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RELAY OF
SURGE CURRENT

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Ing. Juvenal Manzaneda
Cochabamba - Bolivia
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INDEX
GENERALITIES
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
PROTECTION SCHEMES
OVERCURRENT RELAYS

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1.- GENERALITIES

Relays are compact devices that are connected through systems of

power to detect intolerable or undesirable conditions within an assigned area.
The operation of this type of protection is based on the increase in current that it causes.
short circuits in protected equipment (systems).
Main functions:
Rapid removal of service in the event of a short circuit in any component of the system
Give the order to disconnect a circuit when an abnormal operation occurs.

The "pick-up" sets the sensitivity of the protection.

that allows detecting any type of short circuit in
its protected area, including the area in which it must give
backup.
The 'lever' allows selecting the time curve of
relay operation, so that it is selective with the
operation of relays located in adjacent areas.

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2.- CHARACTERISTICS
FUNCTIONAL
SENSITIVITY

The protection must be able to unequivocally distinguish failure situations from those
that they are not. For this feature, it is necessary:
Establish, for each type of protection, the minimum necessary magnitudes that allow
differentiate fail situations from normal operating situations.
Establish for each of the necessary magnitudes the boundary conditions that separate
the failure situations of the normal operating situations.

Such is the case of the energization of a

power transformer, that when connected
originates a strong intensity of vacuum (called
inrush current), which can lead to interpretations
erroneous.
A broad analysis allows us to establish whether the sudden
increase in the current is due to the
energization of the transformer or was originated by 10 to 50 times the nominal current
a failure situation.
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2.- CHARACTERISTICS
FUNCTIONAL
SELECTIVITY

The ability to discern whether a failure has occurred within or outside of its monitoring area.
andtheerofer,gvietheodrertoopentheauotmcait swcthies,finecesayr ofr
clear the failure.

A protection must act

when one has to act and should not
act when there is no need to act
you must isolate the section in failure, if
this is within its area
protected).

If the fault is outside its monitoring area, the protection must allow others to take over.
protections that act to clear it (their action would affect more circuits,
unnecessarily weakening the system.

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2.- CHARACTERISTICS
FUNCTIONAL
SPEED
. After a fault, it must be cleared quickly.
. The less time it takes to isolate the fault, the less the effects will spread and
less damage and alterations.
. All of this results in a decrease in costs and shorter times.
restoration, less downtime of the facilities
. Enables greater and better utilization of the resources provided by the system

The speed of a protection depends

directly from the technology used in
its condition and the speed of the system
command and control of the switches
automated systems associated with it

An optimal clearance of the fault does not require the protections that detect it to act on
immediate form; based on this characteristic, the protections are classified as:
. Instant protections (two or three cycles)
. Delayed or time-lagged protections

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2.- CHARACTERISTICS
FUNCTIONAL
RELIABILITY

. Reliability means that unnecessary actions should not be taken, nor should they be omitted.
necessary actions
. A protection is reliable when it always responds correctly.
. Protection must respond with certainty and effectiveness to any situation that arises.
produce.
. The protection response can be either action or inaction.

When a protection acts, it is necessary that all the stages that make up the process
of failure clearance, shall be effectively fulfilled.
A preventive maintenance program is necessary and important.
Although a protection, throughout its useful life, will operate on rare occasions, it should
to be assured that it will operate correctly (even if a long time has passed
time, since its last operation)

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2.- CHARACTERISTICS
FUNCTIONAL
ECONOMY AND SIMPLICITY

The installation of a protection must be justified both for technical reasons and
economic.
The protection of an electrical line is important, but much more important is to prevent that the
effects of the fault reach installations powered by said line or that these
remain out of service.

The protection system is a key piece of the SEP, as it allows:

. Prevent the failure from spreading through the system and affecting other equipment
. Reduce the costs of damage repair
. Reduce the downtime of equipment and facilities.

The economic valuation should not be restricted only to the directly protected element,
but must take into account the consequences of the failure or anomalous functioning.
It is necessary to point out that a protection avoids unnecessary complexities, which can
be a source of risk affecting its operation.

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3.- PROTECTION SCHEMES

3.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Generally, an electric power system is considered in terms of its main parts.
important: generating stations, power transformers, transmission lines,
etc. While these are some of the basic elements, there are many others.
necessary and fascinating components, such as the protection system by relays.

