Structural geology

1. Write about the buckling mechanism of folding. How does it explain the association of folds of different
wavelengths and amplitude?
2. Draw a 3D diagram for normal, thrust, and strike-slip faults and show the orientation of sigma 1, sigma 2,
and sigma 3 responsible for the generation of faults.
3. In a progressive deformation, write the significance of slaty cleavage, crenulation cleavage, boudinage fold,
and folded boudins.
4. Write about the different forms of salt diapirs and the structure associated with these.
5. In a stereo plot the poles of axial plane schistosity of F1 folds lie on a girdle. When the F1 fold axes are
plotted in the same diagram, they lie very close to the pole of the girdle. Show the plot and interpret the
structure.
6. In a toposheet 45 D-11 (1:50,000 scale), the distance between two places is 10 cm. What is the actual
distance on the ground, and what are the other toposheets that occur to the N, S, E, and W of the above-
numbered toposheet? Show in a diagram?
7. City A lies in a toposheet number 78 I/16, city b lies in another toposheet to the east of the 78 I/16. Name
the toposheet number of the city 'b'. If the map separation between a and b is 10cm, what is the ground
distance between a and b is 10cm, what is the ground distance/ (scale of toposheet is 1:50,000)
8. How is the sense of shear determined with the s-c fabric, Sigma and delta type porphyroclast and intra
granular fault?
9. Disharmonic folding with the variation of wavelength and amplitude are widely observed in folded terranes.
Explain the mechanism of such folding with appropriate equation.
10. What are the types of faults developed in a compressional and extensional setting? Explain with neat
sketches, the stress tensor for each type of fault.
11. The map pattern of alternate sequence of quartzite and limestone is given below. Interpret the structures in
the given map and draw a cross section along E_W line and plot the bedding (pole) in a freehand stereo
plot/

12. Write short notes on the following: 1. Class 2-fold, 2. Slaty cleavage, iii crenulation cleavage, iv boudin, v
dynamic recrystallisation.
13. Draw suitable figures to explain fault bend fold and fault propagation fold.
14. Describe the following in brief manner - ductile shear, measurement of strain from deformed
conglomerates.
15. What Is the principle of construction of Mohr diagram for 2-dimension stress? Illustrate with neat sketches,
Mohr diagram for some representative states of stress.
16. What are joint sets and joint systems? Briefly discuss the mechanism of formation of joints.
17. Illustrate with neat sketches, Ramsay classification of folded layers.
18. What are the major types of strike-slip faults? Enumerate with suitable sketches, characteristics, and
structures associated with the strike-slip faults.
19. Illustrate with neat sketches the interference patterns that are likely to develop due to superposed
deformation.
20. Describe briefly in sequence, out of sequence, and back thrusting.
21. Cataclasites and mylonite.
22. Describe the procedure of structural analysis of an area that has undergone a single event and a polyphase
event.
23. What are the characteristics of a ductile shear zone? Describe with neat diagrams the different shear
indicators used for the sense of shear along a shear zone.
24. What are the characteristics of Flins K that enable us to determine the kind of strain in deformed rocks?
25. What are the parameters required to measure and estimate to classify a fold as per Ramsay’s classification
from fold profile?
26. With neat diagrams, describe foliation boudinage and classical boudinage. Also write their differences.
27. Describe briefly crenulation cleavage, pure shear, and simple shear.
28. Define "dip isogon" and describe the fold classification based on dip isogons, with suitable figures. In a
multilayered rock system, which isogon fold class will competent and incompetent layers display,
respectively?
29. Describe transpression, transtension, and flower structure in the context of strike-slip movement during
faulting.
30. Discuss the brittle and plastic deformation mechanisms operating at the microscale in rocks.
31. Draw a left lateral shear zone and mark the S-plane, the C-plane, and the location of the largest strain in the
shear zone. If the s-plane is oriented at high angles (.45) to the c-planes, what can be the chronological
relation?
32. What are the balanced sections? Explain how they are balanced and add a note on the conditions for
balancing cross sections.
33. Describe briefly joints and their geometrical classification. Structural and physiographic features for the
recognition of the faults.
34. Explain the time relation between microstructures and crystallization of metamorphic minerals during the
deformation phase.
35. Explain the geometry of duplex complexes and their mechanism.
36. Explain the relationship of cleavage and schistosity to enter major structures.
37. Define "thrust" and "overthrust." Elucidate the structures associated with the overthrust.
38. Compare and contrast the following: Coaxial and non-coaxial deformation. Boudinage and mullions
39. Describe briefly Mohr's strain analysis.
40. Progressive deformation
41. Discuss the type of linear and planar structures with sketches.
42. Describe the types of cleavage and schistosity from the multiphase deformed rock.
43. Describe the type of shear zone and development of shear during the process of deformations.
44. Describe the types of unconformities and their formation with suitable sketches.
45. Explain the mechanism of genesis of joints in relation to the development of microfabrics in the rock.
46. Describe briefly the Saline series of the Salt Range duplexes.
47. What is a dip isogon pattern? How are they helpful in the classification of folds?
48. Discuss the different types of linear structures and discuss their tectonic significance.
49. What is rock cleavage? Give the significance of cleavage in deciphering the structures in the folded areas.
50. Discuss the mechanism and significance of mylonite and cataclasite.
51. With the help of a block diagram for normal faults, thrust faults, and strike-slip faults, the orientation of
sigma 1, sigma 2, and sigma 3 for the generation of these faults is shown.
52. Briefly describe the geometry of a boudinage structure.
53. Conjugate and polyclinical folds.
54. Explain the mohrs stress diagram and its relevance in interpreting stress condition in rocks.
55. Discuss in detail the time relationship between crystallization and deformation of mineral grains.
56. Differentiate a dome from a doubly plunging fold and a fault surface from an unconformable surface.
57. Elucidate the mechanics and causes of folding.
58. Discuss the geometrical relation of joints with folds and faults. Add a note on joint surface markings.
Physical geology
1. Differentiate between raster and vector data. Discuss the utility in geology.
2. Discuss the formation of four different types of sand dunes with relation to sand supply, vegetation, and
wind.
3. Differentiate between glacial deposits and fluvial deposits. Discuss three examples each of glacial
depositional landforms and fluvial depositional landforms.
4. Define 'resolution.' Discuss the different types of resolution in satellite remote sensing. Can we have all the
resolution very high/fine in particular satellite data? What is the resolution trade-off? Discuss the spatial and
temporal resolution suitable/optimum for geological study, climatic study, and geological hazard study.
5. Write short notes on the following: 1. Shutter bridge, fault-line scarp, horst and graben, triangular facet,
pull-apart basin.
6. Discuss the image elements and geotechnical elements for visual classification of satellite images.
7. Discuss the difference among spectral, hyperspectral, and thermal images and their advantages. Give one
example each of these three types of satellite images.
8. What is a glacier, and where does it form? Discuss how glaciers move. Describe four preglacial landforms
and four postglacial landforms.
9. Describe the IRS system satellite program with special emphasis on the sensor system used in esvh and
their characteristics. Comment on the utility of remote sensing images for societal benefits.
10. Write short notes on the following: types of drainage patterns, erosional features formed by wind, and
stream length gradient index.
11. Discuss the different types of aerial photographs. Comment on their utility in geological studies.
12. Briefly discuss the geological applications of SAR images.
13. Describe the reasons for increasing usage of GIS in geological investigations.
14. Describe with sketches the drainage pattern associated with the faulted and folded regimes. Give two
examples of anomalous drainage indicative of neo tectonism.
15. Describe the landforms produced by glacial and fluvial actions with examples from India.
16. Enumerate the salient features of aerial photographs and remote sensing imagery.
17. Illustrate the principle of using remote sensing in mineral exploration.
18. Write a short note on the Indian satellite Cartosat-2.
19. Describe the Indian remote sensing IRS-P series of satellites, with special emphasis on the sensors used in
each and their characteristics.
20. Describe the electromagnetic spectrum and energy available for sensing. Describe the range of the spectrum
transmitted through the atmosphere and available for spaceborne sensing.
21. Describe the conditions required for delta formation. Give reasons why no deltas are formed in the western
coastal margin while many deltas are found in the eastern coastal margin of India.
22. Describe different geomorphological features formed by the valley and continental glaciers.
23. Describe the earth's internal structure as revealed by the seismic waves.
24. Describe spectral, radiometric, spatial, and temporal resolutions in remote sensing.
25. Describe microwave remote sensing and enumerate its advantages. Add a note on the distortion involved in
this type of remote sensing.
26. Describe in brief various fluvial landforms.
27. Describe the major features of the deep ocean floor and discuss the mechanism of their formation.
28. Give a brief account of major geomorphic features of peninsular India.
29. Define the d'' layer. Explain its complex seismic structure and significance towards the origin of the mantle
plume.
30. Explain in brief the Indian remote sensing satellite IRS program, the sensors used in IRS, and their
application.
31. Explain in brief the mineralogical transformation across the 410 km discontinuity in the mantle.
32. Define flood plains. Elaborate on flood plain morphology with appropriate examples.
33. Discuss various spectral bands in discriminating major earth surface features.
34. Describe the key elements of image interpretation with sketches.
35. Explain the geomorphic landforms formed by the action of glaciers with suitable illustrations.
36. Describe the origin of earthquakes and earthquake zones. Add a note on the earthquake-prone zones of
India. Comment on any two major earthquakes.
37. Describe the type of resolution and scanners used in remote sensing satellites.
38. Describe the feature of the ocean floor.
39. Describe the role of groundwater in limestone topography. Also discuss the various erosional landforms
developed due to the action of groundwater with a suitable diagram.
40. Discuss the digital image processing and comment on the image enhancement techniques.
41. With a neat diagram, describe the various compositional mechanical layers of the earth. Also discuss the
role of seismic waves in inferring the interior of the earth.
42. Describe the various types of volcanoes. Also discuss the causes of volcanism with a diagram and comment
on the global distribution pattern of volcanoes.
43. Discuss the spectral reflectance curves of the earth’s surface covered by the soil, water bodies, rocks, and
vegetation, with suitable sketches.
44. Describe any five different processes of chemical weathering.
45. Explain the various interactions of electromagnetic radiations coming from the sun with the atmosphere of
the earth. Discuss its impact on remote sensing images.
46. With the help of neat diagrams, describe any five erosional landforms created by winds.

