Unit I

MACHINE TOOLS

Ing. Juan Carlos Loza Rodríguez

1
 INTRODUCTION
Although in ancient times there were no machines-
proper tools; without embargo
two sketches of machines appeared to carry out
turning and drilling operations.

In both cases, using one of

the hands, it was necessary to create a
rotation movement of the part
in the turning and of the tool
in drilling.

2
INTRODUCTION
Machine tools
they can be operated manually or
through automatic control.

The first machines used

flywheels to stabilize your
movement and possessed systems
gear complexes, pulleys and
levers to control the machine
and the pieces that were worked on.

3
 4

TOOL MACHINES
A machine tool is a type of machine that
used to shape solid materials,
mainly metals, using a cutting blade.

A machine tool is
a machine driven
mechanically, capable of
hold and support the piece of
work and tool of
cut, to carry out various
cutting operations of
metals to give different
shapes and dimensions.

4
 5

TOOL MACHINES
The Machine Tools they have the application
fundamental de dar forma a las piezas por
chip removal or material removal.

The material start is done thanks to a strong

tool pressure on the surface of the part,
being animated by movement in:

The Piece
[Link] Tool
3. The Piece and the Tool

5
 FUNCTIONS OF THE
TOOL MACHINES
The various functions of machines
the tools are:

1. Hold and support the workpiece for

to machine it.
2. Hold and support the cutting tool.
3. Provide the required movement to the part
to work, to the tool or to both.
4. Adjust the cutting speed, depth
progress of the tool and the workpiece.

6
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
TOOL MACHINES
The technical characteristics of a machine
tools indicate, in a simple way, the elements
of the machine in question, as well as
his/her job prospects.
These characteristics allow
know quickly the
benefits, the size
and the machine's capacity,
which can be classified
en:
7
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
TOOL MACHINES
General Characteristics: They refer to the class of
machine, its control, nature of the
main mechanisms, geometric shape of the
main mass organs, etc.
Capacity Characteristics: They refer to the
distances between elements that define the
maximum dimensions of the pieces to be assembled.
Work Characteristics: They refer to the
possibilities of powers, speeds, etc.
8
 9

Machining
Machining is a manufacturing process that aims to
objective to produce parts by material removal. The part
obtained must have shape, dimensions and surface finish
specified by the design. Machining uses
machines that use tools, for which they receive the
name of machine tools.

Traditional machining is
is carried out with the use of a
cutting tool, which
remove the material from the
workpiece in the shape of
shavings, which gives it the
desired form. 9
 10

Machining
The main processes of conventional machining
turning, milling, grinding, planing, drilling
etc.

In all machining processes there is movement.

relative between the tool and the workpiece. The shape
The piece depends on the movement pattern of the piece and the
tool, as well as the geometry of the tool.

In machining processes, there are working movements.

necessary for the material cutting to take place which
son
10
 11

MACHINING BY TURNING OF
MATERIAL
Cutting movement (Mc): It is the relative movement
between the part and the tool.

Penetration movement (Mp): It is the movement

where the tool approaches the material and regulates its
depth of penetration.

Forward movement (Ma): It is the movement by means of

which is placed under the action of the tool
material to be separated.

These work movements in the various

conventional machines are: 11
 12

LATHE

12
 13

MILLING MACHINE

13
 14

DRILL

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 15

GRINDER

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 16

BRUSHING MACHINE AND

Mortar

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 17

CLASSIFICATION OF THE
TOOL MACHINES

The Machines-Tools stand out

mainly due to the functions they perform, thus
like the type of parts they can produce and in
generally they can be divided taking into consideration the
movements made during the machining of the
pieces.
The machine-tools of circular motion
they have a greater application in the industry
metalworking due to its starting capacity
the material is superior to the machines with
rectilinear motion.
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 18

1.- Circular motion machine-tools

With the movement of
cut in the piece:

Torno Paralelo,Torno
Vertical, Revolving Lathe
etc.

With the movement of

cut in the tool:

Milling machine, Drilling machine

Milling machine, Grinder.

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 19

2.- Circular motion machine-tools

With the cutting movement in the tool and the workpiece:

Gear shaper
Gear generator
Grinder

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 20

3.- Machine-Tools of Linear Motion

With the cutting motion in the tool:

Grinder, Planer, Slotting Machine, Broaching Machine, etc.