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3.- PROTECTION SCHEMES

3.2 CLASSIFICATION

Primary relay with direct action Primary relay with indirect action

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3.- PROTECTION SCHEMES

3.2 CLASSIFICATION

Secondary relay with direct action Secondary relay with indirect actuation

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3.- PROTECTION SCHEMES

3.3 FUNCTIONAL SCHEMES (AC–DC)

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

It is the protection that responds when the current flowing through it exceeds a pre-set value.
established.
The operation of this type of protection is based on the increase in current caused
due to short circuits in the protected electrical line.
The magnitudes that must be acted upon for its application are the minimum current.
of the 'pick-up' operation and the 'lever' operation curve.

The "pick-up" sets the sensitivity of the protection, allowing the detection of any type of
short circuit in its protected area and the area where it must provide backup.

The 'lever' allows you to select the operating time curve of the relay, so that it is
selectivo con la operación de relés ubicados enzonas adyacentes.

Overcurrent relays are manufactured in

instantaneous versions (electromagnetic), relays
reverse time (induction) and time relays
defined (instant relay plus module of
time).

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

4.1 CLASSIFICATION
a) Constructive aspects b) Operation of the protection circuit
Electromechanical relays Direct action relays
Electronic or static relays Indirect acting relays
Digital relays

c) Relay installation d) Adjustment method

Primary relays Spring traction
Secondary relay Change of TAPs of the magnetizing coil
Variation of the air gap
Variation of circuit elements
Instantaneous t=0 Software control
Defined time t=K
Normally c) Time of action
t = K/I
inverse Instant operation
Time
Very inverse t = K/I^2 Delayed operation
inverse
Extremely
t = K/I^3
inverse

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

INSTANT RELEASE
They operate without delay when the current exceeds a preset value.
However, the operating time can vary significantly (16 to 100 msec)
It is used as a complementary element, combining its operational characteristic with
other protection devices, mainly with time overcurrent relays
inverse.
In this type of relays, it is only necessary to adjust their sensitivity, so that it is a
20% to 30% higher than the maximum fault current magnitude that can occur
at the farthest point, in relation to its location

They can be used only when the current of

short circuit is substantially greater than any other
possible condition
Case
. Transient current associated with the energization of
certain components of the system
. Long lines
. Transformers whose impedances are relatively
large compared to the circuit impedance

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

TIME RELAY
Allows adjusting the operation for different current levels with different times
of operation.
The adjustments are made in such a way that the switch feeding the load trips at
the shortest time and then successively the other switches towards the source, in
increasingly longer times.

Since the operating time is independent of the

magnitude of the fault current, not presented
disadvantages of the defined current relay, the
more selective protections

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

REVERSE TIMER
The operating characteristic is such that time varies inversely with magnitude.
from the current it detects.
Its main advantage, over defined time relays, is that in the presence of very high currents
Very short trigger times can be achieved without sacrificing selectivity.
The most commonly used types of overcurrent relays are: normally inverse,
very inverse and extremely inverse.

In electromechanical relays, in the shape of the curves

elements such as the spring have a lot of influence
replacement, the inertia of the moving parts, magnets
brake permanents, etc.

For solid state relays, it is possible to obtain a

broader variety of curves, which can also
to be expressed mathematically.

Instantaneous relays and reverse type relays are inherently non-selective, since
overcurrent conditions are detected in their protection zones and in adjacent areas

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

4.2 ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS

They were acting by operating their contacts on the coil of the
power switch, when a failure occurred.
The principle of operation is based on phenomena
of electromagnetic attraction and induction.

Tap - Device that allows changing the sensitivity of the relay, allowing
that operates at different current values.
Minimum current that produces the switching of the relay contacts
from open to closed
Starting current - The value of current that is just and necessary to overcome the
inertia of moving parts
Lever - Time scale that indicates the resting position of the disk and
determines the path of it until the contacts close (allows They consist of a disk of
vary the operating time, for minimum operating current) induction a core
electromagnetic, a spring in
Overshoot - Time that the disk can continue spinning. spiral shape, a coil
induction relays, due to their inertia, after the fault is de-energized secondary or shadow and one
for another protection system, before closing its contacts indicator seal unit.

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

Electromagnetic attraction
They are built with electrical, magnetic, and mechanical components; they have a coil of
operation and various contacts (they are very robust and reliable).
They can be powered by direct current or alternating current and operate by the movement of a
metal piece, when it is attracted by the magnetic field produced by the coil.

Fattraction K1 I2 K 2

K1 I2 K2

K2
I
K1

It depends on the number of turns of the solenoid in

operation, the air gap, the effective section and reluctance
of the magnetic circuit, among other factors

K2: It is the force of restriction or opposition,

usually produced by a spring
Armature (lever) type relay Piston type relay (solenoid)

Attraction relays have no time delay and therefore are used when
requires instant operation.