47. Describe any five different isotopic/radiometric dating techniques used to determine the age of the earth.
48. Explain the differences between the kinetic and radiant temperatures and their interrelationship. What
temperature do remote sensing sensors measure, and what are the factors influencing that temperature?

49. Types of atmospheric scattering exhibited by electromagnetic radiation.

50. Draw a neat, labelled sketch of a soil profile.
51. Image filtering in remote sensing
52. Difference between specular and Lambertian reflection.
53. Various causes were responsible for the glaciation on the earth's surface.
54. Pratt's theory of isostasy
55. Infrared remote sensing
56. Hypogene process of earth’s crust
57. Application of electromagnetic bands
58. Parallax and stereoscopic, parallax and differential parallax
59. S and p wave shadow zone
60. Rayleigh and mie scattering
61. Relief displacement in aerial photos.
62. Isostasy
63. Low-velocity zone in the mantle
Palaeontology

1. Describe the bathymetric distribution of organisms.

2. Briefly throw light on the evolution of vertebrate life through the ages.
3. Describe the oculo-genital rings of echinoids.
4. Differentiate between Pelecypoda and Brachiopoda.
5. Explain macroevolution with examples.
6. Elucidate the application of Munier Chalma’s notation of the dentition of polycypods with neat diagrams.
7. Enumerate the types of microfossils and discuss the significance of the organic-walled microfossils in
biostratigraphy and hydrocarbon exploration.
8. Explain the PETM event in the geological record.
9. Discuss the Siwalik vertebrate fauna and their stratigraphic distribution.
10. Illustrate the echinoid test with a sketch and comment on its ecology, stratigraphic range, and geological
history.
11. Discuss the timing, cause, and impact of the mass extinction events that led to the disappearance of
trilobites and dinosaurs in the earth's history.
12. Elucidate the rationale behind using the stable isotopes of the oxygen and carbon from the animal shells for
reconstructing the paleoclimate.
13. Explain with diagrams the morphology of ammonoids and add a note on the evolution of their suture
pattern.
14. Describe the internal structure of brachiopod shells with suitable diagrams.
15. Give an account of the evolution of the Equidae.
16. Give a brief account of the lower Gondwana flora and add a note on their geographic and stratigraphic
distribution.
17. Illustrate with neat sketches the structural modification in trilobites.
18. Give an account of the evolutionary history of Hominidae.
19. Explain with a diagram the biphasic life cycle in foraminifera.
20. How do you distinguish between regular and irregular echinoids?
21. Illustrate with neat sketches the morphology of graptolites and comment on their time significance in
stratigraphy.
22. Discuss briefly the morphology of dinoflagellates and add a note on their paleoecological significance.
23. Explain briefly the methods of preparation of organic-walled microfossils.
24. Give a brief account of the application of paleontological data in stratigraphy and paleoclimatology.
25. Describe briefly various evolutionary trends in Equidae.
26. Describe the shell morphology of gastropods with a neat, labeled sketched diagram. Comment on their
stratigraphic range and geological distribution.
27. What is taphonomy? Discuss the various taphonomic processes.
28. Describe the phylogenetic history of Proboscidea.
29. Explain the morphology of an ostracod with a suitable diagram and comment on its geological
30. Discuss over time scale.
31. Describe the morphology and suture pattern in ammonites. Add a note on their signifincae in
biostratigraphy.
32. Enlist the major mass extinction events in the earth's history. Discuss the various hypotheses for the cause
of mass extinction. Comment on the effect of the Deccan volcanism on the K/Pg extinction.
33. Enumerate the evolutionary trend in Equidae with suitable sketches.
34. Describe the test morphology of foraminifera. Add a note on the application of microfossils in solving
geological problems.
35. Illustrate with neat sketches the morphology of brachiopods. Enlist the key differences between
brachiopods and bivalves.
36. Describe the shell morphology o ftrilobites with neat and labelled sketches. Add a note on their bio
stratigraphic significance during paleozoic.
37. Comment on the ichnofacies concept and their role in the interpretation of shallow marine environments.
Discuss the advantages and limitations o fichnofacies.
38. Describe the various stages in hominids evolution with suitable examples and sketches.
39. Comment on the gondwana plant fossils and their paleoclimatic and paleogeographic implications.
40. Discuss the ehypothesis fo rth cause of permian triassic mass extinction.
41. Describe the shell morphology o fbrachipods with neat, labelled sketches adda notee on their bio
stratigraphic appllications during paleozoic
42. Describe the morphology of spore pollens with suitable sketches and their application in geology.
43. Describe the evolutionary history o Proboscidea with suitable illustrations.
44. Write the emethodology o fsepartaion of foraminifera from the sediments comment on the applications o
foraminifera in geological studies,
45. Discuss the various hypothese proposed to explain the causes o f mass extinction on the earth. Enlist the
major mass extinction in geological time.
46. Biocoenose and thanatocoenoses fossil assemblages.
47. Ecology of diatoms.
48. Life cycle of agamont and gamont
49. Allopatric speciation.
50. Conditions suitable for preservation and fossilization o soft parts o forganisms.
51. Evolution of sutures patterns in ammonites.
52. Throw light in brief on the evolution of vertebrate life through the ages.
53. Describe the oculo-genital rings o echinoids.
54. Differentiate between pelecypod and brachiopoda.
55. Explain macroevolution with examples.
56. Unaltered preservation o fossils
57. Species concept in palaeontology
58. Stromatolites and their geological significance.
59. Significance of Ediacara fauna
60. Significance of fpsore an dpollens
61. Evolutionary trend of eye in trilobite
62. Types of fdentition in pelycypods
63. Sap rock and saproliteassemblages’s zone and its Indian examples
64. Permineralization and terifaction. T
65. Taphonomy
66. Binomial nomenclature
67. Describe the bathymetric distribution o organism.
68. Syringothyris limestones
69. Assemblage zone
 Stratigraphy
1. Outline the epaleogeography of india near the Precambrian/cambrian boundary.
2. Discuss the esalient events of the fragmentation of fthe gondwanaland during the Permian - cretaceous interval.
3. Write a brief notes on the following. - India Asia collision and the rise of the Himalayas, maximum flooding
surface (mfs) in sequence stratigraphy, radiometric dating of rocks.
4. Give stratigraphic succession of western and eastern dharwar craton. Explain how the dharwar craton grades
into southern granulitic terrane through transition zone based on lithology.
5. Draw a profile across Himalaya orogen and show different tectono- stratigraphy units in it. Explain each unit
with respect to its topography, lithology, and age. Plot th refollowing features in the profile: blue schist rocks,
dras volcanics, kiogars Palaeozoic’s of the Kashmir valley.
6. Discuss stratigraphy, sedimentation and fossil content of Gondwana sediments of india.
7. Tabulate the litho bio chronostratigraphic of the Kutch basin.
8. Write short notes on the following ; subathu formation, Papagni group
9. Give an account of Precambrian stratigraphy o fthe singbhum craton with reference to the stratigraphic
succession, lithology and geochronology.
10. Give the stratigraphic succession of the Vindhyan supergroup. Comment on th sedimentation history and the age
of the vindhyan supergroup.
11. Give the hierarchical classification and definition of lithostratigraphic units. Discuss the methods o
lithostratigraphic correlation.
12. Illustrate the principle so of radiometric dating of rocks with the example from Sm-Nd decay series. Comment
on the advantages and disadvantages of the sm-ns method of dating.
13. Briefly describe the nature o the deccan volcanic province.
14. Give a stratigraphic succession cuddappah supergroup and comment on the eage tectonics and basin evolution.
What was the paleogeographic set up during lower Cambrian times? Discuss the Precambrian- cambrian
boundary problem in Indian context.
15. Give a brief account on the lameta formation and comment on its depositional environment and fauna.
16. Elucidate the hierarchical classification and definition of chronostratigraphic correlation.
17. Give an account of stratigraphy, sedimentation and fauna of Siwalik supergroup.
18. What is stratigraphic correlation? Discuss important physical and palaeobiological criteria of stratigraphic
correlation.
19. Give the stratigraphic succession of Gondwana sequence and discuss its classification, lithology and floral
significance.
20. Explain briefly as to how the principle of stratigraphy help in building stratigraphic record.
21. Discuss stratigraphy and tectonic evolution of singbhum craton.
22. Explain why only certain parts of singbhum craton are highly mineralized.
23. Discuss the nature and stratigraphic position of panjal traps and associated volcano sedimentary rocks.
24. Describe the Mesozoic stratigraphic succession of spiti valley.
25. Describe structure, stratigraphy, and economic mineral deposit of dharwar craton.
26. Describe the lithostratigraphy and deformational events o Sauser group.
27. Give principle of biostratigraphy and explain the concepts of biozones.
28. Give detail account o Delhi supergroup.
29. Give the cretaceous stratigraphic succession Trichinopoly and discuss the lithology and fossils.
30. Describe the tectonic evolution a lithostratigraphic classification o Vindhyan supergroup and comment on the
evolution of depositional environments through time.
31. Define the kinds of o lithostratigraphic units with suitable example from India.
32. Describe the distribution, classification and stratigraphic succession Gondwana supergroup. Explain the
depositional environment nan occurrence of coal deposits in Gondwana.
33. Give a detailed account of tertiary succession of assam.
34. Describe the tectonic evolution o fudepen supergroup. Also discuss the lithostratigraphic classification and
associated depositional environment.
35. Discuss the distribution of marine Palaeozoic formation of India. Describe the stratigraphic succession of
Kashmir paleozoic formations and also mention the characteristic fossils from different Palaeozoic successions.
36. Discuss the nature and tectonic evolution of central Indian tectonic zone. (CITZ).
37. Describe the depositional environment of paleogene succession of the Himalayas.
38. Discuss the tectonic evolution of kutch basin. Explain the Mesozoic stratigraphy of kutch basin an their
depositional environment.
39. Discuss the tectonic evolution and stratigraphic classification of Narmada valley ad comment on the lithology
fossils content and depositional environment.
40. Describe the tectonic evolution of eastern ghat mobile belt (EGMB)
41. Enlist the characteristic features of Proterozoic sedimentary basins of India. Comment on the depositional
environment of the Vindhyan supergroup.
42. Draw the outline and tectonic trench of the cratons on the map of india ( provided in the Qia book elt) enlist the
major economic minerals deposits Fromeach craton.
43. Karewa group
44. Geological time scale
45. Stratigraphy of central India tectonic zone.
46. Arrange the following igneous suites in chronological order, , mentioning their isotopic ages and stratigraphic
units: 1, Malani igneous suite, dongarh granite, closepet granite, singbhum granite, deccan basalt.
47. Principles of magnetostratigraphic.
48. Stratigraphic classification upper assam
49. Limitations o lithostratigraphic correlation
50. Paleogeography and depositional environments of Siwalik group.
51. Economic importance of bastar craton
52. Lithostratigraphy of sermi group.
53. Give occurrences and mineral assemblages of charnockites and khondalites
54. Causes and effects of cretaceous / Paleogene K/ Pg mass extinction.
55. Bagh formations
56. Principles o sequence stratigraphy.
57. Singbhum cratons
58. Pandyan mobile belt
59. Upper Siwalik fauna from India
 Mineralogy
1. Briefly describe the composition, internal structure and the characteristic optical properties o amphiboles group
2. How would you explain th phenomena of pleochroism in some anisotropic minerals? How would you determine
