NORTH UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

THERMODYNAMICS VACATIONAL WORKSHOP (WEEK 1)

Topics: Substance Properties, Thermodynamics Tables, Ideal Gases and Compressibility Factor (Z)
Intersemester 2020
Johnny's Bustllo Mercury

1. If sufficient data is provided, fill in the empty cells in the following property table.
of the water. In the last column describe the conditions of the water (compressed liquid, saturated mixture,
superheated vapor or insufficient information; if applicable, indicate the quality.

P (kPa) T (°C) v (m3/kg) u (kJ/kg) X Phase

200 120.21 0.88578 2529.1 1 Saturated Vapor
232.23 125 0.500951 1831.005 0.65 Mix
Vapor
200 400 1.54934 2967.2 ---
Overheated
Liquid
1000 30 0.001004 125.73 ---
Compressed
Vapor
120.9 150 1.6 2581.7 ---
Overheated

2. A mixture of liquid-vapor water has a quality of 75% at 300°C. The mixture occupies a volume
0.05 m Determine the masses of saturated liquid and vapor present in kg.
3

3
v=v+f X v−v=0.001404+
( g f) 0.75 0.021659−0.001404=0.01659525m/kg
( )

V V 0.05m3
v= →m= = =3.013kg
m v 0.0165925m3/kg

mliquidsales=0.25m=0.25×3.013kg=0.753kg liquid sold

mvapor sat=0.75m=m−mliquidwarehouse=3.013−0.753=2.26kg saturated vapor

3. The attached table provides a series of temperatures and specific volumes of vapor
water for two pressures. Complete the table and determine the temperature for a pressure (P) of 160kPa and
a specific volume (v) of 1.6 m3/kg.

P = 0.1 MPa P = 0.2 MPa P = 0.16 MPa

T (°C) v (m3/kg) T (°C) v (m3/kg) T (°C) v (m3/kg)
200 2.1724 200 1.08049 200 1.3535
225 2.2895 225 1.139695 283.93 1.6
 270 2.4993 270 1.2459 290 1.6177

4. One pound mass of water fills a rigid container of 2.29 ft.3at an initial pressure of 250 psia.
Subsequently, the container is cooled to 100°F. Calculate the initial temperature and the final pressure of the water.

Initial State

V2.29ft3 ft3
v1 = = =2.29
m 1 pound masslbm

P1=250 psia

T 1=549.64° F

Final State

ft3
v 2=v 1=2.29
lbm

T 2=100° F

P1=0.95052 psia

5.10 kg of R-22 at 300 kPa fills a rigid container with a volume of 14 liters. Determine the
temperature and the total enthalpy of the refrigerant in the container. Next, the container is heated
until the pressure is 600 kPa. Determine the temperature and the total enthalpy of the refrigerant when it
the warm-up ends.

Initial State
V0.014m3 m3
v1 = = =0.0014
m 10kg kg

It is located between the values of saturated liquid and saturated vapor.

T 1=−14.66°C

v −v f 0.0014−0.0007521
v=v+f X v−v
( g →
f ) X= = =0.008545
v g−v f0.0765−0.0007521

h=h f + X hfg=28.22+ 0.008545×216.07=30.07 kJ/kg

kJ
H 1=m h1=10kg × 30.07=300.7 kJ
kg
H 1=300.7 kJ

Final State
m3
v 2=v 1=0.0014
kg

It is located between the values of saturated liquid and saturated vapor.

T 2=5.85°C

v 2−v f 0.0014−0.0007927
v=v+
2 fX v−v
2 ( g →f ) X= = =0.015772
v g−v f 0.0392−0.0007927

h2 =hf+ X 2hfg=52.01+0.015772×199.97=55.16 kJ/kg

kJ
H 2=m h2=10kg×55.16=551.6kJ
kg

H 2=551.6 kJ

6. Water is heated in a vertical cylinder-piston device. The mass of the piston is 20 kg, and its
cross-sectional area is 100 cm 2The local atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Determine the temperature at which
Start boiling the water.

∑ F=0
y

F water−F ATM−w=0

PA=PatmA +mg

mg
P=P ATM+
A

[ ]
m
20kg×9.81
s2 1 kPa
P=100 kPa+
1m2
×
1000Pa
=119.62kPa
( )
2
100 cm ×
10000cm 2( )
We look for the temperature at this pressure in the saturation table. We must interpolate since this
pressure is not exactly

T =104.61° C
7. A rigid container with a volume of 2.5 m3contains 15 kg of a saturated liquid mixture-
water vapor at 75°C. The water is heated slowly. Determine the temperature at which the liquid in the
the container evaporates completely and also show the process in a T-v diagram concerning the
saturation lines.

