapes, sweet potato, and sweet potato leaves. The study explores the feasibility of

incorporating these fruit and vegetable wastes into poultry diets and assesses their impact on

various parameters, including feed conversion, growth performance, egg production, egg quality,

and more. The review highlights the potential of utilizing fruit and vegetable wastes as

alternative feed sources in poultry diets. These waste materials, when processed appropriately,

can reduce environmental pollution and production costs while maintaining or even improving

poultry performance. Further research and practical application of these waste materials in

poultry feeding are recommended.

​ Based on the study “Feeding Substitution Using Fish Waste, Papaya Leaf, and Banana

Peel for Kampung Chicken Production” by Muhammad Amrullah Pagala et al. (2019), kampung

chickens, which are indigenous to Indonesia, hold promise for thriving in regional farming

systems. This research centers on Tolaki strain kampung chickens and their reactions to locally

sourced feed ingredients, with the goal of enhancing their production performance. The study
investigates the utilization of waste materials like fish waste, papaya leaf meal, and banana peel

meal as constituents of local chicken feed. Southeast Sulawes’s active agriculture and livestock

sectors offer opportunities to repurpose waste materials for feed. A total of 140 Tolaki strain

kampung chickens were engaged in this study, divided into two equal groups: one group received

locally sourced feed, while the other received commercial feed. The local feed comprised

elements such as yellow corn, rice bran, fish meal, banana peel meal, and papaya leaf meal. The

research evaluated key production metrics, including feed consumption (FI), average daily

weight gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). This investigation implies that this locally

sourced feed could be a valuable alternative to commercial feed, potentially reducing feed

expenses in chicken farming. Furthermore, kampung chickens displayed adaptability in utilizing

regionally available, waste-derived nutrients, underscoring their potential in sustainable poultry

production.

​ From the study “Evaluating the Effect of Replacing Fish Meal in Broiler Diets with either

Soybean Meal or Poultry By-Product Meal on Broiler Performance and Total Feed Cost per

Kilogram of Gain” by Nana S. Frempong et al. (2019), in developing countries, imported fish

meal is a traditional protein source for broiler production. Therefore, the study evaluated the

effects of replacing fish meal with either soybean meal or poultry by-product meal on broiler

performance and total feed cost per kilogram of gain. Three dietary treatments were

manufactured to contain soybean meal and fish meal, soybean meal or soybean meal, and poultry

by-products meal. Diets were balanced for lysine and fed in mash form. A total of 900 1-day-old

male Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to pens with 25 chicks per pen and reared for 42

days. The study concluded that replacing fish meal with either soybean meal or PBM in broiler

diets yielded better broiler body weights and ADFI and reduced total feed cost per kilogram of
gain. It also indicated that replacing FM with a lower-cost protein source resulted in a low cost of

gain.

​ According to the study “Preparation of fish waste silage and its

effect on the growth performance and meat quality of broiler

chickens” by Akram Shabani et al. (2018), substantial amounts of fish

waste (FW) are generated from seafood processing in the canning

industry. Commonly, FW is transformed into fish meal and utilized as

a protein source in animal feeding. Traditional fish-meal processing,

including cooking, pressing, drying, and grinding, is a costly and

complicated process, and the heat used for drying fish meal could

lead to decreased fish meal digestibility. The study therefore

concluded that the biological silage technique is an efficient and

effective way to improve the nutritional value of FW. Replacing SBM

with up to 120 g kg−1 of FWS in the diet of broiler chickens led to an

improvement in growth performance and the lipid content of the

meat. The results of the present study suggest that FWS has the

potential to be used as a partial alternative to SBM in the diet of

broiler chickens.

​ In this study, “Biotechnological Vaporization of Fish Waste in Poultry Feed” by Nadia

Boutaleb et al. (2016), the fishing industry in Morocco is a very important economic source, just

behind agriculture and tourism, and it remains a constantly evolving sector. However, the
development of this industry leads to related environmental issues that concern the fish solid

waste dumped mostly in landfills, and generating a negative impact on the environment. The

present work focuses on the recovery and valuation of such fish wastes and their mixtures with

other industrial wastes. The purpose of the work is to create nutritionally balanced mixtures and

control their metabolism for the poultry sector. Further, the microbiological tests to verify

product safety were also conducted, and the nutritional value of the compost was tested on the

broiler chicken population. The data show that when the final product maturity exceeds 8 days, it

becomes odorless with favorable hygiene, has a stable pH, does not contain any spoilage bacteria

or aflatoxin, and is rich in protein, fat, and phosphorus. Moreover, the nutritional value of the

product for broilers becomes more interesting as compared to some commercially available food

for hens. The physicochemical analysis of the various wastes investigated has shown the

presence of basic elements, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, which are of great importance in

food for poultry. Further, the microbiological analysis of the wastes has shown an important

microbial load, including coliform, staphylococci, and streptococci. Since a suitable solution and

practice for waste management are required, This study has shown that it is possible to easily

produce feed for poultry at a low cost with a very simple and controlled biological process. The

bacteriological tests also confirm the safety of the products developed by the proposed process.