the escheme o fsuch minerals under the epetrological microscope?
3. Present day earth is a differentiated planet. Yet the geochemist uses bulk earth composition". How is the earth
composition estimated? For a differentiated earth, how is its age of formation estimated?
4. How would you explain th echanges in rheological behaviour of earth's mantle with increasing depth?
5. Briefly describe the structure and calssification of pyroexene group o fminerals.
6. How would you determine optic sign o f a biaxial mineral
7. How do we come to know about the origin and evolution of atmosphere from geological record.
8. Illustrate the basic principle of radiometric dating o frocks. How would you use such principle in U-pb decay
series for constructing ' Concordia' curve for dating o minerals zuch as zircon?
9. What are the interference colours? Why anisotropic minerals exhibit interference colours between crossed
polars? Explain with neat sketches.
10. Discuss the structure, types, composition, physical and optical properties of mica group of minerals
11. Write the projection of rc2h and d2h class and give its symmetry and Hermann -mauguin symbols
12. Give an account on structure, chemistry and classification o fgarnet group minerals.
13. Write the procedure to obtain conoscopic vision in a petrological microscope. How would you determine optic
sign of a uniaxial mineral?
14. Give an account on structural classification of silicate minerals with examples and neat sketches.
15. Explain twin and twin laws. Describe different type so ft winning in feldspars.
16. Describe the symmetry elements and forms of normal class o tetragonal cryatl system.
17. Illustrate with neat sketches the interference figures obtained at different orientation of uniaxial minerals. How
is the optic sign of uniaxial minerals determined using interference figure?
18. What are miller indices? Discuss crystal notation using these indices, illustrate your answer with suitable
aketches and examples.
19. What is the difference between pyroxene and amphiboles group o minerals?
20. Describe the crystal structure, physical properties and chemical composition o mica group o fminerals.
21. Describe the esymmetry elelments, various forms and stereograms of the normal class of orthorhombic crystal
system. Give any four mineral examples which crystallises in this system
22. Describe Pauling ruel sand discuss their role in understanding the stability of silicate structures.
23. What is the sign of elongation in mineral? Explain how the sign of eleongation determined.
24. Describe the crystal structure, general formula and paragenesis of olivine group of minerals.
25. Distinguish between aluminosilicates (sillimanite, andalusite and kyanite) in terms of ftheir physcial and optical
properties.
26. Explain symmetry element s and orientation of crystallographic axes of 2/m crystal class with the help of
suitable diagrams
27. Arrange various lattice types (with their symbols) that are compatible with the 332-pointgroups. Drae a diagram
of face centred orthorhombic lattice and compare it to body cnetred isometric lattice.
28. How would you determine indices of a crystal face with the help of stereographic projection?
29. How is enantiotropy distinct from monotropy? Comment upon application of atomic substituiton in geological
thermometry.
30. What do you understand by twin? How many types of teins are found in feldspars? Add a note on symmetry law.
(give suitable diagrams)
31. Describe the different tyres o fdefects in crystals.
32. Zircon and rutile crystallise in 4/m 2/m 2/m class. Describe the five forms that develop in crystal of this class.
33. Give classification of rock forming minerals on the basis of degree of polymerisation of (sio4) tetrahedra and
name the important mineral groups each.
34. With examples, explain isotopes and polymorphism in minerals.
35. Describe the physical characters and give the chemical composition of the nesosilicate group mineral which
crystallise in isometric system.
36. Explain the coordination principle and discuss various coordination numbers describing their geometry.
37. Discuss the structure and composition for mica group o minerals.
38. Explain the procedure for determining optic sign of uniaxial minerals.
39. Discuss mineral groups with the general formula xy2o4. Explain series of members due to substitution of
associated cations.
40. Explain the terms primitive and non-primitive space lattice. Depict the relationship of Bravais lattice with the
crystal system, using appropriate figures.
41. Draw stereogram for crystal class 2? Sphenoidal class)
42. Name the members o plagioclase feldspar series and their composition ranges.
43. Difference between solid solution and exsolution in minerals.
44. Optic axial plane o biaxial minerals
45. Crystal defects
46. Interference phenomenon in petrological microscope.
47. Birefringence and I=optical retardation
48. Isomorphism in minerals with examples
49. Double refraction
50. Optical indicatrix
51. Bravais lattice
52. Flash figure
 Geochemistry
1. Define Gibbs free energy (G). Derive an equation showing relationship o fog with temperature and pressure
2. Discuss briefly geochemical characteristics of rare earth elements. Why REE abundance in a rock is expressed
in chondrite normalized diagram? What is Eu- anomaly?
3. Derive the basic equation of radioactive dating. What is half-life(t1/2)
4. Give an account on classification, mineralogy and composition of meteorites.
5. Define partition coefficient (Kd or D) discuss Goldschmidt s rule s that chemical fractionation off elements in
silicate melts.
6. Using partition coefficient of compatible and incompatible elements, explain batch melting in magma evolution.
7. What do you understand by isotopic fractionation.? Discuss isotopic evolution of the ocean. How PDB (pee dee
Belemnite) useful in th study of carbon isotopes.
8. Discuss the mass fractionation nd bond strength with suitable examples
9. Write the application o radio-nuclei in geochronology and discuss the esm-Nd system.
10. Describe Goldschmidt classification of elements. Give suitable examples for each group.
11. Describe the erb- sr method of dating of rock giving special emphasis on the assumption used advantages
disadvantages and the utility of this dating techniques.
12. What are rare earth elements? How does concentration of ree change during magmatic fractionation? Draw
chondrite normalized reef patterns calcic- plagioclase and garnet.
13. Give a brie account of ficks law of diffusion and Rayleigh fractionation law.
14. Discuss the mass fractionation of stable isotope of oxygen and comment on their significance in geological
studies.
15. Describe the geochemistry of hydrosphere with emphasis on the processes influencing the seawater
cpomposition.
16. Write an account on the utility of trace elements in igneous petrogenesis.
17. What is closure temperature of minerals? Discuss its importance in geochronology.
18. Explain the eprinciple of monzanite chemical dating techniques and applications.
19. Give a brief account on the utility of conventional stable isotopes(O,C and S) in understanding earth system
processes.
20. Discuss the estructure and chemical composition of clinopyroxenes. How would you distinguish augite from
hypersthene under the microscope?
21. What is the textural, mineralogical and chemical compositional attributes of chondrites? Add a note on the
significance of chondrites.
22. Discuss the stability of uraninite and aqueous uranium complexes with the help of Eh-ph. diagram.
23. Discuss evolution of atmosphere. Add anote on atmpospheric gains and losses during geological time.
24. Discuss Rb- Sr isotopic evolution of continental crustal rocks.
25. Explain with eh ph. diagrams, the difference in the geochemical behaviour of iron and manganese that leads to
their spatial and stratigraphic separtaion.
26. Describe the processes that are involved in the carbon fluxes between atmosphere, ocean, biosphere, and explain
th working of the carbon cycle.
27. Describe the Sm-Nd dating method. Add a note on its application in petrology.
28. Describe the application of K-ar and 40 ar dating methods in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.
29. Describe briefly isochron method and explain how it overcomes the limitation of radiometric age calculations.
30. Describe golddschmidts rules for trace elements distribution. Discuss interpretation of Eu and Ba anomalies.
31. Discuss application of oxygen iisotopes inpaleoclimatic studies.
32. Describe the different varieties of meteorite and their sources,
33. Write the rules pertaining to the principles that govern the entry of trace elements into minerals.
34. Write down the eequation for rayleigh's fractionation law. A basaltic magma (originally containing 940 ppm Ni0
suffers fractional crystallisation of clinopyroxene crystal only. Find out the Ni concentration in the derived
magma if the eparent magma suffers 20% fractional crystallization. Given (kept dni = 4)
35. Rubidium- strontium geochronology.
36. Compatible and incompatible trace elements
37. Global meteoric water line
38. Carbonate compensation depth and lysocline.
39. Isochores, melatopes (melatope eyes) and isogyres
40. Partition coefficient or distribution coefficient and application of trace elements of petrogenesis.
41. Chondrite and achondrites
42. Potassium argon isotopic system
43. Dynamic melting in mantle
44. Carbon 14 dating
45. Siderophile and chalcophile elements.
46. Eu- anomaly and its significance.
47. Cipw norm
48. Large ion lithophile element lile and high field strength element hfse
49. Carbonaceous chondrite
50. Pauling rule and coordination principle
51. Petrogenetic implication o famarim-neodynmium isotopic composition
52. Tektites
 Igneous petrology
1. Discuss the important petrological tools that are used to understand the origin and evolution of igneous rocks.
2. Briefly discuss the e origin and significance of komatites. Give examples of their occurrence in India.
3. What are continental basalts? Discuss briefly their salient mineralogical and chemical characteristics.
4. Discuss briefly with the help of neat diagrams, origin and significance of exsolution textures in feldspars.
5. Explain the process involved in the evolution and differentiation of a magma.
6. Illustrate with examples the significance of textures in understanding crystallisation history of igneous rocks.
7. What are the alkaline igneous rocks? How do you explain their compositional variation in relation to plate
tectonics?
8. How are the ultra-mafic rocks classified as per IUGS?
9. Discuss the variation in composition of basaltic magma with variation of its mantle source composition and
degree of partial melting.
10. What I Bowens reaction principle? State Bowens reaction series and discuss its roel in understanding magmatic
differentiation.
11. Describe perthitic and granophyritic texture with neat sketches. How do you explain origin of perititic texture
with the help of a sutable phase diagram?
12. What is the bases o fiugs classification o plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks? Describe with neat sketches IUGS
classification o granitoids rocks.
13. What are carbonatites and alkaline rocks? Why is carbonatite always found in association with alkaline rocks?
14. What are the petrographic characteristics of kimberlites? Add a note on their tectonic setting.
15. Explain the factors responsible for magma generation.
16. What is an ophiolite suite? Draw a neat sketch of an ophiolite section. Label and add a comment on each unit.
17. What are the conditions to form layered igneous complexes? Give a brief account on bushveld layered igneous
complex.
18. Describe eutectic and peritectic crystallisation with references to fosterite - silicatx phase diagram. Add anote on
corona formation.
19. Explain levers rule. Find the composition and relative proportions of liquid and solid at points a B and c in a
given albite - anoprthite phase diagram.
20. Draw a neat, labelled diagram o fthe nepheline kalsilite - silica system (1atm; dry)describe the course of the
crystallisation within this system taking two initial melt compositons, one lying within th eislica oversaturated
part and other within the silica undersaturated part. Briefly state the petrogenetic significance o fhtios system.
21. Give a concise account on the petrogenesis of different types o granite.
22. What is perthite? Give a labelled sketches of different types of perthite. Explain gnenesis o fperthite with the
help of suitable phase diagram.
