INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 3
1.1. Objectives of the worko ............................................................................................ 4
[Link] geral ................................................................................................. 4
1.1.2. Specific objectives...................................................................................... 4
[Link] da Pesquisa ........................................................................................ 4
[Link] Review................................................................................................. 5
2.1. Origin and evolution of operating systems ................................. 5
2.1.1. Reason for the development of the Operating System ................................... 6
2.2. Concept of Operating Systems ........................................................................... 7
2.2.1. Objectives of Operating Systems ................................................................ 7
2.2.2. Most widespread operating systems .............................................................. 8
[Link] de um Sistema Operativo ................................................................. 8
2.4. Main functions of Operating Systems................................. 9
3. Quality attributes of Operating Systems ............................................................ 9
4. Operating System Classification ............................................................................ 10
4.1. For the service........................................................................................................... 10
[Link] Operating Systems ......................................................................... 10
4.1.2. Distributed Operating Systems ................................................................. 10
[Link] the type....................................................................................................... 10
4.2.1. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS). 10
[Link]-User, Single-Taska ......................................................................... 10
[Link]-User, Multi-Tasking.......................................................... 11
4.2.4. Multi - Usero ............................................................................................... 11
4.3. Regarding its structure ................................................................................. 11
4.3.1. Monolithic Operating Systems............................................................ 11
[Link]/Service Modelr ................................................................................ 11
5. Type of Operating System Environment .................................................................... 12
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 13
Bibliographic references .............................................................................................. 14

Autor: Sergio Alfredo Macore [Link]@[Link] / 846458829 CD - PEMBA

[Link]

The present research work has the theme 'Operating Systems'. How does it
you can see, from the theme, since primordial times that man discovered being endowed with
a special capacity that set her apart from other beings, that is, the ability to think,
enabled the invention of mechanisms that would assist him in his tasks
day-to-day. Basically these mechanisms, designated as machines, increase the
ability to perform a certain task simultaneously and in a short period of time
time.

For centuries, man has been inventing machines and improving them in various ways.
to meet the demands of your needs. One of these machines that
revolutionized the work of man, in various fields of application is undoubtedly the
computer. This is a result of the frequent changes recorded over the course of
several generations since the first conception of the computer served as a bridge of
inspiration for the generations that worked hard to build something truly remarkable that
was up to performing the operations required by man.

The evolution of the computer is directly linked to operating systems, which serve
of bridging between the machine and the user. In this work, we will focus on the essence of
existence of the operating system, which is an important part of the machine that revolutionized the

life of man.

However, the Operating System is the main manager of the computer, with many
responsibilities such as: allocating resources, managing users and processes, controlling the
execution of user programs and much more. Unlike what many
People imagine, the computer does nothing on its own. It simply processes a series
of information inserted by the user in order to provide the results. The information
inserted and the results we receive need to be in a format that we humans
we managed to understand. To facilitate this communication between man and computer,
software or computer programs were created. In fact, everything that
what we do with a computer is by executing these programs.

Autor: Sergio Alfredo Macore [Link]@[Link] 846458829 CD - PEMBA

1.1. Objectives of the work

1.1.1. General objective

. Conduct a study on operating systems.

1.1.2. Specific objectives

. Understand the basic concepts of Operating Systems.

. Know your main functions.
. Analyze the Operating System as a machine of levels.

[Link] Methodology

For the preparation of this work, a literature review was conducted. Where the ...
inductive method, which is a method responsible for generalization, that is, we start from
something particular for a broader, more general issue.

According to Lakatos and Marconi (2007:86), Induction is a mental process through

which, based on sufficiently established particular data, infers a truth
general or universal, not contained in the examined parts. Therefore, the objective of the
inductive arguments lead to conclusions whose content is much broader than
the premises on which we base ourselves.

Autor: Sergio Alfredo Macore [Link]@[Link] / 846458829 CD - PEMBA

[Link] Review

2.1. Origin and evolution of operating systems

In the first generation of computers (1945-1955), computers were so large

that occupied immense rooms. They were basically built with valves and panels,
the height when there were no operating systems. The programmers, who were also
the operators controlled the computer through switches, wires, and warning lights.

In the next generation (1955-1965), batch systems were created.

that allowed better use of computational resources. The basis of the operating system
it was a monitor program, used to queue tasks (jobs). The user was removed from
computer. Each program was written on punch cards, which in turn were
loaded, along with the respective compiler, which in turn used a
control language called JCL (job control language).

No início da computação os primeiros sistemas operativos eram únicos, pois cada

the sold mainframe needed a specific operating system. This problem was
result of different architectures and the machine language used. After this
phase, the research of operating systems that automated task switching began
(jobs), because the systems at that time were single-user and had punch cards.
as input (thus eliminating the work of people who were only hired
to exchange the punched cards).