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 21

Summary of the main machine tools

Movement of Cutting movement Movement of
work Machine realizado por advance made by
Parallel Turn
Continuous rotary Revolver Turn Piece Tool
Automatic Lathe
Copying Lathe
Vertical Lathe
Drill of:
Continuous rotary Column Tool Tool
Radial
Multiple
Continuous rotary Mandrel lathe Tool Tool or piece
Grinder Tool Piece
Alternative rectilinear Planer Piece Tool
Scopler Tool Piece
Intermittent rectilinear Stapler Tool Increase of
teeth
Milling machine:
Continuous rotary Horizontal Tool Piece
Vertical
Universal
Continuous rotary Sierra disco Tool Tool
Straight continuous Sierra tape Tool Tool
Grinding machine:
Continuous rotary Universal Tool Tool and Piece
Vertical
Without centers
Frontal
Alternate Rotary Threading machine Tool Tool
Generator of
Continuous rotating gears with Tool Tool
Pfauther System Piece 21
 SUMMARY
TOOL MACHINES

Machining process in which material is removed

material intermittently.
The part and tool can assume different
movements.
Production of a wide variety of geometric shapes.
Good quality of surface finishes.
High chip removal rates.
The scope of application is unlimited within a workshop.
in the maintenance area.
22
 23

LATHE MACHINE
It is a machine-tool drive.
mechanical, where the cutting movement corresponds
to the piece and it is circular.
The tool (blade), which has the movement of
moves, traveling along a path that goes
generating the surface of the piece, which allows it to
obtain jobs for cylindrical parts.

23
 PARALLEL LATHE
The main movement in turning is rotation
and the piece carries it, while the movements of
advancement and penetration are generally linear and
the tool takes them.

24
 TYPES OF LATHE
PARALLEL

REVOLVER

LATHES
COPIER

VERTICAL

NUMERIC CONTROL (CNC) AUTOMATIC

25
 TYPES OF LATHE
COPYING LATHE REVOLVER TURN

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 TYPES OF LATHE
PARALLEL TURNING MACHINE
VERTICAL TURNING

27
 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LATHE
PARALLEL
General characteristics:
Lathe class: Parallel lathe.
Nature of the head: pulley cone.
Shape of the bench: with prismatic guides.
Capacity characteristics:
Height of the axis of rotation on the bench.
Maximum length of the piece that can be turned.
Maximum diameter of the part that can be turned.
Work characteristics:
Engine power.
Range of rotation speeds of the main shaft.
Range of advance speeds of the carriage
longitudinal and transversal.
Dimensions of the body of the tool to be mounted on
the tool holder.
28
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LATHE
C = Maximum distance between centers.
D = maximum diameter of the workpiece – Lathe tilt
R= radio, half turn
B = Length of the bench.
Other features: The diameter of the spindle hole, number and
speed range, engine power.

29
 AXES OF MOVEMENT IN THE LATHE
Z axis of movement:
The movement along the Z axis corresponds to
the address of the main spindle, which is the one that
it provides cutting power, and is parallel to the guides of the
bench.

X-axis of movement:
The X axis is radial, perpendicular to the Z axis and parallel to the guides of
transversal car.

30
 MAIN PARTS OF A LATHE
SPINDLE TOWER
Tool holder
BENCH COUNTERPOINT
BOX
NORTON PLATO TRANSVERSE CAR

CRANK OF
Counterpoint

CRANK OF
CAR
ADVANCE CRANK OF
LONGITUDINAL
LONGITUDINAL PROGRESS 31
TRANSVERSAL
 THE BENCH
The bench is the base or support of the lathe. It is heavy and
made from a single piece. It is the "backbone" of the
turn, holds or supports all the other parts. On
The guides are on the top of the bench.
The guides must serve as a perfect seat and allow
a smooth and play-free sliding to the cart and against
headboard.

32
 MOVABLE HEADBOARD
The movable head or tailstock consists of two pieces of
casting, of which one slides over the workbench
and the other can move transversely over the
first, using one or two screws. The piece
superior has a perfectly cylindrical hole
parallel to the bench and at the same height as the axis of
headboard.

34
 CARS
In the lathe, the cutting tool is fixed in the
set called car. The tool must
to be able to approach the piece, to achieve depth
through the appropriate passage and, also, to be able to move with it
advancement movement to achieve the surface
desired. It has three main pieces.

35
 TOP TOOLBOX

It is supported on a piece called a platform.

rotating, that can turn around a central axis and
note any position of the cross vehicle by
medium of four screws.

36
 DEVICES FOR THE LATHE
UNIVERSAL PLATE WITH 3 CLAWS
It is mounted on the end of the main spindle of the lathe and serves
to hold cylindrical pieces.
The jaws or claws are
replacements and move with
a special key; the 3
muzzles are moving
simultaneously towards the
center or outward.
The key must always be
withdrawal before it starts
to turn the spindle, for the
On the contrary, it can be fired.
with great force causing
an accident at the
workers.
37
 SUPPORT POINT

They support the workpiece on the headstock and

in the counterpoint.

38
MANDRIL FOR COUNTERPOINT
It is a Morse type taper accessory that
it adapts to the counterpoint, in which one can
put tools like center drills,
drills, reamers, among others.

39
 CUTTING TOOLS
The turning tools are differentiated into two
factors, the material from which they are made and the type
of operation that they carry out. According to the material
constituent, the tools can be made of steel
super fast, cemented carbide or metal plates
hard (carbide) interchangeable.