23. What I magmatic differentiation? Explain briefly crystal setting and liquid immiscibility illustrate your answer
with suitable sketches.
24. What is a large igneous province LIP? Writ briefly in large igneous province of India.
25. What is the texture of lamphrophyre? Discuss the classification of lamphrophyres and their petrogenetic
significance.
26. Draw a neat, labelled diagram of forsterite - silica system and explain its petrological significance.
27. Explain as to why the felsic magmas have higher viscosity than that of the basic magma?
28. Discuss the various types o komatiites. Comment on the restriction of komatiite to the Archean shield.
29. Explain assimilation, mixing and mingling in the evolution of magmatic systems.
30. Explain Concordia and Discordia using U-Th-Pb systems.
31. Explain K-electron capture in case of K-ar system.
32. Discuss various forms and structures o igneous rocks. Comment upon the role of viscosity in their formation.
33. Discuss partial melting of the mantle and generation of basaltic melt.
34. Discuss the ternary system with the solid solution citing an example of AB- an-Or system. Comment upon the
cotectic curves.
35. Explain magma generation associated with various plate tectonic setting.
36. Discuss unmixing and exsolution with an example of perthite and antiperthite.
37. What are the major components which influences th flow of magma? How does compositional variation develop
in primary magma?
38. Write the principle do IUGS classification of igneous rocks.
39. How are fabrics used as a tool to decipher th genesis of igneous rocks? Discuss th evarious textures with the
suitable diagrams/.
40. Describe the potash rich basic volcanic rocks. How are these rocks different from the spilitic- keratophyre
rocks?
41. Discuss with the help o phase diagram, how are the chromite layers developed in the bushveld layered mafic
complex.
42. Draw a neat, labelled diagram o fthe diopside anorthite system (1 atm, dry) and describe th ecourse of
crystallization from two initial melts [p1:Di80An20 and P2: Di30An70] deduce the degree (s) of freedom at the
eutectic point o fthis system. Give the system's petrogenetic significance.
43. Explain batch melting and dyanamic melting of the mantle.
44. Describe the assimilation phenomenon when a baaslaitc magma assimilateas a shale country rock.
45. Describe perthitic and myrmekitic texture. Explain their origin with the help o frelevant phase diagrams.
46. Give the ideal sequence fo rthe ophiolitic suite. Give the petrogentic account of th eophiolitic suite o frocks.
47. Discuss the types of igneous rock texture. Comment on the significance of poikilitic, porphyritic and flow
textures.
48. Partition coefficient binary eutectic in magmatic crystallisation
49. Stylolite
50. Phase rule and its application in phase diagram
51. Bedding and lamination
52. Rapakivi texture
53. Congruent and incongruent melting
54. Spinifex texture.
55. Total alkali -s silica diagram
56. Morbs and continentals flood basalts.
57. Cumulate textures.
58. Myrmekite
59. Iugs classification o ultramafic rocks
60. Perthite
61. Soret effect
62. Rapakici texture
63. Crystal setting in magma chambers
64. Distinguish between s type and I type granites.
65. Pressure solution
66. Liquid immiscibility
67. Mantle xenoliths
 Metamorphic petrology
1. Describe the concept of equilibrium in the coontext o ftextural, mineralogical and chemical changes in
metamorphic rocks.
2. Comment on ultra-high-pressure metamorphism.
3. Describe metamorphic facies series with the help of suitable diagrams.
4. Discuss the role of fluids in metamorphism with suitable examples.
5. Discuss the role of temperature, pressure and fluids in causing different types of metamorphism.
6. What is isograd? How is it useful in distinguishing different metamorphic terranes?
7. Describe the granulite facies metamorphism in relation to mineral assemblages, composition and pt conditions.
8. What are paired metamorphic belts? How do you explain the developments of such belts?
9. What are the barrovian zones? What is the basis of subdivision of these zones?
10. Explain the concept of geothermobarometry in metamorphic rocks
11. Discuss the regional metamorphism of ultramafic rocks in terms of mineral association and P_T conditions (up
to 600C)
12. Describe the characteristics of eclogite facies metamorphism. Add anote on type mineral assemblages of
ecolgite.
13. Give a brief account on the mineral association and formation conditions of charnockites. Add anote on their
occurrence in india.
14. What are migmatites? Name the type of migmatites. Discuss the petrographic components of migmatites.
15. What are metamorphic facies and metamorphic facies series? Give suitable examples.
16. Describe Clausius Clapeyron equation. Add a note on its applications to metamorphic reactions. Discuss in
brief, prograde regional metamorphism of pelitic rocks.
17. Discuss in brief the role of fluid in metamorphism.
18. Give ideas with suitable examples on 9i0 retrograde metamorphism, and (ii) acf daigram.
19. Describe with neat sketches the following textures: helicitic and cataclastic.
20. Discuss the types of skarns and their mineral assemblages. Explain the reation by which skarn minerals are
formed.
21. Write a detailed note on different types o fcharnockites and their origin. Add anote on incipient charnockites.
22. Write a note on the stability of lauminosilicate polymorphs and their occurrence in metamorphic rocks.
23. Describe the effect of progressive regional metamorphism on mafic rocks.
24. Write a short note on geothermobarometers applicabel to metamorphic rocks with suitable examples.
25. What are metapelitic rocks? Descrieb the various mineral assemblages formed during the progressive regional
metamorphism of pelitic rocks.
26. Discuss enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy.
27. Derive the expression of Gibbs free energy as a function of temperatures and pressure.
28. Describe the blueschist facies metamorphism and its tectoneic significance.
29. Discuss P-T-t path and its significance in metamorphic petrogenresis.
30. Discuss with neat sketches various textures formed in the regional orogenic metamorphism.
31. Discuss various facies associate with dynamothermal metamorphism of pelitic sediments.
32. What is the influence of tectonics on metamorphic P-T-t paths? Describe such paths for the rocks in subduction
related environment.
33. What is charnockites? Give ite mineralogy, chemical composition and origin. Commment upon spatial
distribution of charnockites inindia.
34. Define metamorphic facies. Dsicuss metamorphic facies on the basis of increasing rock pressure.
35. Give an accoutn of metamorphic mineral assemblages associate with delhi aravalli belt.
36. Explain the concept of facies describe with a neat PT diagram th egenreal facies formed during regional
dynamothermal metamorphjhism. Mention their approximate equivalent facies in contact metamorphic aureoles.
37. With neat sketches. Describe the strucutres and textures observed in metamorphic rocks. Add anote on their
significane in undrestanding metamorphic conditions.
38. Explain enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs’ free energy and their relation to metamorphic process.
39. With examples and neat sketches, discuss the applications of ACF and AKF diagrams to represent metamorphic
assemblages.
40. Discuss the process involved in the formation of skarns.
41. What are paired metamorphic belts and metamorphic facooies series? Discuss the p-t condition s, tectonic
setting, processe and mineral assemblages involved in such metamorphic belts.
42. On simple P_T_Xco2 diagram, show th emineral phases and reactions that develoop during regional
metamorphism of animpure limestone.
43. Discuss with the help of a neat sketches how porphyrobalst- inclusion realtions can help in interpreting the
temporal realtionship between tectonics and metamorphism.
44. Why is a system containing corundrum, quartz silimanite and andalusite termed degenerate? Draw the pahse
boundaries to show the degenerate reactions among these minerals.
45. Two feldspar thermometers.
46. Geothermal gradient
47. Diffusion and mass transfer.
48. Antexis
49. P-T-t path for granulite facies.
50. Mantle plumes and their source
51. Ultra-high temperature metamorphism.
52. Geothermobarometry
53. Ultra high metamorphism
54. Porphyroblasts.
55. Paired metamorphic belt
56. Hornfelsic texture and its impliucation
57. Source of sediments
58. Metasomatism
59. Shock metamorphism
60. Pyroxene- hornfels
61. Mynolites
 Geodynamics
a. Write a short note on the following: accretionaary prism, back arc basin, bluechist facies rocks
2. Define a rift zone. Distinguish between active passsive rifts. Describe the strucutre and typical rock associations
o fcontinental rift zone.
3. What is a collisional orogeny? Describe the structural and lithological characters of a colllisonal orogenic belt.
4. Discuss the structure of a divergent plate boundary. What are the main geochemical signatures of basalts
associated with mid oceanic ridges?
5. Compare and contrast the following lithosphere and aesthenosphere, subduction and obduction.
6. Discuss the types of plate boundaries and explain the driving forces of plate motion related to the mantle
dynamics and gravity force.
7. Describe the applications of palaeomagnetism in determining the paleoposition of India.
8. Illustrate the layered structure of the earthwith emphasis on the mineral composition, density and temperature.
9. Write a short note on the following: magnetic anomaly, transform fault
10. Discuss the evolution of ocean island chains with the examples.
11. Critically evaluate the theory of continental drift.
12. How would you distinguish among mid oceanic ridges, oceanic trenches and mountain chains o fgravity
anomaly data.
13. Plate tectonics did not begin all at once". Justify this statement
14. What are the major types of orogeny? How can these types be explained with the help of plate tectonisc?
15. Briefly discuss the emergence and evolution of the Himalayas.
16. Discuss the seismic character of convergent plate boundaries with suitable example.
17. Explain seismic discontinuities within earth with suitable diagram. Mention th erole of olivine- spinel phase
transition in geodynamic setting.
18. What is mantle plume? Discuss their origin and significane.
19. Give evidence in support of continental drift theory,
20. Briefly mention the gravity and magnetic anomaly of the ocean floor.
21. Illustrate different types of palte boundaries and add a note on their inter relationship.
22. Explain the conservative plate margins. Discuss the characteristics of continental and ocenic transforms.
Illustrate your answer with suitable sketches and examples.
23. What is a supercontinent? Explain supercontinent cycle and its role in climate change and sea level changes.
24. Give a brief account of different types o fremnant magnetism in rocks.
25. Explain briefly the mechanism of continental rifting.
26. Write a short note on heat flowdistribution in oceanic and continental crust.
27. Discuss with a neat sketch the vvaruious phase transition in the earths mantle.
28. What are the hotspots? Describe the role ofo hotspots in continental break-ups in the earth’s history.
29. What is palaeomagnetism? Discuss its signnificane inunderstanding the continental drift.
30. Distinguish between passive and active continental margins, with suitable examples.
31. Discuss various intra plate earthquakes in the indian shiel and their geotectonic significane.
32. With suitable sketch explain the seismic discontinuities and corresponding compostional changes in the earht.
33. What is Wilson cycle? Bring out th relation to the formation of supercontinents.
34. Explain the Himalayan orogeny
35. What do you understand by heat flow in the earth’s crust? Discuss th eproduction of heat in the earths crust.
36. Explain the dynamics of sea floor spreadng. Discuss the topographic features at spreading sites.
37. What do you understand by phase transitions? Explain themin realtion to seismic discontinuties in the earth.
38. Which are the different plate boundaries? Bring out the interrealtionship among them with a neat diagram.
39. What is rock magnetism? Dioscuss its importance in understanding polarity reversals.
40. How are hotspots formed? How are they related to breaking up of continents?
41. What do you understand by intraplate earthquakes? Discuss on the intraplate earthquakes o findia.
42. Describe the characteristics of an ultra-high-pressure metamorphism and its tectonic conditions.
