Introduction to Programming Programming is the process of creating instructions for computers to
perform tasks. It involves logic, algorithms, and problem■solving.
History of Programming Early computing began with machine language. High■level languages like
FORTRAN, COBOL, and later C revolutionized development.
Programming Paradigms Major paradigms include procedural, object■oriented, functional, and
logic programming. Each provides a unique way to structure code.
Data Types and Variables Data types define the nature of data: integers, floats, strings, booleans.
Variables store values for computation.
Control Structures Selection (if■else), iteration (loops), and branching form the core of logical flow
in programming.
Functions and Modular Code Functions encapsulate reusable logic. Modular programming
improves maintainability and scalability.
Object■Oriented Programming OOP introduces classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation, and
polymorphism to model real■world systems.
Data Structures Arrays, lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs provide efficient ways to store and
process data.
Algorithms Sorting, searching, recursion, dynamic programming, and greedy techniques are
essential concepts.
Programming Languages Overview Languages include Python, Java, C++, JavaScript, and Go.
Each serves different domains.
Software Development Practices Version control, debugging, testing, documentation, and code
reviews shape professional programming.
Future of Programming AI■assisted coding, quantum computing, and new paradigms will continue
to evolve the field.