The two most commonly used types of tools in the

industry are: integral cutting tools
the sports inserts, these are applicable to all the
machining processes and all types of materials,
that allows for a blade to last as long as possible.
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 CUTTING TOOLS
Among the first, we find the tools
made of cobalt alloy steel,
called super high-speed steels.
They contain between 4% and 18% Co in their composition,
which gives it a relative hardness to work with
ferrous materials and significant resistance to the
temperature.

COBALT

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 CUTTING TOOLS
In the following illustrations, we observe the parts
principles of a comprehensive tool, like the
different angles: of incidence (α), of edge (β) and of
attack(γ).

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 CUTTING TOOLS
INSERTS
The cutting inserts that we use in machining
metals are fundamentally made up of carbide
of tungsten and cobalt, including also carbide of
titanium, tantalum, niobium, chromium, molybdenum and
vanadium. Some qualities include titanium carbonitride
or nickel.

43
 CUTTING TOOLS
According to the materials used for their manufacture, the tools
of cuts can be divided into the following basic groups.
[Link] steel tools.
High-speed steel tools.
[Link] alloy steel tools.
4. Carbide tools.
5. Ceramic tools.
[Link] diamond tools.

44
 CUTTING TOOLS

1.- Carbon and low alloy steels: before the development of high steel
speed, the only materials for cutting metals were carbon steel and
the Mushet steel. Currently, it is used sporadically.

2.- High-speed steels (HSS): They are highly alloyed steels and
capable of maintaining their hardness at high temperatures. There are several types;
type tungsten = tungsten (contains a typical combination of 6% tungsten (W)
and 5% of Mo).

3.- Cobalt cast alloys: containing 40 to 50% Co and 25-

35% of Cr and Tungsten 15 to 20% and traces of other elements. The resistance to
wear is better than that of high-speed steel, but not as much as that of the
hardened steels. Toughness and hot hardness are between the two
materials.

45
 CUTTING TOOLS
4.- Hard Metal, Cemented Carbides: They are manufactured from carbide of
tungsten (WC) and manufactured using powder metallurgy techniques in which
cobalt is used as a binder.

5.- Ceramics: they are composed of fine-grained aluminum oxide and are pressed and sintered.
at high pressures and temperatures.

6.- Synthetic diamonds and cubic boron nitride: Diamond is the hardest material.
what is known. According to some hardness measures, diamond is about 3 or 4 times harder.
harder than tungsten carbide. They are manufactured by sintering fine powders of
granulated diamond crystals at high temperatures and pressures. No binder is used.

After diamond, the hardest material known is cubic boron nitride (CBN).
and its manufacturing is practically the same as for diamond.
Tools made from diamond or cubic boron nitride are very expensive.

46
COATINGS ON THE INSERTS
A great improvement occurs with the arrival of the
coated tools in the 70s.
These are the original tools to which
it applies a coating of about 3 or 4 microns in thickness
that with current techniques allow the inserts,
Depending on the case, increase its edge hardness.

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COATINGS ON THE INSERTS
They are coatings with chemical or physical processes that
allow the addition of materials (titanium nitride,
which is golden in color) TiC (gray titanium carbide),
Al2O3 (aluminum oxide, black color) and others
combinations; but mostly interleaving these
compounds.

48
COATINGS ON THE INSERTS
The temperature that cutting tool edges must withstand,
it is very important, it depends on the material or compound with which
the tool is manufactured.
In the case of super high-speed steels, they reach no more than 600/650°C.
dissolving quickly from this temperature. As for the
carbide tools reach 1,000/1,100°C. The tools
with coatings, Cermet tools and first-class ceramics
second generation and silicon nitride reach 1,200/1,300°
Celsius. The ideal tool would have to be at 1,700/1,900°
Celsius at most.

49
TOOL PROFILES
FOR TURNING

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 CUTTING TOOLS
MOLETS
They are tools that are used to give a
cold surface finish on a workpiece
mechanized, subjecting the milling stones under pressure
about the work surface.

molester

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 CUTTING TOOLS
BROACHES
The drill is a mechanical cutting tool.
used in conjunction with a drill or machine
suitable for creating a hole or opening
during the drilling action.

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 TURNING
The progressive start of chip metal turning
from the piece being worked on, the shavings are removed by a
cutting tool that consists of a single cutting edge.

The hardness of the tool material must be higher than

the material to be worked on can be done through turning
obtain surfaces of revolution of various shapes.

53
 CUTTING OPERATIONS
1. Roughing operation.
The roughing operation is understood as one in which no requirements are placed.
on the machined surface, no measurement tolerance or
determined surface quality.

With this type of operation, one must

remove most of the material
surplus at the moment of
to shape a piece by the
start-up procedure of
material.

54
 CUTTING OPERATIONS
2. Finishing operation.
The finishing operation is understood as one in which there is a
of the following conditions or both at the same time:

The measure to be obtained must fall between two well-defined limits.

(tolerance).
A specific surface quality must be achieved, not
this being able to be coarser than the established one.

