1. What is PHP? Briefly describe its purpose and features.

(8 Marks)

Definition:
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is an open-source, server-side scripting language mainly used to
create dynamic and interactive web pages. It runs on the server and generates HTML output sent to
the client’s browser.

Purpose:
PHP is used for:

 Building dynamic websites.

 Handling forms and user inputs.

 Connecting to databases like MySQL.

 Creating login systems, e-commerce sites, and CMS.

Features:

1. Open Source: Free to download and use.

2. Easy Syntax: Similar to C and Java.

3. Cross-Platform: Works on Windows, Linux, macOS.

4. Database Support: Supports MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, etc.

5. Fast Performance: Executes faster than many scripting languages.

6. Embedded in HTML: Can mix PHP and HTML easily.

7. Secure: Offers data encryption and session management.

8. Large Community: Huge online support and documentation.

2. List and explain three data types in PHP. (8 Marks)

PHP supports several data types. Here are three common ones:

1. String:
A sequence of characters enclosed in quotes.
Example:

2. $name = "Manuja";

3. echo $name;

Output: Manuja

4. Integer:
Whole numbers without decimal points.
Example:

5. $age = 22;
 6. echo $age;

Output: 22

7. Array:
A collection of multiple values in a single variable.
Example:

8. $colors = array("Red", "Green", "Blue");

9. echo $colors[0];

Output: Red

3. Write a simple PHP script using a loop to print numbers from 1 to 5. (8 Marks)

Program:

<?php

for($i = 1; $i <= 5; $i++) {

echo $i . "<br>";

?>

Explanation:

 The loop starts at $i = 1 and runs while $i <= 5.

 In each iteration, the value of $i is printed, and then $i increases by 1.

Output:

4. Define a database. What is a table in a database? (8 Marks)

Database:
A database is an organized collection of data stored and managed electronically. It allows users to
store, retrieve, and manage data efficiently using a Database Management System (DBMS) such as
MySQL.

Example:
A student database may contain data about names, roll numbers, and marks.
Table:
A table is a structured format within a database that stores data in rows and columns.

 Each column represents a field (like name, age).

 Each row represents a record (like a single student’s details).

Example Table – Students:

ID Name Age

1 Manuja 22

2 Krish 17

5. Write an SQL command to create a table named Users with fields for id, name, and email. (8
Marks)

SQL Command:

CREATE TABLE Users (

id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,

name VARCHAR(50),

email VARCHAR(100)

);

Explanation:

 CREATE TABLE – command to create a new table.

 id – integer field, auto-incremented, used as primary key.

 name – variable-length string up to 50 characters.

 email – string field for storing email addresses.

6. What is a cookie? How do you set one in PHP? (8 Marks)

Definition:
A cookie is a small file stored on the user’s computer by the browser. It is used to remember user
information between visits (like username, preferences, etc.).

Setting a Cookie:

<?php

setcookie("username", "Manuja", time() + 3600, "/");

echo "Cookie set successfully!";

?>
Explanation:

 setcookie(name, value, expire, path)

 "username" → name of the cookie.

 "Manuja" → value stored.

 time() + 3600 → expires after 1 hour.

 "/" → available across the whole website.

Accessing a Cookie:

echo $_COOKIE["username"];

7. Describe the steps for handling file uploads in PHP. (8 Marks)

Steps to Handle File Uploads:

1. Create HTML Form:

2. <form action="[Link]" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">

3. Select file: <input type="file" name="myfile">

4. <input type="submit" value="Upload">

5. </form>

6. Write PHP Script ([Link]):

7. <?php

8. $target = "uploads/" . basename($_FILES["myfile"]["name"]);

9. if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES["myfile"]["tmp_name"], $target)) {

10. echo "File uploaded successfully!";

11. } else {

12. echo "File upload failed.";

13. }

14. ?>

15. Explanation:

o enctype="multipart/form-data" → allows file uploads.

o $_FILES → superglobal array to access file details.

o move_uploaded_file() → moves file from temporary to target location.

8. What is a session in PHP? How do you start one? (8 Marks)

Definition:
A session is a way to store information (variables) across multiple pages. Unlike cookies, session data
is stored on the server, making it more secure.

Starting a Session:

<?php

session_start(); // Must be called before any output

$_SESSION["username"] = "Manuja";

echo "Session started successfully!";

?>

Accessing Session Data:

echo $_SESSION["username"];

Ending a Session:

session_destroy();

Advantages:

 Stores user data securely.

 Maintains login state.

 Automatically expires after inactivity.

9. What are user privileges in MySQL? Why are they important? (8 Marks)

Definition:
User privileges in MySQL define what actions a user can perform on the database — such as reading,
writing, deleting, or modifying data.

Types of Privileges:

1. SELECT – allows reading data.

2. INSERT – allows adding data.

3. UPDATE – allows modifying data.

4. DELETE – allows removing data.

5. CREATE / DROP – allows creating or deleting tables/databases.

6. GRANT / REVOKE – allows managing privileges.

Example:

GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON mydb.* TO 'manuja'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '1234';

Importance:
  Security: Prevents unauthorized access.

 Control: Assigns specific rights to specific users.

 Data Protection: Avoids accidental deletion or modification.

 Efficient Management: Administrators can control user access levels easily.

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