ACIDS BASES AND SALTS
AIM: To determine the pH of the given samples using pH paper or universal indicator. The samples whose pH has to be
determined are-
1. Dilute CH3COOH
2. Dilute NaOH
3. Salt NaCl
4. Dilute NaHCO3
5. Water
6. Lemon juice
Materials required:
1. Six test tubes
2. Test tube stand
3. Dilute acid CH3COOH
4. Dilute base NaOH
5. Salt NaCl (preparation: dissolve 1 gram salt in 10 mL distilled water)
6. Water
7. Lemon juice
8. Dilute NaHCO3
9. Glass rod
10. Measuring cylinder (10 mL)
11. Standard pH colour chart
12. pH paper
13. Glass rod
14. Dropper
15. Universal indicator
pH value chart:
Procedure:
1. Wash six test tubes with distilled water and put them on test tube stand and label them A, B, C, D, E, F.
2. Add 2ml of CH3COOH in test tube A, Add 2ml of NaOH in test tube B, Add 2ml of NaCl in test tube C, Add 2ml of
NaHCO3 in test tube D, Add 2ml of Water in test tube E, Add 2ml of Lemon juice in test tube F.
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3. Take white tile, place 6 pH paper and label them A, B, C, D, E, F.
4. Use a dropper or glass rod to put the respective sample solutions on the labelled pH paper placed on the white tile.
5. Observe the colour change.
Observation:
Sample Colour on pH paper
A Orange
B Dark blue
C Green
D Light blue
E Green
F Pink
Result and Conclusion:
Test tube Solution pH colour paper pH Nature
Sample A CH3COOH Orange 3 Weak acid
Sample B NaOH Dark blue 14 Strong base
Sample C NaCl Green 7 Neutral
Sample D NaHCO3 Light blue 9 Weak base
Sample E Water Green 7 Neutral
Sample F Lemon juice Pink 2 Weak acid
Experiment 2A – Reaction of Acid and Base
Aim:
To study the properties of acids (dilute HCl) and bases (dilute NaOH) by their reactions with the following:
1. Litmus solution (red/blue)
2. Zinc metal
3. Solid sodium carbonate
Materials required:
1. Test tube ,
2. Test tube stand
3. Cork
4. Test tube holder
5. Boiling tube
6. Droppers
7. Flat bottom flask
8. Burner
9. Matchbox
10. Beaker
11. Thistle funnel
12. Litmus paper/solution
13. Fresh lime water
14. Glass rod
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15. Dilute HCl
16. Dilute NaOH
17. Zinc granules
18. Solid sodium carbonate
Experimental Setup for Litmus Test Procedure:
1. Take a test tube stand and place two test tubes in it.
2. Label the test tube as test tube 1 and test tube 2.
3. Add 5 ml of blue litmus solution to test tube 1.
4. Add 5 ml of red litmus solution to test tube 2.
5. Use a dropper and add equal drops of hydrochloric acid in the both test tubes.
6. Wait and observe the colour change.
Experimental Setup for Reaction with Zinc metal:
Procedure
1. Take a clean and dry test tube.
2. Add zinc granules to it.
3. Submerge the zinc granules in the test tube by adding hydrochloric acid to it.
4. Close the mouth of the test tube with cork which has a glass delivery.
5. A robust explosion takes place between 2-3 minutes liberating colourless and odourless gas.
6. When a burning match stick is got near the glass tube mouth the gas burns with a pale blue flame with a pop sound.
Reaction:
2HCl(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2↑
Experimental Setup for Reaction with solid sodium carbonate:
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Procedure
1. Take a flat bottom flask with 1 gm of solid sodium carbonate and some distilled water.
2. Take a clean and dry double bore cork and thistle funnel which has a delivery tube fitted to it.
3. Close the mouth of the flat flask with the double bore cork.
4. Add 2 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid.
5. Colourless and odourless gas is liberated which is passed through the lime water using the delivery tube.
6. The colour of the lime water changes to milky.
Reaction:
Na2CO3(s/aq) + 2HCl(aq) –→ 2NaCl(aq) + CO2↑+ H2O(l)
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2↑ –→ CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) –
→ Ca(HCO3)2(aq) Observation:
Experiment Observation
Litmus test The blue litmus solution in test tube 1 turns red whereas there is no change in colour observed in the test tube 2
containing red litmus solution.
Reaction with Zinc Acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) liberate hydrogen gas when reacted with active metals such as zinc and
metal burns with a pop sound when burning splinter is got near it.
Reaction with Sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid react to produce carbon dioxide gas and turns lime water milky. When
Na2CO3 excess gas is passed the milkiness is disappeared.
Result and Conclusion:
1. In the litmus test experiment the blue litmus solution turns red when hydrochloric is added. Therefore, acids such as
HCl show acidic character.
2. Hydrochloric acid reacts with active metals such as zinc to form zinc chloride and liberate hydrogen gas.
3. HCl reacts with sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide gas.
Therefore, from the above three points we can conclude that HCl (Hydrochloric acid) is acidic in nature.
To get quick results for lime water test, pass carbon dioxide gas through the solution and shake the test tube by placing
your thumb on its mouth.