To meet the cited conditions

it will be necessary for the shavings section
reduced sea. Consequently, the
cutting speed could be higher and
the forward speed lower than in
the roughing operation.
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 TURNING OPERATIONS

Refracted.
Displacement
Drilling
Grooving
Shaping turning
Taper turning
Slicing
Roscado
Moleteado.

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BASIC TURNING OPERATIONS

Profiling
External Cylindering Conical Turning

Cylindering and Grooving Refraining Frontal Grooving

Exterior

Milling and Drilling

Torn with
Internal Grooving
shape tool

Cutting Roscado Molded

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 PROCESS FLOW FOR
MACHINING ON A LATHE

DESIGN TECHNICAL CONDITIONS

OF MACHINING

MACHINE EXECUTION

WORK PLAN

TOOLS

58
 REFRENDED
This is called the creation of flat surfaces.
on the lathe. The facing can be complete, in
the entire free or partial surface, on surfaces
limited. There is also the internal referencing.

59
 Cubic capacity
Remove the hardest or roughest parts of a material that is
let's get to work.

This operation consists of the external mechanization to which

it is subjected to pieces that have cylindrical machining.
In order to carry out this operation, with the cross carriage
the cutting depth is regulated and, therefore, the diameter
of the cylinder, and with the parallel carriage, the length of the
cylinder.

60
 DRILLING
Drilling is the operation that consists of performing a
cylindrical hole in a body using a tool of
called a drill, this is done with a movement of
rotation and feeding.
Many turned parts need to be drilled.
with drill bits in the center of their axes of rotation in order to
center them with the counterpoint.

61
 RANURADO
Grooving involves machining grooves.
cylindrical with variable width and depth in
the pieces that are turned, which have
many different utilities. For example, for
to house pulleys, for thread output, for
pressure washers, etc.

Turned pulleys 62
 TRONZADO
It is called turning to the operation of machining that is performed
when working with bars and at the end of the machining of the
it is necessary to cut the bar for the corresponding piece
separate the piece from it. This operation uses
very narrow tools with a protrusion according to the
diameter that the bar has and allows with the transverse carriage
reach the center of the bar. It is a very common operation in
revolvers and automatic lathes fed with bar and
mass production.

63
 MOLDING
It is the operation aimed at producing a surface
rough or textured, so that it adheres to the hand, in order to
hold it or turn it more easily. The surface on which
The molding is usually cylindrical.
The knurling is a cold forming process of the
material by means of some rollers that press the piece
while spinning.

64
 Chaflaned
The chamfering is a very common turning operation.
which consists of killing both exterior and interior songs
interiors to avoid cuts with them and at the same time
facilitate the work and subsequent assembly of the parts. The
the most common chamfer is usually 1mm at 45º. This
bevel is made by directly attacking the edges with
a suitable tool.

65
 SPHERICAL TURNING
Spherical turning, for example the one ofkneecaps, it does not have
no difficulty if done on a Control lathe
Numeric because, programming its measures and the function
of the corresponding radial machining, will be carried out by
perfect shape.
Making manual articulations on a parallel lathe
presents certain difficulty in achieving accuracy in the
same.

66
 ECCENTRIC MACHINING
A non-eccentric is a part that has two or more cylinders.
with different centers or axes of symmetry, as happens
with thecrankshaftsthe motor, or thecamshaftsA
eccentric is a body of revolution and therefore the
machining is done on a lathe. To machine a
eccentric, it is necessary to first carry out the points of
support of the different eccentric axes at the ends of
the piece that will be fixed between points.

67
Conical Turning

68
 ROSCADO
One of the tasks that can
to be executed on a parallel lathe is
perform threads of various pitches
and sizes both exterior about
shafts or interiors about nuts.
For this, the parallel lathes
universals incorporate a
mechanism called "box
Norton, which facilitates this task and
avoid getting on a train of
gears every time they
I would like to make a doughnut.
69
 GENERAL THREAD SYSTEM
METRIC THREAD ROLL
Fillet depth = 0.6945 x pitch

ROSA WITH WHITWORTH FILET

Step = 25.4 / Number of fillets per inch
Fillet depth = 0.6403 x pitch

70
 WORK MOVEMENTS
On the lathe, the piece rotates around its axis performing a
rotation movement called movement of
Work, and it is attacked by a tool with
displacements of which two differ:
Rotation movement
Overall Advance work
parallel to the axis of the piece, it is
who defines the profile of
revolution to mechanize. Movement
of
penetration
Of Penetration,
perpendicular to the previous one, is
who determines the section or
Movement of
chip depth to advance
extract
71
WORK MOVEMENTS
TURNING

72
 CUTTING SPEED
It is the speed of the points of the piece that are in
contact with the tool, regarding the ones of the
another, or vice versa. It is measured in m/min.

The cutting speed depends mainly on:

From the material of the piece to be worked on.