One of the first operating systems was CTSS, developed at MIT. After the
CTSS, MIT, Bell Labs of AT&T, and General Electric developed the
Multics, whose aim was to support hundreds of users. Despite the commercial failure,
Multics served as a basis for the study and development of operating systems.
Um dos desenvolvedores do Multics, que trabalhava para a Bell, Ken Thompson,
began to rewrite Multics in a less ambitious concept, creating Unics (in
1969), which later became known as Unix. The operating systems were
usually programmed in assembly, even Unix in its early days. So, Dennis
Ritchie created the C language from the B language, which had been created by
Thompson.

In 1980, William (Bill) Gates and his college colleague, Paul Allen, founders of
Microsoft bought the QDOS ('Quick and Dirty Operating System') system from Tim

Autor: Sergio Alfredo Macore [Link]@[Link] / 846458829 CD - PEMBA

Paterson for $50,000, they name it DOS (Disk Operating System) and sell licenses.
at IBM. DOS sold many copies, as the standard operating system for the
personal computers developed by IBM. IBM and Microsoft would still make a
partnership for the development of a multitasking operating system called OS/2.

In the early 1990s, a Finnish computer science student posted a

comment in a Usenet discussion list saying that I was developing a
operating system kernel and asked if anyone would like to assist him in the task. This
the student was named Linus Torvalds and the first step towards the well-known
Linux was given at that moment.

[Link] for the development of the Operating System

For a long time, efforts have been made to free the computer user from the complexity of
hardware.

This has been done by placing a layer of software over the hardware in such a way
que este software gere todas as partes do sistema. Assim o usuário seria apresentado
with an interface that is easier to understand and program. This interface is
The virtual machine call is a top-down view of the system.
alternative view of an operating system, at the hardware level, is a 'Bottom' view
Up" and visualize the operating system with a hardware manager. These two
views are displayed in the figure below:

Top-
Down
View

Machine
Virtual S.O Manager of
resources

Bottom
Up view

Source: Adapted by the author, 2021

Author: Sergio Alfredo Macore [Link]@[Link] / 846458829 CD - PEMBA

2.2. Concept of Operating Systems

It is a system software that acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.
of the computer. Its function is to provide an environment in which the user can
execute your programs.

The objective is to make the system convenient for use and to utilize the hardware more effectively.

efficient through its management tool both at the hardware level and at the
software.

Visto que um aplicativo não controla directamente as funções do sistema, este é dirigido
by the Operating System through system calls.

2.2.1. Objectives of Operating Systems

Create a virtual machine on the physical machine that offers all logical resources.
necessary for the development of applications.

The operating system makes it possible:

Run user programs and make problem solving easier.

Support and management of logical resources (software).
Make the use of the computer convenient.
Use the computer's physical resources (hardware) efficiently.

System
Operation

Hardware

Machine
virtual and
Physics

Source: Adapted by the researcher, 2021

Autor: Sergio Alfredo Macore [Link]@[Link] / 846458829 CD - PEMBA

2.2.2. Most widely used Operating Systems

There are several operating systems, among them, the most commonly used in everyday life,
commonly used in home computers and mobile phones, are among them:
Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Symbian and Android.

2.3. Components of an Operating System

An Operating System typically presents the following components:

. Process management

The operating system is responsible for allocating CPU time to all applications.
execution, providing the mechanisms for its synchronization.

. Main memory management

Check which parts of the memory are being accessed and by which processes. It decides that
processes must be allocated to or removed from memory, reserving space for
different functions of the operating system, etc.

. Management of Input and Output (I/O) devices

Garantir que todos os dispositivos de entrada e saída tenham todos os recursos

necessary to communicate with the CPU and the rest of the system.

. Secondary memory management

The operating system is responsible for managing the disks: creating logical volumes
(partition) and its identification, data allocation, management of free space, etc.

. File system management

The operating system provides a logical structure in which users can create,
delete directories and files, or even manipulate them.

. Network management

Generate the services and protocols that ensure communication between computers in
network environment.

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[Link] Functions of Operating Systems

. Virtual Machine

The operating system creates a layer of software that hides the hardware, defining
a virtual machine that provides various physical and logical resources that can
to be used by the applications.

. Resource Manager

Generate and optimize the use of physical and logical resources - like any other function
in management, this operating system activity must take into account various
objectives such as performance, effective use of investment in hardware, the
control of resource use by users, etc.

3. Quality attributes of Operating Systems

. Performance

Efficient management of the physical resources that support the logical ones.

. Security

Ensure the isolation of users

Allow the secure sharing of logical resources.

. Reliability

Detect a set of failures.

• Tolerar um conjunto de erros.

. Complete and Simple Programming Interface

Facilitate the design of applications, their maintenance and portability.

. User-friendly interface for operation and management of logical resources

Autor: Sergio Alfredo Macore [Link]@[Link] 846458829 CD - PEMBA

4. Operating System Classification

4.1. By the service

4.1.1. Network Operating Systems

That has the ability to interact with other operating systems in others
computers aimed at sharing resources.

[Link] Operating Systems

They embrace network services, managing to integrate resources such as printer, space in
disk of a machine that the user accesses.

4.2. Regarding the type

Within the vast family of operating systems, there are generally 4 types, classified as
according to the type of computer they support, with the main ones being:

4.2.1. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)

Used to control scientific machines and industrial systems, systems of

air traffic control, telephone exchanges, etc.