Initial State
V2.5m3 m3
v1 = = =0.1667
m15kg kg

T 1=75°C

P1=38.597kPa

Final State
v 2=v 1=v g =0.1667m3 /kg

T 2=187.05° C

P2=1177.5kPa

8. A container of 0.5m3 contene 10 kg de R134a a -20°C. Determine: la presión, la energía total y

the volume occupied by the liquid phase.
 V0.5m3 m3
v= = =0.05
m10kg kg

v −v f 0.05−0.0007362
v=v+f X v−v
( g →
f ) X= = =0.336
v g−v f 0.14729−0.0007362

kJ
u=uf + X u fg=25.39+0.336 ( 193.45=90.42
)
kg

kJ
U=mu=10kg×90.42=904.2kJ
kg

P=132.82kPa

m31000L
V liq =m liqv f=7.362 × =7.36 liters
kg 1m3

Note: it can also be expressed in kg

9. A rigid container of 5 ft3Contains 5 lbm of water at 20 psia. Calculate: the temperature, the quality,
the total enthalpy and the mass of water in each phase.

V5ft3 f t3
v= = =1
m5lbm lbm

T =227.92° F

v −v f 1−0.01683
v=v+f X v−v
( g →
f ) X= = =0.05
v g−v f20.093−0.01683

h=h f+ X hfg=196.27+0.05×959.93=243.28 Btu/lbm

m gop =mX=5lbm×0.05=0.245 lbm

m liq =m−m gop =5 pounds mass−0.245lbm=4.755lbm

10. A cylinder-piston device contains 0.1m 3of liquid water and 0.9 m3of water vapor in
equilibrium at 800 kPa. Heat is transferred at constant pressure until the temperature reaches 350°C.
Determine: the initial temperature of the water, the total mass of water, the final volume and show the process.
in a P-v diagram.

Initial State
P1=800kPa
 3 3
V 1=Vgop +V liq= 0.1+
( 0.9m=1m
)

T 1=170.41° C

V liqVvap 0.1m3 0.9m3

mtotal=mliq + mvap= + = + =93.43kg
vf vg m3 m3
0.001115 0.24035
kg kg

V 1
−v f −0.001115
m 93.43
v=v+f X v−v
( g →
f ) X= = =0.04
v g−v f 0.24035−0.001115

Final State
P2=P1=800kPa

T 2=350°C

m3
v 2=0.35442
kg

m3
V 2=mv 2=93.43kg×0.35442=33.113m3
kg
11. A tube contains CO2gaseous, at 2.5MPa and 450K, with a mass flow rate of 2kg/s. That CO2it cools to
constant pressure while passing through the tube, and at the exit, the temperature drops to 375K at the
output. Determine the volumetric flow rate and the density of CO2at the inlet and the volumetric flow at the outlet
from the tube using: a) the ideal gas equation and b) the compressibility chart. Also calculate the error.

a) IDEAL GAS

Input
Pe =2.5MPa

T e =450K

kg
ṁ=2
s

Pv=RT

kJ
0.1889 ×450K
RT e kg K m3
v e= = =0.034002
Pe 2500kPa kg

1 1 kg
ρe = = =29.41
ve m3
m3
0.034002
kg

kg
2
ṁ ṁ s m3
ρ= → V =˙ = =0.068004
V̇ ρ kg s
29.41 3
m

Exit
PS =2.5MPa

T S=375K

Pv=RT

kJ
0.1889 ×375K
RT e kg K m3
v e= = =0.028335
Pe 2500kPa kg
 1 1 kg
ρe = = =35.29
ve m3
m3
0.028335
kg

kg
2
ṁ ṁ s m3
ρ= → V =˙ = =0.05667
V̇ ρ kg s
35.29 3
m

b) COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR (Z)