Of the material of the tool's blade.
Of the refrigerant.
Of the type of operation to be performed.
From the depth of the past and the progress.
73
 ROTATION SPEED
FROM THE PIECE(S)
Normally expressed in (rpm). It is calculated from
the cutting speed and the maximum diameter of the pass
that is being machined. Like the cutting speeds
the materials have already been calculated and established in
tables, it is only necessary for the person in charge to calculate
N (rpm) that the piece must rotate to work the
different materials.

Where:
Vc = velocidad de corte (m/min)
d = diámetro de la pieza (mm)
N = rotation speed (rpm) 74
 CUTTING SPEEDS FOR
TURNING METALS
Grinding, turning, rectifying

Roughing Finished Rosé

Material feet/min meters/min feet/min m/min feet/min m/min

Steel of 90 27 100 30 35 11
machine
Steel of 70 21 90 27 30 9
tool
Cast iron 60 18 80 24 25 8
Bronze 90 27 100 30 25 8
Aluminum 200 61 300 93 60 18
75
 SPEED OF ADVANCE
The cutting speed in turning is the speed
relative between the piece and the tool, that is to say, the
speed at which the cut progresses. The advancement and the radius
From the cutting tool tip, there are two factors.
most important on which the roughness of depends
obtained surface.

The progress depends, mainly:

From the desired surface state that is to be obtained

From the power of the machine
From the handle section of the tool
From the clamping of the tool or blade
From the rigidity of the machine
Of its relationship with the depth of passage 76
 ADVANCE
The forward movement can be studied from its
speed or from its magnitude.

Feed rate (mm/min): Length of

displacement of the tool with respect to the workpiece or
vice versa, in the unit of time.

Feed rate (mm/rev): It is the path traveled by

the tool concerning the part or by the part concerning
the tool in one turn or in one pass.

Where:
F=N*Fn F = Advance (mm/min)
Fn = Advance (mm/rev)
N = Rotational speed (rpm)
77
SPEED OF ADVANCE

78
 DEPTH OF PASSAGE
It is the length that the tool penetrates into the piece,
in each pass.

The depth of experience depends:

From the amount of material to be removed

Of the degree of dimensional precision
From the power of the machine
From your relationship with progress

79
 CUTTING DEPTH
In general terms, we can use the
following values for cutting depth:

[Link] : 1 - 8 mm
Finish: 0.1 - 0.5 mm

p = (D0-Df) / 2

Where:
p = Profundidad de corte (mm)
Do = Diameter in machining (mm)
Df = Diametro mecanizado (mm)

80
 Machining Time
In the case of the lathe, it is the time it takes for the tool.
to make a pass.

Where:
T = Tiempo de maquinado (min)
F = Feed (mm/min)
L = Longitud de maquinado (mm)

81
 MILLING MACHINE
A planer is a machine tool used for
perform machining by chip removal through the
movement of a multi-edged rotary tool of
cut called strawberry.

On the milling machines, the piece

moves closer to the
areas to be mechanized to the
tool, allowing
obtain diverse forms,
from flat surfaces to
others more complex.

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 MILLING OPERATION
Elimination is a machining process for flat surfaces.
or in special ways using multi-edged tools that
they rotate around their axis, removing material from the piece when it is.
approximate.

The geometric shape created by the

milled to a flat surface. It
they can create other shapes through the
path of the cutting tool.
Due to the variety of forms
possible and their high speeds of
production, milling is one of the
machining operations plus
versatile and widely used.
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TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MILLING MACHINE
General characteristics:
Milling machine types: vertical, horizontal, universal,...
Nature of the head: bi-rotary.
Column: of rectangular guides.
Capacity characteristics:
Usable surface of the table.
Longitudinal course of the table.
Cross course of the car.
Vertical course of the bracket.
Normalized taper of the spindle.
Work characteristics:
Power of the engines.
Range of rotation speeds of the main shaft.
Speed range of advance: longitudinal, transverse, and vertical.
84
 CLASSIFICATION OF MILLING MACHINES
It is one of the most versatile machine tools and
useful in manufacturing systems. These machines
they are of high precision, they are used for the performance of
roughing, finishing and super finishing.

Depending on the
axis of rotation orientation of
the cutting tool, is
they distinguish three types of
milling machines

Horizontals.
Verticals.
Universals. 85
 HORIZONTAL MILLING MACHINE
Use cylindrical rollers that are mounted on an axis.
horizontal driven by the machine head and
supported at one end on said head and at the other
about a bearing located in the sliding bridge
sheepcall.

It is the machine that

it has the spindle
parallel to the
surface of the
table.

86
 VERTICAL MILLING MACHINE
In a vertical milling machine, the spindle axis is oriented
vertically, perpendicular to the workbench.

The cut strawberries are

They mount on the spindle and rotate.
about its axis. In general,
can to move
vertically, well the
spindle, or the table, it
that allows to deepen the
cut.

