Understanding Corruption: Types and Solutions
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsUnderstanding Corruption: Types and Solutions
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsCorruption
Presented by:
Oumaima Faridi
Chaimae yechoukh
The plan:
I. Introduction
II. Definition
III. The types of corruption
IV. the forms of corruption
T
ehsesuadencaeuqsp
efosnihm
conehonte
VI. Pain and sanction
VII. Solutions to reduce corruption in the world
VIII. Ranking of countries by level of corruption
IX. Conclusion
Introduction
definition
• Corruption is a criminal behavior.
reprehensible by which a person (the corrupted)
solicits, agrees to or accepts a donation, an offer or a
promises, gifts, or any benefits in
view of completing, delaying or failing to complete a
act entering directly or indirectly in the context
of its functions.
The types of corruption
Passive corruption (Article 432-11 of the Penal Code) when a person
exercising a public function benefits from this function by soliciting or
by accepting donations, promises, or benefits in order to accomplish or
to refrain from performing an act of their function this person is called
of corrupted.
Active corruption (article 433-1 of the Penal Code) when a person
physical or moral obtains or tries to obtain, through donations, some
promises or advantages, of a person holding a public office,
that she accomplishes or delays or refrains from accomplishing or delaying
an act of its function or an act facilitated by it; the third party is named
of the corrupter.
Les formes de la corruption
. the "under-the-table payments": these are payments to
officials so that they act more quickly, in a way
more flexible and more favorable
. The "fraud": it is the falsification of data, invoices, the
collusion etc.
. "Extortion": it is money obtained through coercion or the
force.
. Favoritism (Nepotism, Collusion): it is the
favoring acquaintances.
. The "Embezzlement": it is the theft of resources
published by officials.
The causes and the consequences
The causes:
• Bad governance: vague legislative framework, judicial system
inadequate, lack of transparency and accountability,
lack of press freedom; Absence of any anti-
preventive corruption and awareness of the importance of
questions such as professional ethics, conflicts of interest
(to prevent, for example, people from entering the councils
municipalities to defend their own land interests,
entrepreneurial or others; lack of reflex to 'disengage'
of certain decisions), the refusal of gifts and other advantages that
end up creating troubled or poorly perceived relationships by outsiders
(including year-end gifts);
Weak institutions: high-authority officials with little
of accountability, official representatives drawn by
culpable earnings and having low wages, factors
cultural aspects related to the control mode in administration
or to the belief in the 'right to benefits' of the leaders
administrative.
Low salaries: the public administration of many States
forecasts relatively low salaries for some of their
agents; typically doctors, police officers (corruption
police officers (in)), customs officers, for example, are the victims
easy systems where culture admits that it is not necessary to
pay them [decently] given that they can pull
a hidden advantage of their functions.
The consequences:
For democracy and the rule of law:
Undervalues trust and legitimacy,
Demotivates and disrupts political participation,
Deforms the election results,
It complicates the implementation of policies.
For social services:
Less results for more money,
Public spending on projects with potential for corruption,
Marginalize the poor and the weak.
For economic development:
Distortion of competition and reduction of
investment
Deteriorated business environment,
Bribes are perceived as a tax.
Comb and punishment
• Corruption is severely punished by the Code
criminal. The law provides that the corrupt and the corrupter
each face a maximum sentence of 10 years
imprisonment as well as a fine that can reach
up to one million euros.
• In addition to these sanctions, the corrupt and the corrupter are exposed.
also to supplementary penalties and in particular to
the prohibition to hold a public office or activity
professional or social concerned by the offense.
The solutions
• The public should know who owns and benefits from companies, trusts and
other legal entities
• We need to strengthen the regulation of sectors such as real estate and
luxury to prevent them from being used for money laundering.
corruption
• The obligation of banks and companies to identify their clients and
report shell companies or the suspicious practices they
discovery should be strengthened.
• Companies that buy oil, gas, or minerals, as well as
those operating in the defense or construction sectors should
make public the details of their payments to governments project by
project.
The solutions
• Companies should disclose the amount of taxes they
patient in each of the countries where they have activities.
• All public procurement procedures around the world
should be transparent and open.
• The national budgets of all the countries in the world should be put
online and accessible to all citizens.
• Anti-corruption activists should have access to
all relevant data - in open format, on time and
in comparable formats - as well as to the technologies that are
will allow for efficient working
Classement des pays selon le niveau de
corruption
• The ten least corrupt countries are: Denmark (1st)
ranking), New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden, Canada,
["Netherlands","Australia","Switzerland","Norway"]
• The ten most corrupt countries are: Somalia (last of
ranking), Myanmar, Afghanistan, Iraq, Uzbekistan,
Turkmenistan, Sudan, Chad, Burundi, Guinea.
• The United States ranks 22nd, France (25th), Italy 67th.
Brésil 69e, Chine 78e, Inde 87e, Mexique 98e, Iran 146e, Russie
154e.
conclusion