Typically has little user interface and almost no utility of

user. The most important part of RTOS is to manage the computer's resources of
so that a particular operation can be executed precisely and rigorously in the same
time interval.

Examples: VxWorks, ThreadX, Salvo, Nucleus, OSEK, INTEGRITY, eCOS and

RTLinux.

[Link]-User, Single-Task

Only one user at a time performing a single task (application)

Example: MS DOS (Microsoft Windows), System 7 (MAC) Palm OS (on computers)

Palm Top), Java OS, etc.

Autor: Sergio Alfredo Macore [Link]@[Link] / 846458829 CD - PEMBA

[Link]-User, Multi-Task

Just a user with several programs running simultaneously

Examples: Microsoft Windows 95 NT, 98, early versions of MAC OS.

[Link] - User

Allows multiple users to take advantage of the computer's resources in a way

competitor. The operating system must ensure that the users' requirements are met.
balanced, and that each program they use has sufficient resources and is isolated from
so that a user's problems do not affect the entire community of users.

Examples: VMS (Operating Systems on Mainframe computers, Windows server)

Linux and UNIX.

4.3. Regarding its structure

4.3.1. Monolithic Operating Systems

In this structure, the operating systems are characterized by the absence of

no structure. All procedures are implemented in the core.

The operating system is written as a set of procedures, where each one can
evoke the other as soon as you wish.

There is none. Each procedure is visible to others, which is different from the
others the structures.

[Link]/Server Model

The trend of modern operating systems is based on the idea of moving the code
for increasingly higher levels, as high as possible, leaving a minimal kernel.

The most common procedure is to implement many functions of the Operating System in
user processes.

In this model, all the kernel does is manage the communication between client processes.
and servers.

Autor: Sergio Alfredo Macore [Link]@[Link] 846458829 CD - PEMBA

If the programs executed by the user need memory, they will request service from
memory management, whereby the program becomes the client and the memory manager
server.

[Link] of Operating System environment

. Command Line Interface

Some operating systems only provide a text-based user interface that

is command line (Command line interface). This requires prior knowledge of
commands and respective syntax

Example: C:\> COPY A:\[Link] C:

. Graphical interface

Other operating systems are designed to provide a graphical environment and

friendly (GUI - Graphical User Interface, User-friendly), object-based (icons,
window, dialog boxes, etc.) easy to use, that is, intuitive.

. Text user interface

Operating systems of this kind have an available work environment composed

through menus, windows, and buttons, however these interfaces do not have the ability to reproduce

figures. Its use was widespread in applications based on MS-DOS. Currently this
the interface is very rare, practically limited to systems implemented in the decade of
1980s and early 1990s.

Autor: Sergio Alfredo Macore [Link]@[Link] 846458829 CD - PEMBA

Conclusion

In conclusion, we find that operating systems allow for exploration in a way

transparent the resources that the computer makes available to the user,
["namely","printer","keyboard","mouse","monitor","floppy disk drive","hard drive"]
memory, application programs, etc. So that it executes the appropriate tasks for
your need. It basically operates all the instructions automatically.
obeying the programming rules contained in it, making it possible to
execution of tasks appropriate to the physical system with you in the computer hardware
and the logical system that they see embedded in the operating system software.

On the other hand, it is concluded that the OS is a program or a set of programs whose
the function is to manage the system resources (to determine which program receives attention from

processor, manage memory, create a file system, etc.), providing a

interface between the computer and the user.

Although it can be executed immediately after the machine is turned on, most of
today's personal computers execute it through another program stored in
a non-volatile memory ROM called BIOS in a process called
"bootstrapping", a concept in English used to designate self-sustaining processes, or
be capable of proceeding without external help. After conducting tests and starting the
machine components (monitors, disks, etc.), the BIOS searches for the system
operational in some storage unit, usually the Hard Drive, and the
From there, the operating system takes control of the machine. The operating system
you reveal your execution with that of other programs, as if you were watching,
controlling and orchestrating the entire computational process.

Autor: Sergio Alfredo Macore [Link]@[Link] 846458829 CD - PEMBA

Bibliographic references

1. DEITEL, H.M. Sistemas Operacionais. 3ª.ed. Tradução de Arlete Simille

Brands. They are

2. L Gonçalves. São Paulo, 2009.

3. MACHADO, Francis Berenger. Architecture of Operating Systems. Rio de
January: LTC Publisher, 2004.
4. SILBERSCHATZ, A. & GAGNE, G. & GALVIN, P. B. Fundamentos de
Operating Systems. Translation by Adriana Cashin Rieche. Rio de Janeiro,
2004.
5. TANENBAUM, A.S. Modern Operating Systems. 2nd ed. Translation of
Ronaldo A.
6. Viamonte, Maria João, Ferreira, Luís Lino, Components of a System
Operative, February 2006.
7. LAKATOS, Eva Maria and MARCONI, Mariana de Andrade, techniques of
research, 5th Ed., São Paulo, Atlas, 2002.

Autor: Sergio Alfredo Macore [Link]@[Link] 846458829 CD - PEMBA