87
 UNIVERSAL MILLING MACHINE
A universal milling machine has a main spindle for the
coupling of horizontal tool holder shafts and a
head that attaches to said spindle and that converts the
machine in a vertical milling machine.

In the milling machines

universals, just like in
the horizontals, the bridge
it is sliding, it can
move forward
backward and vice versa about
some guides.

88
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE
MILLING MACHINES
Machine Characteristic Limitations

The strawberry is placed on a horizontal axis, that The depth to which it can
It is located in the main spindle. It performs tasks. work the machine, since it
Milling machine
of roughing or finishing in a straight line will depend on the distance of the
horizontal
generating strips or steps. The tool periphery of the tool, to the axis
works with its periphery as shown in the of the machine.
drawings.

The strawberry is placed on a vertical spindle, this to The perpendicular force to which
Milling machine
vertical turning produces the main movement. The the strawberry can be subjected to the
tool works with its periphery and with the work table, to achieve the
front part as shown in the drawings. advance.

Combination of a horizontal strawberry and a The cost and size of the pieces
Milling machine
Universal vertical. It has an arm that can be used that can be worked on.
to locate strawberries on a horizontal axis and a
head that allows vertical mills.

89
Milling machines

90
PARTS OF A MILLING MACHINE

91
 TOOL HOLDER AXIS
The spindle or tool holder axis serves as support for the
tool and transmits the rotational movement of the
actuation mechanism housed inside the
frame.

Horizontal Head

92
PLUG-IN SPINDLE
THE AWNING Vertical Head

93
 ELEMENTS OF SURFACE
BRIDLES
They are pieces of steel, forged or machined, in shape
flat and with a central slot for
introduce the fixing screw. In one of its
ends can have a screw to adjust the
mounting height.

94
 PRESS
The press is a two-jaw accessory,
one fixed and the other mobile. This accessory is
used for the holding of the piece to
mechanize on the work table of the
milling machine. This instrument immobilizes
correctly to the piece.

95
 Leggings
They are support elements. They can be
plans, staggered, in 'V' and adjustable.

96
 SQUADRONS
The faces of these accessories are flat and
machined. They form a 90° angle. There are
squadrons of various sizes and with many
holes to insert the screws of
fixation.

97
 ROUND TABLES
The turntables and the dividing mechanisms are
elements that are placed between the machine table and the
part to achieve orienting the piece at measurable angles.

98
 Head Divider
The dividing mechanism is a device that is fixed onto the
machine table and allows performing operations
angularly spaced with respect to an axis of piece a
to machine. It is used for the manufacture of gears,
prisms, broaches, splined shafts, etc.

99
 Pliers and tool holder
The attachment of the cutter to the spindle is done by
clamp and forceps. A clamp is a
hollow cylindrical body, with a partial slot
along with a conical part, which allows
the closing of the clamp on the piece.

100
 CUTTING TOOLS
Machining processes are carried out using tools.
of cutting. The high forces and temperatures during machining
they create a very aggressive environment for the tool.

Tools can be classified in different ways, the

the most common correspond to:

Number of blades.
Manufacturing material.
Type of movement performed by the tool.
Type of chip generated.
Type of machine in which they are used.

101
 CUTTING TOOLS
FOR MILLING MACHINES
The cutters are tools that cut through the edge.
of their teeth, when they have a rotation movement.
They are used in the milling machine, although they can
to be used on other machines tools to make some
special machining.

102
TYPES OF STRAWBERRIES

103
TYPES OF STRAWBERRIES

104
TYPES OF STRAWBERRIES

105
 SPHERICAL STRAWBERRIES

ROTARYFILES

STRAWBERRIES FOR PLANNING

FRESAS FOR CHANNELS

STRAWBERRIES FOR CUTTING

GEARS

106
 CHARACTERISTIC OF A STRAWBERRY
All the cutting parts (ofilos) of a strawberry are
usually arranged symmetrically around
an axis and its function is to progressively eliminate the material
of the piece. They are made of high-speed steel.
speed(HSS).

107
 CHARACTERISTIC OF A FRESOLIN
Each lip of a little strawberry can be considered as a
simple blade, with its corresponding elements.

Nomenclature
A. Mango
B. Helix Angle
C. Lip
D. Outside diameter
E. Cutting length
F. Total length

108
 CUTTING OPERATIONS
Roughing operation.
The grinding operation is understood to be one in which there is no
requires, on the machined surface, no tolerance of
surface quality measurement determined.
2. Finishing operation.
Finishing operation refers to the one in which the
material leftover in the roughing.

109
 MILLING OPERATIONS
This machine allows you to perform
milling operations of
surfaces of the most varied
ways:

Plans
Concave
Convex
Combined
Ranuradas
Gears
Helices.

110
 MILLING OPERATIONS
PLANNED
It is the most common application of milling and aims to
to achieve flat surfaces.
For planning, indexable inserts are generally used.
interchangeable hard metal, existing a very varied range
of diameters of these mills.
Chip manufacturers recommend as the first option
the use of round plates or with 45º angles as
alternative.

