Motion Transmission and Simple Machines
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ScribdTranslationsMotion Transmission and Simple Machines
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Transmission and Transformation of Motion
Motion Transmission
Types of motion transmission
Rectilinear - In a mechanism or machine, it is common for various parts to execute a path in
long along a straight line. This movement is designated as rectilinear movement. To the movement
Rectilinear is also commonly referred to as linear motion - the operator moves following the
trajectory of a straight line.
Continuous linear motion - always in the same direction. e.g.: conveyor belt
linear oscillating movement - in both directions. Ex: sewing machine needle
Curvilinear / Circular - The platter of a turntable, the wheel of a bicycle or car, are
examples of objects that describe a trajectory in the shape of a circle during their movement.
This type of movement also includes the parts of a mechanism that describe only
part of the circuit, that is, for example, half a turn (half a circumference).
Rotational Movement – The operator does not describe any trajectory, moving...
just around its axis.
Oscillatory - It is a type of movement in which the direction of the object changes periodically.
sense, describing an arc. The regularity of a pendulum's oscillations has been utilized to
to build the first mechanical clocks.
SIMPLE MACHINES
A wheel is an operator formed by a round body that rotates around a fixed point called the axis.
rotation. Usually a rotation is accompanied by a cylindrical sleeve (which guides its rotational movement) and
from a support (that keeps the axis in its position). The wheel is a completely artificial machine. From the wheel derives
a machine dating from which we highlighted the following: pulleys, rollers, sprockets, wheels of
friction, bearings, gears, drum and belt systems, etc.
Gear - consists of a certain number of teeth on its perimeter. The profile of the teeth is drawn from
shape to perfectly mesh with another gear.
Friction Wheel - The friction or contact wheels transmit motion to one another by simple contact. The wheel
connected to the motor shaft, one wheel turns in one direction. The other wheel turns in the opposite direction.
Gears - A gear consists of two or more toothed wheels. These allow for transmission
from the rotation movement of a driving shaft (or driving) to a driven shaft (or driven).
Levers - Levers are simple machines that allow us to increase the effect of the force we exert.
A lever is an operator composed of a rigid bar that oscillates about an axis (fulcrum). According to the points
where Power (the force that causes movement) is applied and the relative positions of the axis and bar can
to obtain 3 different types of levers: first class, second class, and third class.
Inclined plane - An inclined plane is a smooth surface with a certain slope. The effort to raise a
the load is less when going up an inclined plane than if we were to raise it vertically. The ramps that form the
mountains and hills are inclined planes.
CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS
1.2.1. Direction of rotation
[Link]ção de velocidade
1.2.3. Simple transmissions and multiple transmissions
1.2.4. Orientation of the veins among themselves
1.2.5. Transmission ratio
1.3. Motion transmission calculations
SENSE OF ROTATION
The direction of rotation in friction wheels, belts, or gears, in even numbers, is the opposite or
the opposite, an odd number is the same.
SPEED VARIATION
The variation of speed: The size of the wheels and/or the number of teeth
1-belts and chains:
They can transmit a large amount of energy.
One of the most commonly used ways in power transmission systems.
They have relatively low costs.
They tend to protect the engine unit.
They have a yield between 0.96 and 0.98, as they may present slip-ups.
2 gears
A gear consists of two (or more) cogwheels. These allow for the transmission of motion.
de rotação de um veio motor (ou mandante) a um veio movido (ou mandado).
e = ± product of the number of teeth of the motor gears
3- friction
Transmissions used between parallel shafts, converging shafts, or non-coplanar shafts, with reasons for
transmission up to 6:1 (10:1), with efficiencies of 95% to 98% and slip identical to those obtained with
belt transmissions, but on the other hand, the axle distances are shorter and the weight and price are
less competitive.
SIMPLE TRANSMISSIONS AND TRANSMISSIONS
MULTIPLES
Simple transmission: Variation of speed
V1/V2 = n2/n1 (linear)
Where: V1 is the tangential speed of gear 1
V2 is the tangential speed of gear 2
n1 is the number of teeth of gear 1
n2 is the number of teeth of gear 2
Multiple broadcasts
DIRECTION OF THE VEINS AMONG THEMSELVES
Parallel axes: most frequent case
Competing axes: perpendicular and competing axes
Non-coplanar axes:
REASON FOR TRANSMISSION
In pulley and belt transmission, for it to work perfectly, it is necessary to adhere to some limits.
regarding the diameter of the pulleys and the number of revolutions per unit of time.
i = transmission ratio
n = revolutions per minute
v = velocidade tangencial
D = number of teeth or radius or diameter
Transmissions used between parallel shafts, concurrent shafts, or non-coplanar shafts, with ratios of
transmission up to = 6:1
i=
MOTION TRANSMISSION CALCULATIONS
Modes of transmission
The transmission of force and motion can be by form and by friction.
The transmission by shape is so called because the shape of the transmitting elements is suitable for
fitting these elements together. This method of transmission is the most used, mainly with the
keyed elements, carved shaft-tree axles and splined shaft-tree axles.
In flat belt transmission, the transmission ratio (i) should not be greater than 6 (six), and in the transmission
For trapezoidal belt, this value should not be greater than 10 (ten).
Screw with a worm thread
The number of threads on the screw influences the transmission system.
