Saponification Process in Soap Making
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ScribdTranslationsSaponification Process in Soap Making
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ScribdTranslationsUNIVERSITY OF GUAYAQUIL
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Chemical Engineering Degree
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB II
Saponification
AUTHORS:
BORBOR ROXANA CHANNELS
CARDENAS LUCAS ERICK
FREIRE YAGUAL GINGER
Guagua Yagual Thais
JIMÉNEZ INCA NICOLE
ROJAS SALVATIERRA JAMIL
ROMERO LOPEZ VICTOR
COURSE:
IQI-S-CO-4-1
OBJECTIVES:
Identify the basis of saponification.
Differentiate between oils and fats based on the properties of the substances.
Apply saponification in the production of soap.
Prepare the report corresponding to the practice carried out.
INTRODUCTION
When the hydrolysis of an ester is carried out with a strong base, such as KOH or the ...
NaOH, the products obtained are the corresponding alcohol and the alkaline salt of the
carboxylic acid (soap).
Saponification. - It is a chemical process that results from the mixture of a body.
fat (triglycerides with an alkali, which can be sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide), gives
result of sodium or potassium salts from fatty acids and glycerin
Figure 1. Saponification reaction scheme for the production of soap and glycerin
A soap contains the sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids, a product of the mixture of
a fatty body (triglycerides with an alkali, which can be sodium or potassium hydroxide).
Examples of fats, oils, and their main components, triglycerides or fatty acids:
Fat or oil Composition
Human fat Tripalmitin, dioleostearin
Beef fat Dipalmitolein, dipalmitostearin, oleopal
myristic stearin, palmitic distearin
Pork fat Oleic, stearic, palmitic, lauric acids,
myristic and linoleic
Whale oil Oleic, palmitic, palmitoleic acids,
arachidonic and clupenodonic
Olive oil Oleic, linoleic, and palmitic
Palm oil Laurin, olein, miristin, and palmitin
EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
Reagents and materials
Vegetable Fat
Ethanol
Sodium hydroxide
Glasses, gloves
Glass clock
stirrer
Precipitation flask
Piseta
Pipette
Funnel, filter paper
Erlenmeyer flask
Team
Reflux assembly
Vacuum pump (vacuum filtration)
PROCEDURE
1. Put 20 g of olive oil, 12 ml of ethanol, and 20 ml into the 250 cc glass.
sodium hydroxide AL 25%
2. Place in a double boiler. Stir to achieve a proper emulsion of the
components and gently heat. If the mixture is filled with foam, remove from heat.
a few moments until it descends. And continue stirring inside the water bath.
3. Continue heating for about 30 minutes and add a little water if the mixture gets too thick.
very hard. A pasty mixture is obtained.
4. To the soap formed, while it is still hot, add about 20 ml of saturated solution.
hot sodium chloride (brine).
5. Shake the mixture quickly (it's time to add perfume and color) and let it sit.
let it rest all night.
6. pH control before and after adding sodium chloride.
7. TO SPEED UP THE PROCESS, THE FOLLOWING IS DONE. Cool first.
the ambient temperature and then with an ice bath, the soap or metal ester
precipitate upon cooling, it is filtered under vacuum and washed with cold water, then air dried leaving
let the obtained solid rest for 24 hours, it is the soap, it is weighed and it is checked that the
the product behaves like a soap.
8. NEUTRALIZATION OF SOAP. An acidulant is an element with an acidic pH.
that will manage to neutralize the alkaline pH of the soap. The most commonly used acidifier for
the citric acid (derived from fruits) that allows adjusting the pH, so that
the soap has the appropriate pH to be used on the skin.
9. Write the safety pictograms and NFPA label
REACTION
REAGENTS REGISTER
Density P. Quantity Moles
Reagents Formula g/ml fusion used
Era 26 °C °C gr. theoretical used ml
molecular
Triglyceride C 57O 6H 890 g/mol
110 10.02 0.0113
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 40 g/mol 2.13 g/cm³ 318 °C
sodium
FINAL PRODUCT
Reagent Dough Density P. Masa(g) Volumen(ml Cantidad de
molecule (g/ml) boiling ) substance (mol)
r °C
C 18O 2H 35Na 306 g/mol 8.5 0.2778
CALCULATIONS
C 57O 6H 110 +3 N a O H (g ) C 3O 3H 8 +3 C 18 O 2H 35Na
1 mol of Carbon57 O 6H 1103 moles of carbon18 O 2H35Na306gC18O 2H35In
10.02gC57 O 6H 110
( 890gC57 O 6H 110 )(
1 mol C57 O 6H 110 )(
1molC18O 2H 35Na )
¿ 10.33gC18O 2H 35Na
masareal
Performance= ×100
theoretical
8.5g
Performance= ×100=82.28%
10.33g
CONCLUSIONS
In the preparation of the soap obtained by saponification of a fat, it was
it is possible to easily observe the chemical reaction that occurred between the vegetable fat and
sodium hydroxide.
In the preparation of soap, the formation of small crystals must be observed.
homogeneous and white, if instead a gelatinous mass is observed, this indicates that
the saponification reaction did not occur.
The use of ethanol at the time of the reaction is very important as it will
allow for effective interaction between the highly apolar fat and
the hydroxide that is dissolved in water.
Once the final product is obtained, it must undergo basic quality tests.
important to ensure that the obtained product is safe for the user and serves
really like soap, among the tests we have the pH measurement which must be
neutral and another test would be the generation of foam upon contact with water.
The obtained soap exhibited all the characteristics of a bar soap, of course,
It is a primitive soap that needs to be given the final finish.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Gloves and goggles must be used as a strong base is being worked with.
it is sodium hydroxide in order to avoid any kind of burns.
For the storage of sodium hydroxide, it will always be preferable to leave it
in amber-colored storage because it is very sensitive to light rays.
Be very cautious with the reflux assembly equipment as if the heating
At the bottom it can be too high, you can generate steam much faster.
of what you manage to condense.
For the saponification process, a concentration of NaOH must be used.
otherwise the fats will not dissolve and the process will remain incomplete.
Always check that the hoses are properly connected, that cooling water
it is flowing and the heating should be gentle and uniform.
The agitation must be constant and strong in order to achieve the formation of the
increasingly homogeneous mixture.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
John MacMurry. Chapter 7 7th edition Organic Chemistry.
Timberlake 10th edition. Organic Chemistry and Biology
Organic Chemistry, Learn by Doing. Mónica E. Gutiérrez Franco
Wade Vol 2 7th Edition Organic Chemistry
ANNEXES
Safety Data Sheets