111
 SQUARED MILLING
Corner milling is a variant of planing.
which consists of leaving perpendicular steps in the
machined part.

112
 FRONTAL MILLING
For this type of milling, the axis of the cutter is
perpendicular to the work surface and the
machining is performed along the edges or blades
cutting edges of the tip and the periphery of the end mill.

113
Milling
CONVENTIONAL: it is given
when the diameter of the end mill
it is wider than the width
that the work area.

PARTIAL MILLING OF
FACES: in which the strawberry
surpasses the work area
only on one side.

114
MILLING TERMINAL:
Here the diameter of the strawberry is
smaller than the width of the area of
work, so that it is cut off
a slot of the piece.

MILLING OF PROFILES:
It is a form of milling
terminal in which a
flat part of the periphery or
contour.

115
MILLING OF CAVITIES:
It is another form of end milling.
used for milling small cavities
deep in flat parts.

CONTOUR MILLING
ON SURFACES: It is carried out
with a ball contour router bit,
instead of a square, which
moves forward and
backwards and to one side or another
from the work area, along
a curvilinear trajectory to
small intervals to create
a three-dimensional surface.
116
HORIZONTAL HEAD MILLING

117
VERTICAL HEAD MILLING

118
 MILLING OF GEARS

Rectos
Helicoidal
Conical
Crowns
Screw without end
Zippers etc.

119
 BASIC MILLING MOVEMENTS
1.- Front Milling.
2.- Front and Tangential Milling.
3.- Tangential Milling in Opposition.
4.- Tangential Milling in Concordance.

Depth Movement
of the Past.
Cut Movement.
Movement of Advance.

120
 TOOL MOVEMENTS
The main movement of the tool is rotation.
about its axis.
In some milling machines, it is also possible to vary the
tool inclination or even prolong it
position along its axis of rotation.
In mobile bridge milling machines, all movements
the tool performs them while the piece remains
motionless.

121
 TABLE MOVEMENTS
The work table can be moved manually or
automatic with machining feed speeds or with
fast forward speeds in vacuum.

For this, it has a box of advances expressed in

mm/minute, where it is possible to select the feed rate of
work suitable for the technological conditions of
machining.
COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR
MILLING WORKS

122
 Longitudinal Movement: According to the X axis, which
usually corresponds to the work movement.
To facilitate the holding of the pieces, the table is equipped
of some T-shaped grooves to allow for attachment
of clamps or other elements for holding the pieces and
It can also be tilted for carving angles.
the table can advance automatically according to
the cutting conditions that allow machining.

Transversal Movement:
According to the Y-axis, which
corresponds to the displacement Z

cross of the table of Y

work. It is basically used

to position the tool X

to mill in position
correct.
123
Vertical Movement: According to the Z axis, which corresponds
the vertical movement of the work table. With the
the displacement of this axis establishes the depth of
milling cut.
Rotation About a Longitudinal Axis: According to the
degree of freedomU. It is obtained with a dividing head or
with an oscillating table.
Rotation About a Vertical Axis: According to the degree of
freedomW. In some milling machines, the table can be rotated
45º on each side, otherwise the table can rotate
complete.

124
 MILLING DIRECTION
MILLING IN ACCORDANCE
The milling in accordance appears when the direction
the rotational movement of the mill is the same as the
direction of material advancement when the teeth
They break the chips, that is, they cut with the advance.

125
 MILLING IN OPPOSITION
Opposition milling, also called milling
conventional, results when the address of
the movement of the teeth of the mill is opposite to the
direction of progress when starting up
shavings, that is to say, they cut 'against the grain'.

126
 SUMMARY COMPARISON OF EFFECTS
FROM THE MILLING DIRECTION
Element of Milling in Milled in
Comparison Opposition Agreement
Gradually increases after Gradually decreases
Chip Thickness cut has begun. after the cut has started.

Once the tooth is cutting, when starting to cut in the

the effort increases maximum section, there is a sudden
Effort during the progressively, allows for increased effort. If the
cut machine organs absorb the organs have play, the
games. tool can be mounted on
the material and break.

It can be done anywhere It can be done only in

The machine milling machine special milling machine.

Surface finish
to equality of Better surface condition milling in opposition than in
conditions for the agreement.
cut.

127
 WORK MOVEMENTS
The machining work movements in the
milling machine are:

128
 CUTTING SPEED
The factors that influence cutting speed are:
Quality of the material of the end mills and their dimensions.
Quality of the material to be worked on.
Tool feed and cutting depth.
Use of cutting fluid, coolant (soluble oil).
Type of operation to be performed.
Tool mounting type.
Through laboratory investigations, it has already been
determined cutting speeds for the most materials
used.