43. Draw a neat, labelled sketch, label it and desccribe the generalised morphology of an islan arc system.
44. Compare and contrast between apparent polar wnader and true polar wander c urve.
45. Discuss causes for the magnetic reversal sin the earths magnetic field.
46. Discuss the sequence o fevents fo rthe generation of plumes in the earthsd'' layer.
47. Discuss paleontological evidence for continental drift
48. Subduction zone.
49. In sequence, out of sequence and back thrusting
50. Pan- African rejuvenation of southern granulites terrne.
51. Chemical denudation
52. Continental growth
53. Give mineralogical and phase transformation changes at upper mantle transition zone- 410 discontinuity.
54. Draw a neat diagram showing forces acting at mid oceanic ridges.
55. Heat flow ion the crust
56. Seamounts
57. Magnetic field reversals
58. Triple junction
59. Continent- continent collision.
60. Apparent polar wandering.
61. Geometric fit continents
62. Difference between seismic and petrological moho
63. Kerguelen hotspot
 Economic geology
1. How are the seismic waves calssified and what is their importance? Enumerate the general schem o fsiemic
prospecting operation.
2. How do you explore a dimondiferous pipe using geophysicsal methods.
3. Explain the genesis of stratiform chromite deposits in ultramafic rocks.
4. What are the different types of water that participates in ore forming processes? How are metals from source
rock dissolved in water and subsequently precipitated to form iron ore deposits.
5. What are the criteria for identifying primary fluid inclusion in minerals? What is the realtion between degrees of
fill and density o flfuid inclusion?
6. Describe the association of different magma type with ore deposits and explain the role of geochemical
behaviour of elements in ore deposits formation.
7. Name two mineral commodities for which gravity method o fgeophysical exploration may be employed. Aslo
discuss th eprinciple and corrections o fgravity survey.
8. Discuss the role of fluids in mineralisation in magmatic systems. What controls th esolubility of water in silicate
melts?
9. Wha ta re kimberlites and from where these rocks are reported in inda? Mention the realtionship between
kimberlites and formation of diamonds.
10. Describe Metallo genesis through geological time. Illustrate your answer with one major ore deposit of india.
11. Give a note on porphyry type dpeosits and describe their mineralogical association, wall rock alteration and
tectonic framework with neat sketches wnad exmaples.
12. Describe the sources and composition of hydrothermal fluid. Write a note on the classification of hydrothermal
ore depsotis and their textural features.
13. Enumerate suitable geophysical methods for prospecting polymetallic pb-Zn-Cu sulfide mineralisation with
proper justification.
14. Write a note on the classification of magmatic ore depsotis with special emphasis on various types of mineral
deposits that are associated with ultramafic rocks/komatiites.
15. Discuss the relationship between ore genesis and plate tectonics. Illustrate with some important ore deposits
ininda with neat sketches.
16. Explain how metals are transported by hydrothermal fluids and what are the causes of ore deposition in various
types of hydrothermal deposits.
17. Discuss the genesis of laterite bauxite deposits, highlighting the important parameters which control their
formation. Write a note on the geology o feast coast bauxite deposits of india.
18. A quartz grain has a cubic aqueous biphase inclusioncontaining a liquid and a spherical vapour bubble. The
sides of cubic inclusion are 2 microns and the diametes o fthe vpour bubble I s2 microns. Calcualte the degreeo
fill o fthe fluid inclusion.
19. What are the geological settings in which chrystolite deposits are formed? Explainthe process o fchrystolite
mineralisation in these settings.
20. Explain how the temperature of mineralisation can be constrained based on the fractionation of S isotopes inan
ore mineral assemblage.
21. why was there less manganese ore depositon in the archean thant that in the proterozoic ocnditions and ocean
water stratification.
22. In a titanohematite ore mineral which mineral swill migrate to the weak planes o fhost mineral/ discuss about
different types o open space filling textures.
23. List out the major geological problems related to banded iron ore formation (BIF) give a detailed account o
Algoma type-BIF deposits.
24. Discuss about the source rock, surface accumulation and required chemical reagent sinvolved in bauxite
depostion. Indiacate the possible elimination process of the impurities produced thereby.
25. All stratified deposits are strata bound deposits, but not all the strataboud deposits are stratified deposits. -
justify. Disucs about the characteristics of voclcanic hosted massive sulfide deposits.
26. What is the role of volatiles including H2o, co2 and s in the formation of magmatic deposits ? Explainwith
suitable examples.
27. Discuss the genesis of one major type of sediment hosted synergetic deposit and sediment hosted epigenetic
deposit.
28. Explain with suitable examples the change in style and habitat of ore mineralisation of certain metals through
geological time.
29. What is the distinct geological characteristic of porphyry copper depsoits compared to other hydrothermal
deposits? Briefly discuss th egenesis of porphyry copper depposits.
30. Discuss the geological characteristics and genesis of orogenic gold deposits.
31. Discuss the different types o fhydrothermal activity filling deposits illustrate your answer with suitable labelled
sketches.
32. Describe the characteristics, geological setting and process of formation of heavy mineral and sand deposits on
shorelines.
33. Describe the geological setting of kuferschiefer tyep deposits.
34. Discuss the role of stable isotopes of O an dh in ore genetic studies.
35. Describe the mineralisation that occurs in continental rifts.
36. What are the amin chemical reaction involved in oxidation and supergene sulphide enrichment processes? How
do ph and Eh affect the stability of sulphide minerals.
37. What is the role of iron in gossan? How are the various types of limonite's boxwork useful?>
38. Discuss the various forms of synergetic and epigenetic ore bodies.
39. Discuss the various types of replacement textures and their paragenetic significance.
40. Describe the origin and evolution o f zawar Pb- Zn mineralisation in Rajasthan.
41. What are the applications of magnetic method of geophysical exploration?
42. Various types of iron ore depostis, their host rocks and ore mineral assemblages.
43. Common rock types found in skarn deposits and factors which control skarn mineralisation.
44. Induced potential methods of geophysical exploration
45. What are old workings? What is the significnae of old workings inmineral prospecting?
46. Explain syngenetic and epigenetic geochemical anomalies with examples of ore deposits hosted by igneous
rocks.
47. Thermometry of ores using fluid inclusions.
48. Supergene sulfide and oxide mineralisation/ enrichment with necessary chemical reactions.
49. Ilmenite-magnetite solution lamellae formation mechanism.
50. Physical and optical characters that differentiate pyrolusite from cryptometlane-psilomelane.
51. Cherty iron formations.
52. Supergene ores
53. Ore minerals assemblages in any fivve types of hydrothermat depsoits.
54. Degree of fill and desnity of fluid inclusions.
55. Different steps in the formation o fpegmatites.
56. Mention the essential propertied of a mineral for being considered as arefractory minerals and comment on fire
clay refrcatoreis
57. Effect of the great oxidation
58. Exsolution and replacement intergrowth texture in ore minerals
 Indian mineral deposits
1. Describe in detail about the modes of occurrences, origin, distribution and reserves of minerals used in galss
industries in india.
2. Discuss in detail the salient features of national mineral policy of India.
3. Describe the geological characteristics and distribution of iron ore deposits in india.
4. Write about the distribution o fsome important gemstones in india.
5. Describe the evolutiiionof mineral legislation systems in india.
6. Describe in detail about the mineralogy, modes of occurrences, origin and distribution of nickel deposits in
India.
7. Discuss in detail about UNFC's classification of mineral resources and reserves.
8. Give an account of the marine mineral resources of india.
9. Describe the uses, occurrences and distribution of gypsum deposits of India.
10. Discuss in brief about strategic and critical minerals.
11. What are the elements of national minearl policy with a special emphasis on the mines and minerals
(development and regulation MMDR) act.
12. Discuss in detail the modes of occurrence, lithological, structural, controls, origin and distributionof gold
deposits of india.
13. Classify and differentiate between mineral rresources and reserves. Elaborate the conditions in which the
resources can be converted to reserves.
14. What are the important priimary and secondary orer minerals of manganese? Write an account of classification
o fmanganese depsoits based on their host rock associaton and genesis and their distribution in india.
15. Give an account oif the ores formed by contact metamorphism/ skarn type deposits with some exmaples.
16. Explain th eprocess o ffpormationo fmuscovite and rare metal depostis in granitic pegamtites. Dicuss on the
goelogy o fimportant muscovite deposits in th enidian shield.
17. Describe the geological characteristics of the following mineral deposits o faravalli craton and ararnge them in
chronological order:
18. Khetri copper belt, tosham tin and jhamarkota phosphorite.
19. Discuss the geological characteristics and genesis of agucha zn- pb deposit.
20. Write a note on the geology of the bif hosted iron ore depopsit in the western dahrwar craton.
21. Describe various methoda by which mineral resources can be conserved.
22. Describe the geological characteristics following mineral deposits in singbhum craton:
23. Chromite deposits insukinda ultramafic complex
24. Copper deposits in signbhum shear zone
25. Lapsa buru kyanite deposit.
26. Write a detailed note on griesen and skarn deposit associate dwith the neoproteozoic granites o faravalli craton.
27. Write a note on the chrysotile and barite deposits in vempalle formation of cuddapah basin.
28. Briefly describe th egeological setup of diamond bearing kimberlites in panna and wajrakarur fields.
29. Describe the especified minerl and minro mineral as per mines and minerals (development and regulation act
1957.
30. Describe the geological characteristics of the following meinral depsoits in western dharwar craton: a. Chromite
deposits, b, BIF hosted iron ore deposits., c barite deposits.
31. Describe the geological charcaterisstics o fthe following mineral deposits im bastar craton: 1. Malanjkhand
copper deposits. 2. Bastar -koraput tin belt. 3. Gondite- type manganese depsoits.
32. Describe briefly the different methods to conserve mineral resources.
33. What are the prospects and scope of national mineral policy.
34. Discuss the salient features of UNCLOS.
35. Describe the mode of occurrence and distribution of gold deposits in india. Write a note on gold mineralisation
in Bundelkhand craton.
36. Which are three major limestone producing states of india? Briefly describe the geology and mode o occurrence
of these deposits.
37. Which is the major diamond producing geological formation in India? Describe the geological setting and
depositional history of these deposits.
38. Briefly describe the mineral deposits associated with singbhum shear zone ssz.
39. What is the national mineral policy (NMP) giving its objective and features. Discuss the impact, benefits and
significance of nmp.
40. What are the different stages of mineral exploration? Discuss these stages in terms of expenditure versus risk
from planning to mining stages.
41. Explain various types of errors which are induce during swmapling in mineral exploration. How can these errors
be minimised>
42. Describe reverse circulation drilling in detail with a schematic diagram.
43. Compare reverse circulation drilling with diamonds core drilling. With which of these two tecchniques is
wirelinedrilling associated. What is the advantages of wireline drilling?
44. In the following table, length of core samples, gravity and assay values for a zinc mineralised deposit are
provided. Consider all the cores to beof the same diameter. Calculate average grade in volume and weight terms.
Which of these is a more realiable estimate of average grade?