If a screw with a worm thread has only one start and is coupled to a 60-tooth crown, for each
Turning the screw will only cause the crown to rotate one tooth.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS OF
MOVEMENT
2.1. Friction Wheels
2.2. Drums and belts
2.3. Gears
2.3.1. Types of gears
2.3.2. Characteristic elements of the gear wheel
2.3.3. Gear engagement conditions
2.3.4. Transmission rate
Friction Wheels
Friction wheel - The friction or traction wheels transmit motion to one another through simple contact. The wheel
connected to the motor shaft, one wheel spins in one direction. The other wheel spins in the opposite direction.
DRUMS AND BELTS
TYPES OF GEARS
Gear/gear wheel:
The gears operate in pairs, fitting the teeth of one into the teeth of another.
from another. To transmit a uniform and continuous movement, the surfaces
The gear contact surfaces must be carefully shaped, according to
with a specific profile
Screw / nut: There are threads for transport or movement that
they transform the rotational movement into a longitudinal movement.
lead screw / sprocket
pin / chain
Rack pinion
White crank
Handle
CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF THE WHEEL
TOOTHED
Straight teeth
Helicoidal teeth
Conical teeth
Teeth for metal chains
2.3.3. ENGAGEMENT CONDITIONS
Straight Cylindrical Gears:
They have teeth parallel to the axis of rotation of the gear. They transmit rotation between parallel shafts.
Helical Cylindrical Gears:
They have teeth inclined relative to the gear's axis of rotation. They can transmit rotation between shafts.
parallel and intersecting axes (hypoid teeth)
Bevel Gears:
They have the shape of truncated cones. They are mainly used in applications that require intersecting axes.
(competitors). The teeth can be straight or inclined relative to the axis of rotation of the gear.
Worm gear – Crown gear (Worm-crown):
The worm is a screw coupled with a crown gear, usually of the helical type. This type of
Gear is widely used when the speed transmission ratio is very high.
Rack-and-Pinion
In this system, the crown has an infinite diameter, becoming straight. The teeth can be straight or inclined.
sizing is similar to straight or helical cylindrical gears.
2.3.4. TRANSMISSION RATIO
The transmission ratio is related to the diameter of the shafts.
i=n1/n2= D2/D1
n-rpm - speed in revolutions per minute
D- diameter of the axes
i- transmission relation/reason
In flat belt transmission, the transmission ratio should not be greater than 6, and in belt transmission
trapezoidal this value must not be greater than 10
== i For equal diameters, equal speeds
The gear ratio is related to the speed and the number of teeth on each gear.
n1, n2, n3 number of rpm of each wheel
D1, D2, D3 - number of teeth of each wheel
The transmission ratio will be 1 if the number of teeth is equal D2=D1
TRANSFORMATION OF MOVEMENT
3.1. Screw and helical gear
3.2. Gear and rack
3.3. Screw and nut
3.4. Crank and sliding block
3.5. Chains or chains and gears
3.6. Rod and crank
3.7. Eccentrics and bumps
3.8. Maltese cross
3.9. Kinematic chains
Screw and Wheel
helix
SEM-FIM
A "non-stop" is considered a gear with a single tooth that has been shaped helically (in the form of
propeller). This operator was designed for the transmission of rotary movements, so it always works
associated with another gear.
The endless crown pair consists of the coupling of a screw with a gear.
(the crown). This pair achieves great reductions (i ≤≈100:1)
The number of threads on the screw influences the transmission system.
Applications:
Gear and Rack
Gear - it consists of a certain number of teeth on its perimeter. The
The profile of the teeth is designed to mesh perfectly with another gear.
rack and pinion
A rack is a mechanical component that consists of a bar or toothed rail that works together with
a gear fitted to it converts linear motion into rotary motion and vice versa. The teeth can
they are straight or curved and are arranged in a transverse or oblique position.
SCREW AND NUT
Bolt and nut:
Movable screw and fixed nut
Fixed screw and movable nut
Thread type
CRANK AND SWINGING SLIDE
Crank - rotary movement
Swinging slide - back-and-forth movement
CHAINS OR CHAINS AND GEAR WHEELS
TOOTHED WHEEL / GEARS
A toothed wheel has "teeth" on its periphery. A gear is a
device composed of a system of gears for motion transmission in
diversos mecanismos.
The gears operate in pairs, fitting the teeth of one into the teeth of another. To
transmit a uniform and continuous motion, the contact surfaces of the gear
must be carefully shaped according to a specific profile. If the smaller wheel
the pinion is on the motor shaft, the gear train acts to reduce
the speed is to increase the motor binary; if the larger wheel is on the motor shaft, the train acts
as a speed accelerator and motor binary reducer. Special cases of wheels
The toothed parts are the worm screw and the rack.
CRANKSHAFT AND CONNECTING ROD
WHITE
A rigid rod that transmits the movement from one piece to another that remains from it.
distant. This rod is a (rigid) bar designed to create articulated joints in its
extremes. It allows the union of two operators transforming the rotational movement of a
(crank, eccentric, eccentric-cam…) nominates the alternative linear movement of the other
(embolus...), or vice versa.
ECCENTRICS AND PROTRUSIONS
Eccentric
Highlight: tree of legs
Maltese Cross
The Maltese cross gear is used to convert one continuous movement into another.
intermittent. It is a very important element in cameras and projectors. Every 180º of
rotation of the driver disc (left) corresponds to a 90º rotation of the cross. During the rest
of time, is still and is held back by the segment it has in the corresponding arc of the cross.
When the disk spins, the spike to the groove of the cross.
[Link]
Research presentation: [Link]
Maltese Cross
Kinematic Chains
Kinematic chains are sets of elements interconnected by kinematic pairs. Therefore,
any compositions of interconnected elements, as long as they maintain relative movement
between them, they constitute kinematic chains.