129
CUTTING SPEEDS FOR MILLING

130
 SPEED OF ADVANCE
The advanced depends mainly on:
From the desired surface state
From the power of the machine
From the handle section of the tool
From the clamping of the tool or insert
From the rigidity of the machine
Of its relationship with the depth of passage

131
FEEDING SPEED TABLE

129
 CALCULATION OF ADVANCE OF THE
MILLING MACHINE TABLE
Regarding the feed per tooth Fz, the values
recommended according to the type of operation would be:
[Link] : 0.08 - 0.2 mm
Finish: 0.02 - 0.1 mm

F = Fz * Z * N

F: Milling table feed (mm/min)

Advance per tooth of the cutter
Z: Number of teeth of the cutter
Tool RPM rotation
133
 DEPTH OF PASSAGE
The depth of the past depends, mainly:
From the amount of material to be removed
Material hardness
Of the degree of dimensional precision
Of the capacity and power of the machine
Of your relationship with progress

In general terms, we can use the

following values for cutting depth:

[Link] : 1 - 8 mm
Finish: 0.1 - 0.5 mm

134
MILLING DEPTH TABLE

135
 MACHINING TIME

The machining time of a drill and a milling machine

it is calculated with the approach length (diameter of the
drill) and exit of the drill or end mill from the piece that is
mechanizes.

136
 Machining Time

Time of
Distance from Milling
Approach
137
PROCESS FLOW FOR MACHINING
ON A MILLING MACHINE
DESIGN TECHNICAL CONDITIONS
OF MACHINING

MACHINE
EXECUTION

WORK PLAN

TOOLS

138
 139

DRILL
The drill is a machine tool where
they mechanize most of the holes that are made in the
pieces. These machines stand out for the simplicity of their
management. They have two movements: The rotation of the
drill bit and the feed rate of the drill bit.

This machine makes holes

cylindrical drills in parts
solid or enlarge holes already
existing

139
 140

DRILLED
Machining operation used to create holes
rounded in one part of work. Contrasts of the perforated
which can only be used to enlarge a hole
existing. The drilling is done with a tool
cylindrical called Broca.

140
 141

MECHANISMS OF A DRILL

141
 142

PARTS OF A DRILL

142
 143

DRILL CLASSIFICATION

portable drill.

sensitive drill.

vertical drill.

radial drill

multiple drill.

multi-spindle drill.
143
 144

CUTTING TOOLS

Broach for deep holes. Cutting broach.

Centering drill. Center drills.

144
 DRILLING OPERATIONS

Shelled INTERIOR RUST Flared

REFRENTED
Fraying CENTERED
145
 ECCENTRIC MACHINING
A non-eccentric is a part that has two or more cylinders.
with different centers or axes of symmetry, as happens
with thecrankshaftsthe motor, or thecamshaftsA
eccentric is a body of revolution and therefore the
machining is done on a lathe. To machine a
eccentric, it is necessary to first carry out the points of
support of the different eccentric axes at the ends of
the piece that will be fixed between points.

67
 147

Brush machine
The file is a machine tool used for
perform machining of planing flat surfaces,
by chip removal, obtained by a movement
horizontal cutting rectilinear.
The planers or filers are
large machines, designed to
produce flat surfaces in a
part. The planer is designed
to carry out work on
pieces that are too much
big o too much
embarrassing to mechanize them.

147
WORK MOVEMENTS
 TYPES OF BRUSHES
OF CRANKSHAFT: HYDRAULICS:

GEARS

149
 150

PARTS OF A BRUSH

150
 151

WORK MOVEMENTS

• Main movement: It is carried out by the

cutting tool. The chip is removed during the
career of work, through the career of
the cutting tool empties and returns to its zero position
without removing chips.
• Forward movement: It is what gives rise to the
thickness of the chip

• Adjustment movement: It is used to calibrate the

thickness of the chip or what is the same for
give cutting depth.

151
 152

WORK MOVEMENTS

mp = Main cutting movement

a= Depth movement of
tool cut

Ret. = Backward or race of

empty
Progress

152
 153

MEAT GRINDER
The mortiser is a machine tool, used
to perform machining of planing equal to the
planer, more precise machining like channels
for keyways, internal spline in hammers and gears,
etc.

153
 154

GRINDING MACHINE
The grinder is a machine tool, used
for performing machining by abrasion, with greater
dimensional precision and lower roughness than in the
chip removal machining.

154
 155

UNIVERSAL GRINDER
It is a machine-tool where the movement of
The cut, which is circular, corresponds to the tool.
(abrasive wheel).
The piece, which is also animated by a movement
of rotation, has the forward movement and is
moves along a trajectory that allows him
to finish revolution pieces.
It is a machine-tool designed for removal,
by abrasion, small thicknesses of material in
those pieces previously machined in others
machine tools.

155
 156

RECTIFICATION PROCESS
Larectificación is the process of cleaning metal by
middle of a molar and is considered as one of the
basic machining operations.
This process is carried out through a grinder.
what is a machine that uses a millstone (stone
abrasive) to precisely produce surfaces
cylindrical, conical or flat.

156
 157

PARTS OF A GRINDER

157
Thank you for your
Attention

158