45.

46. Name two major Al- mineral in major bauxite deposits o findia. Briefly describe the distribution of major
bauxite deposits along the east coast of india.
47. Distribution o fbauxite deposits inindia.
48. Mineral resources of sea.
49. Reserves and occurrence of gold depostis iniindia.
50. Mineralogy and classfication of chromite deposits inindia.
51. Graphite deposits of india and the industrial uses of graphite.
52. Classfication of placer deposits and geograpjhical distribution o fplacer deposits in india.
53. Mangapeta barite deposit.
54. Byproducts from base metal deposits of india.
55. Gold deposits in Hutti schist belt.
56. Mussoorie phosphorite deposit.
57. Great mica belt of india.
58. Types of marine mineral resources.
59. Building stones associated with peninsular india.
60. Two major mineral commodities realted to the cement industry and their distribution inindia.
61. Conservation of minerals
62. Status of india wrt mica deposits and production
 Fuel geology
1. What are the general avenues for petroleum occurrences? Write an account on origin and calssification of
reservoir rocks.
2. Describe various geological and geophysical techniques o fexplaortion of natural hydrocarbons.
3. Write an account on geology and evolutiono fkrishna godavari basin.
4. Describe the ultimate analysis of coal and its applications.
5. What are ethe chief primary ore minerals of uranium? Write an acount on the distribution o furanium depswoits
india.\
6. Describe in detail the transformation of organic matter into oil and gas. What is the role o ftemperature in this
transformtaion?
7. Discuss coal characterisation in terms o flithotypes and acerals. Also describe the coal classification based on
chemistry.
8. What I soil shale? Briefly explain th eproblem o frecovery of oil from oil shales.
9. Enumerate the types of environments for the formation of radioactive mineral deposits.
10. Describe the radioactive methods in petroleum exploration.
11. Describe the types of organic material which are precursors for the transformation into aoil and gas and explain
briefly the transformation process and evolution of various kerogen types.
12. Give an account of coalification o fvarious kerogen types.
13. Briefly discuss proximate and ultimate analysis of coal and add anote on fuel ratio.
14. Describe in detail the categories of petroliferous basin of india and their hydrocarbond ppotential.
15. Write a note on the genetic classification of uranium depostis. Give an account of the geological setting,
strucutral control and mineralogical asscoaition of uranium deposits of singbhum shear zone.
16. Critically discuss the different geological investigations required in dam sites.
17. What factors are responsible forcaostal erosion>? Explain th emethod of constructing ocastal protection
structures.
18. Describe the characteristics of source and rservoir rocks fo rhydrocarbons.
19. Describe the geology of dolostone hosted uranium deposits in cuddapha.
20. Give an account o ftectonic controls in the formation o fgondwana.
21. Discuss in detail about the secondary stratigraphic trap for oil accumulation.
22. With the help of suitable sketches critically evaluate the tunneling conditions and hazards likely to be
encountered in the folded nad faulted terrains o fhimalayas.
23. Describe the geological characteristics of the following uranium deposits:
24. Sandstone type uranium at the domiasiat, meghalaya
25. Unconformity type deposit in cuddapah basin
26. Evaluate the rock mass rating (RMR) parameters which are used to assess the osudness of dam foundations.
Give limitations and advantages o frmr system/.
27. Elaborate the criteria for selecting the durable dimension stones for a buidings. Compare the suitability o
fgranite, marble and sandstone as dimension stones for humid regions.
28. Describe the origin, source material, conditions of accumulation and formulation of coal deposits with particular
reference to the indian coal deposits.
29. Discuss the geotechnical investigations adopted for the construction of raod and railways indifferent types of
terrains.
30. Explain the geochemical methods of hydrocarbone xploration. Explain the geochemical processes o fformation
of uranium minerals.
31. Give an account of types, functions and aaplications of coastal protection strucutres.
32. Evaluate the geological factors which govern the type of dam to be constructed across a river. What re the
unique features of tehri dam situated in seismic hazardous zone.
33. List the sedimentary basins of india where prospects of finding hydrocarbons are higher. Discuss such prospects
for ganga basin
34. Elaborate the origin and mode of occurrence of common minerals found in coal. How do these minerals affect
the grade and use of coal.
35. Discuss the geotechnical investigation required for locating the stable foundation for abutment and piers of
bridges.
36. What are the different types of sediment hosted uranium deposits? Describe the origin of roll front uranium ores.
37. What is a tunnel? Enumerate the various engineering properties of rocks that are to be considered in tunnel
excavation. How do you circumvent a plausible collapse of a tunnel?
38. What is rock quality designation? Enumerate the various rock qualification techniques adopted in the field to
evaluate the soundness of rock for its utility as a construction material, in civil engineering projects.
39. What is proximate and ultimate analysis of coal? How does this analysis help in the evaluation of coal?
40. Briefly describe the salient features of lignite deposits of india. List the various constraints associate with these
deposits.
41. Briefly describe and categorise the major petroliferous basin of india.
42. Describe briefly about structural oil traps.
43. Stratigraphic status of neyveli lignite deposits.
44. Calculation method of calorific value for goutals formula
45. Primary stratigraphic traps
46. Briefly explain the Barmer - snachore basin emphasising th esource rock reservoir.
47. Explain coal micro lithotypes and macerals.
48. Engineering properties of rocks for civil engineering appllications
49. Migration o foil
50. Coal bed methane
51. Rotational and translational slides.
52. State the reasons for the concentration of radioactive elements in the earths crust.
53. Geotechnical classification o frocks.
54. What is a trap rock in hydrocarbon exploration? Briefly describe the jerogen shale trap rock.
55. Young's modulus and poisons ratio
56. Secondary migration o foil
57. Main attributes o the coal of Wardha basin
 Environmental geology
1. How will you differentiate fall, flow and slide in the field? Explain various techniques used for stabilisatoin of
jointed rock mass slope.
2. Explain the various risks associated with spent fuel disposal site selection. Describe rock engineering parameters
which need to be addressed for long term safety and stability.
3. Define drill ability of rock. How is rock drillability index used for estimation of drill bit life?
4. Explain the importance of engineering geological risk management in tunnelling. How to minimize th erisk in
seismically active zones?
5. What are the different scientific approaches to select a suitable aggreagte for constructuion work.
6. Give an amount o fthe geological investigations at the bridge sites for the stability of a bridge.
7. Explain the various groundwater problems in connection with the construction of dams and tunnels.
8. Give an account o fthe types of forces to be accounted for in the construction o fdams in seismically active
areas.
9. Explain the excavating cycle o fa tunnel during construction ina hard rock terrain.
10. Describe the different types of coastal protection structures.
11. Explain the determination of compressive and shear strength of rock s in the lobaratory conditions. Draw Mohr's
circle to evaluate the stress analysis.
12. What is mass wasting? Disucss the causes of amss movements. Write a note on geological, geomorphic,
structural and geotechnical parameters in evaluating landslides. Differentiate between slide, slump, creep
andmudflow.
13. Explain the terms rock quality designation and modified core Rcovery. Add a note on the rock classfication
system based on RQD. In a drilling operation conducted in a terrain, the total core drilled is 6000cm, total core
recovered is 5300 cm and modified core recovery is 4800 cm. Calculate the rock quality designation and
comment o nthe status o fthe rock evaluation'on the basis of the RQD
14. Differentiate between reservoir Induce seismicity (RIS) and a natural earthquake. Add a note on seismic zones
of india. Give an example of an important RIS affected area in India.
15. What is the main purpose of testing the soils in terms of geotechnical engineering/ discuss about soils in terms
of theiri soil density, plastic index and hydraulic conductivity.
16. What is the Milankovitch cycle? Discuss and illustrate with diagrammatically as to how global climate
variations are correlated with the milankovich cycles. Describe geochemical cycle o fcarbon and discusss how
an increase o fco2 imn th atmosphere causes ocean acidification.
17. Elaborate the various causes and consequences o flandslides.
18. Which are the important glaciers of the himalaya? Discuss th emagnitude and significance o fnay two of thse
glaciers n the context o fenvironment.
19. Discuss critically the environmental impact o furbanisatio
20. Discuss the impacts of drought on the geoenvironment and the society. Suggest measures to build resillience
against drought in india.
21. Describe the integrated geological screening for locating a safe repository for the disposal o fhigh level nuclear
waste. Suggest possible terrains inindia for such repository.
22. Assess the geomorphological, geological and hydrological controls o fwater logging problem in the alluvial
plains of india. Suggest ways to ameliorate this problem.
23. Why is ozone hole formed over antarctica? What is the present staus of ozone hole replenishment?
24. What are the techniques available fo rthe forecasting of volcanic activities? How remote sensing can help in
such prediction.
25. Describe the application of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) in environemtal
management.
26. Mention the problems caused by soil erosion and describe how soil erosion rates are determined.
27. Discuss the relationship between plate tectonics and cvolcanoes with suitable examples.
28. Discuss the causes and effects of earthquakes.
29. Describe in detail about the recession of Himalayan glaciers.
30. What are the types and cause of food? How does river morphology affects the flooding and its channel?
31. Discuss the causes and effects of global climate change. How do you place it in the earth's geological history?
32. Discuss the environmental impacts of mining and hydropower projects.
33. Describe the major sources of groundwater pollution.
34. What are the geochemical and geohydrological precursors of earthquakes? How do you measure the intensity of
an earthquake.
35. What is desertification? Describe its causes and mitigation strategies.
36. Discuss the environmental impact of hydropower projects.
37. Discuss the environmental impact o hydropower projects.
38. Discuss the sources of groundwater pollution and possible treatment methods.
39. \Describe in brief the strategies being used for preventing landslides.
40. Describe the environmental impact of mining.
41. Elaborate on the geological, geophysical geotechnical and other parameters that are considered while carrying
out seismic zonations and seismic micro- zonation of th eregion.
42. Discuss the specific requirements for predisposal management of waste from mines nd benefeciation plants of
radioactive ores.
43. Describe the process of land degradation and elaborate on the causes and types of land degradation. Cite
appropriate example for each type.
44. Citing examples, give an account of point and non - point sources o fpollution.
45. Describe common biological and toxic chemical pollutants of water. Add a note on their mobility in
hydrological regime.
46. How do geology and topography affect flood condition of a river?
47. Explain the role of various factors affecting sloope stability.
48. What measures can be taken to contril global warming?
49. Discuss the impact of mineral extraction and processinf in terms of water pollution. Add anote on mineral
sustainabiolity related to mining.
50. Discuss the application of GIS in land use pattern.
51. Explain the various aspects of air pollution and its impact on environment.
52. Briefly discuss the methods of nuclear waste disposal.
53. What is the common source o fgroundwater pollution and contamination.
54. Urban heat island
55. Reservoir triggered seismicity
56. Cultural eutrophication
57. Acid mine drainage
58. Ozone hole in stratosphere
59. Magnitude of earthquake
60. Remedial measures of landslides.
61. Compressive strength of rocks.
62. Importance of insitu stress measurements.
63. Favourable geological conditions for toppling failure
64. List any five factors that determinee the stability of a tunnel/dam.
65. Describe different types of dams. Which type of dam is most widely constructed in india.
66. Earth's radiation budget
67. Suitable geological formations for carbon capture and storage
68. Beach budget
69. Urban floods.
70. Primary causes of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
71. Differentiate between atmospheric rivers and megafloods.
72. Probabilistic assessment of tsunami
73. Cause and significance of coral bleaching.
74. Environment significance of mangroves.
75. Earths radiation budget and factors effecting its heat balance.
Mineral exploration
2. What are the scope and objectives of detailed exploration stage of a mineral exploration programme? Why
exploratory mining carried out?
3. Explain various methods of identifying geochemical anomalies based on the concentration of one indicators
element in samples analysed during geochemical exploration.
4. Rock ore association is an important criterion in selection o farea for mineral prospecting. Explain with
example.
5. What ar ehte criteria by which an indiactor or pathfinder element is chosen for geochemical exploration
programme.
6. A coppcr mineralized quartz vein is exposed over a strike length of 120 m. Five trenches arc made across
the width of the vein at uniform interval of 30 m. The width of the quartz vein in these trenches and assay
value of copper in the sample of quartz vein collected from each trench are given