Entry
Pv=ZRT

P 2.5MPa
P R= = =0.34
PC7.39MPa

T 450K
T R= = =1.48
T C304.2K

Z=0.965

kJ
0.965×0.1889 ×450K
ZRTe kg K m3
v e= = =0.032812
Pe 2500kPa kg

1 1 kg
ρe = = =30.48
ve m3
m3
0.032812
kg

kg
2
ṁ ṁ s m3
ρ= > V = ˙ = =0.065624
V̇ ρ kg s
30.48 3
m

Exit
PS =2.5MPa

T S=375K

Pv=ZRT

P 2.5MPa
P R= = =0.34
PC7.39MPa
 T 375K
T R= = =1.23
T C304.2K

Z=0.94

kJ
0.94×0.1889 ×375K
ZRTe kg K m3
v e= = =0.0266349
Pe 2500kPa kg

1 1 kg
ρe = = =37.54
ve m 3
m3
0.032812
kg

kg
2
ṁ ṁ s m3
ρ= → V =˙ = =0.05327
V̇ ρ kg s
30.48 3
m

12. A rigid container A of 0.5 m3Hydrogen (H2At 18°C and 390kPa; it connects with a
valve to another rigid container B of 0.6m3that contains Hydrogen at 45°C and 150kPa. The valve is opened and
let the system reach thermal equilibrium (constant T) with its surroundings, which are at
13°C. Determine the final pressure in the container.

Tank A
P Av A =RT A

kJ
4.124 291.15K
RT A kg K m3
vA= = =3.078725
PA 390kPa kg

VA 0.5m3
m A= = =0.1624kg
vA m3
3.078725
kg

Tank B
PBv B=RT B

kJ
4.124 ×318.15K
RT B kg K m3
v B= = =8.747004
PB 150 kPa kg
 VB 0.6m3
mB = = =0.0686kg
vB m3
8.747004
kg

Final
P2v 2=RT 2

RT 2RT 2 RT 2
P 2= = =
v2 V 2 VA +VB
m2 m A + m B

kJ
4.124 ×286.15K
kg K
P 2= 3
→ P 2=247.82 kPa
( 0.5+0.6m
)
( 0.1624+0.0686kg )

13. The gauge pressure in the tire of a car is measured and is 200 kPa before a trip, and
220kPa after it, in a place where the atmospheric pressure is 90kPa. Assuming that the
The volume of the tire remains constant at 0.035m.3determine the percentage increase in the
absolute air temperature in the tire. (Negotiable exercise)

Gay-Lussac's Law
P 1P2
=
T 1T 2

Before the trip

P| ¿=
| P +P
1 atm =200kPa+100kPa=300kPa¿

T 1=30°C=303.15K

After the trip

P| ¿=
| P +P
2 atm =220kPa+95kPa=315 kPa¿

P2
( )
315kPa
T 2=T 1
P1
=303.15K
300 kPa ( )
→ T 2=318.31K

T 2−T 1
( )
318.31−303.15
%ΔT= ×100%= ×100%=5 %
T1 303.15
14. The refrigerant-134a at 160 psia has a specific volume of 0.3479 ft³/lbm. Calculate the
refrigerant temperature using: a) the ideal gas equation, b) the chart of
compressibility, c) the Van der Waals equation and d) the vapor table for the refrigerant

a)
ft3
55.84
Pv lbm
Pv= RT→T= = =529.13R=69.46° F
R psia ft3
0.1052
lbm R

b)
Pv
Pv=ZRT→T=
ZR

P 160 psia
P R= = =0.27
PC588.7 psia

ft3
0.3479
v lbm
v R= = =2.9
RT C psia f t3
( ) PC
0.1052
lbmR
588.7 psia
×673.6R

Z=0.875

ft3
160psia ×0.3479
Pv lbm
T= = =604.72R=145.05° F
ZR psia ft3
0.875×0.1052
lbm R

c)
RT a v−b a
P= − →2 T =
v−b v ( )(R
P+
v2 )
psia2f t6
2 27×0.10522 ×2 6 7 3 . 6 2R 2
27RT
( C) poundmass R
2
psia f t6
a= = =3.6
64PC 64×588.7psia lbm2

psia f t3
0.1052 ×673.6R
1 RT C
( )
lbmR f t3
b= = =0.015
8PC 8×588.7psia lbm
 0.3479−0.015 3.6
T=
( 0.1052 )( 160+
)
0.34792
→ T =600.4R=140.8° F

d)
T =160° F

The one that comes closest is

160−69.46
%ErrorGI =
( 160 )
×100%=56.6 %

160−145.1
%ErrorZ=
( 160 )
×100%=9.3%

160−140.8
%ErrorVW =
( 160 )
×100%=12%