7. Below, Trench No. 1 2 3 4 5 Width 0-6 0-4 0-3 0-3 0-2 ml Assay Wdih {m) >4Calculate the average grade
of coppcr in the quartz vein.
8. Describ ethe main tyep of core drilling techniques. Also write how planning for a core drilling of a sub
horizontal and a asteeply dipping deposti will be undrtaken.
9. What do you understand by coeffcient of aqueous migration? Write the factors which control the strength o
fa geochemical anomaly. Describe th ehawkes model relating the sixe o fmineralisation with the strength of
geochemical anomaly.
10. Describe included and excluded area method s o fore reerve estimation for an irregular gridsampled deposit.
11. What are the different types of sampling error? Describe Gy's theory for minimization of these eroors.
12. Estimate ore reserves of a Zn deposit by cross-section method with the following data. Assume a
dilutionfactorof10%. Use theruleof influencefor defining thestrike length. Calculate the average grade of
ore also: 10 Section area (sq, m) Grade (percentage) Bulkdensity (gm/cm3) A 1500 67 2s B 1800 43 2-9 C
2200 51 29
13. What are the different types of drilling techniques that are used in mineral exploration? Add a note on the
advantages of core drilling.
14. Explain the terms: prospecting and exploration. Following a targeted identification and investigation,
outline various stages and schemes of mineral exploration.
15. Detailed assay result so fcopper mineralised zone indtersected along a borehole are given in the following
table. Considering the current cut off grade of 1.5% cu, three copper lodes have been identified, separted by
two partings. Assuming strike length of 180 m, dip length of 60m and bulk density of 285g/cm^3 calculate
the tonnage of the ore body at 1.3% cu cut-off

16. Discuss the conventional and statistical resources/ resreves estimation add. Note on the merits nad demerits
of these methods.
17. Describe various types o fsmpling along with their objectives. Illustrate how ore body geometry guides the
patter, interval.
18. What are ore guides/ explalin the mineralogical and phyisiocgraphic guides and discuss their dignificance in
mineral exploration
19. Why I ssoil geochemical survey th emost commonly meployed techniques in mineral exploration? Describe
the method of geochemical survey in residual soil.
20. The smaple width and assay values for copper and zinc are obtained in a sulphide ore prospect and are
given below calcualte the average sample width and the average grade for the copper and zinc.

21. What is channel smapling? Explain the stepps involved in channel sampling. Add anote on the biases which
should be avoided during the smapling.
22. Discuss the appllication o fseissmic method o fprospecting with a note on its limitation.
23. Discuss the field evidence useful in identifying potential area so fmineralisation during reconnaissance
survey, with suitable examples.
24. In an underground copper mine, a vertical ore body is developed along two drives Anad B, at RL210m and
180 m respectively. Five channel smaples are collected from each drive at uniform interval of 6m,, such that
the 1st and the 5th channel are located 3m after th ebeginning anfd 3m befroe th eend o feach drive
respectively. Thickness o fore body and assay value at the sample location are given below density of the
ore is 2.98g/cm^3

25. Calculate the tonnage and grade of the ore body in the blocks between drives a and b.
26. How do geochemical anomalies develop around ore deposits during and after ore formation?
27. A metalurgical plant processes 1500 ton of wolframite concentrate containing 65 wt% wo^3. Assuming
complete recovery of metal, what is the quantity of tungsten (in tons) that can be produced from this ore
concentrate? Atomic weight of W=184, o=16)
28. What ar the correctionds required in agravity values measured from fiel dduring mineral prospecting by
gravity survey>
29. Explain the procedure followed in geochemical exploration in search of mineral depsoits with suitable
example.
30. In a bauxite exploration program, nine vertical borders were drilled in rectangular grid pattern, along 3-N_S
traveersees each having 3 boreholes. The interval between boreholes along the N-S and E-W are 200m and
300m respectively. The thickness (inm) and assay value (inwt% Al2O3) of ore in these boreholes are given
in the table.
31. The density o fore is 2.35g/cm^3. Calculate the tonnage and average grade of ore by included area method.
32. What are the most widely employed geophysical methods for mineral exploration? Highlight the
significance of seismic method in petroleum exploration.
33. Discuss the air borne survey that are adoopted for mineral exploration,
34. During an exploration program, a wolfamrite - bearing quartz vein having strike length of 150m was
delineated. Six trenches were made across the vein at the equal interval o f30m. The thickness (in m) and
assay value (in wt%WO3) of the vein in these trenches are given below

35. Calculate the average ore grade of the vein.

36. Give an idea about syngenetic and epigenetic types of secondary dispersion patter. Add a note on their
origin.
37. Explain with the help of neat suitable diagrams, various forms and interpretation of secondary dispersion
patterns.
38. How are mineralogical and stratigraphic guides useful in mineral exploration?
39. What is the main difference between self- potential and induced polarisation methods. Add a note on their
applications in search of base metal and mineralisation.
40. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of diamond and churn drills.
41. Define and describe continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise and continental margin in relation
to the exclusive economic zone (EEZ).
42. How are strategic, critical and essential minerals classfifed? Discuss at least three mineral resources of india
which have critical appliations during war.
43. Discuss various modes o foccurrence of phosphorite deposits. Describe these edeposits from india along
with their stratigraphic cpontext.
44. What are refractory minerals? Describe their classification along with the distribution of these deposits in
India.
45. Describe the calcualtaion o freserves of mineral deposits by isochrone plan, illustrating with neat sketches.
46. Reserves, probable resources and hypothetical resources fo rminerals commodities.
47. Geobotanical indiacators of ore depostis.
48. Primary and secondary dispersion halos and their significanece in mineral exploration. Briefly explain the
planning of gravity survey for mineral exploration emphasisig th enedful corrections.
49. Causes of non-significant and lateral anomalies.
50. Significance of black shale in metallogenesis.
51. Suitable geophysical methods for disseminated sulphide depsoitspathfinder elements associated with
magmatic depsoits of chromite and co-Ni sulphides formed through immiscible magmatic processes.
52. Assay value, cutoff grade and ore grade.
53. Distinguish between electromagnetic geophones and hdrophones.
54. Different stages of geological studies as per unfc of mineral resources.
55. Geophysical techniques for detection o fkimberlites.
56. Core logging and information deciphered form core samples.
57. Significant and nonsignificant geochemical anomalies