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

Electromagnetic induction
It works only with alternating current and consists of an electromagnetic system that operates in
a movable conductor, generally in the form of a disk.
It works through the interaction of the magnetic flux with the eddy currents of
Foucault currents induced in the rotor (disk) due to such flows.

d 1 d 2
i 1 (t) m1 cos( t) i 2 (t) m2 cos( t )
dt dt
F1 1 (t) I 2 (t) F2 2 (t) i 1 (t)

FR F F
2 1

FR 2 (t) i 1 (t) 1 (t) i 2 (t)

FR m2  sen( t )* m1  cos( t)  sen( t)*
m1 m2  cos( t  )
FR m1  m2  you
T m1  m2  you
1
Φm1(t) Maximum value of the sinusoidal wave of the flow Φ1(t), due to the
proportionality (can be replaced by the effective value)

Φm2(t) Maximum value of the sinusoidal wave of the flow Φ2(t) or effective value

θ Phase difference between the two flows

2
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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

4.3 STATIC ELECTRONIC RELAYS (Analog)

They emerged as an alternative to electromechanical relays.
They are designed with discrete analog electronic circuits, these circuits emulate the
characteristics of electromechanical relays.
First models - Use of the transistor (problems with voltage transients and
temperature, in steady state
Subsequently, with the arrival of integrated circuit technology, the relays of
solid state, they made use of operational amplifiers (OP AMPs).

Generate signals (acts as a source of

current or voltage
Amplify
Add, subtract, invert signals
Compare signals
Integrate or derive signals
Eliminate noise
Convert alternating current to direct current
Convert voltage into current

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

4.4 DIGITAL ELECTRONIC RELAYS

They are protection relays with microprocessors (digital or numerical relays)
Widely accepted in the field of electric power system protection
They are devices with multiple capabilities (protection, measurement, control, and supervision)
Converts analog signals of voltage and current into binary quantities through a
analog/digital converter
The amounts are processed numerically by the algorithms or computer programs.
of the relay.
The algorithms are responsible for fault detection and control of the triggering signals.

. Digital relays have revolutionized the approach

traditional of electrical protections.
. Upon being implemented, its protection logic in
software, there are few limits in innovation of
new protection techniques.
. At first, it was unfeasible to obtain adequate times for
performance
. With the arrival of the 16-bit microprocessors, it began to
build faster and cheaper computers

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

The analog signals of V and I are first filtered with filters that eliminate
higher order harmonics in the incoming signals
The filtered signals are sampled by means of analog/digital converters.
Digital numerical values are stored in memory for processing.
A second filtering (now numerical) is necessary that almost completely eliminates the
harmonics, leaving only the fundamental component

Once the fundamentals are obtained

of its real component
imaginary), one can calculate the
impedance Z, viewed by the relay from its
geographical location of installation

The most notable advantages:

Reliability
Self-diagnosis
Event and disturbance registration
Development of adaptive protections
Economic

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

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4. - OVERCURRENT RELAY

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

4.4 ADJUSTMENT OF THE RELAYS

TAP - Value of adjustment necessary for the contacts to operate

Percentage adjustment responds to a value in direct adjustment - represents the value of the
percentage of the secondary nominal current of the secondary amperes that flow through it
relay
= ∗ =
= ∗ ∗ = ∗

If there is a relay whose secondary nominal current If there is a relay whose nominal secondary current
It is 5A and the TAP adjustment is 0.5 I/In, which means it is 5A and the TAP adjustment is 3A, it means
What is a percentage adjustment? What is a DIRECT adjustment

Therefore, the relay operates when the current that Therefore, the relay operates when the current that
it circulates through it at 0.5*5 (that is, 2.5 A), the circuit is of 3A, secondaries.
secondary. If the CTs to which the relay is connected are from
relationship 200/5 (RCT=40), then the adjustment of the relay
If the CTs to which the relay is connected are from
relation 600/5 (RCT=120), then the adjustment of it's 3*40 (120 A, primary).
relay is 0.5*5*120 (that is, 300 A, primary).

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

INSTANTANEOUS TIME DIAL OR MULTIPLIER

In addition to the TAP adjustment (which is generally the system that determines the operating time)
timed), there is the instant adjustment, that is, of the relay contacts, after having started
that the relay's trigger contacts close as it operates.
Soon the current exceeds this adjusted value.
The dial represents each of the possible adjustments.
The instantaneous units have a time of time or curve.
operation from 5 to 50 msec, depending on the
Initially, the dial is associated with the adjustment
relay technology.
temporizado (es decir al TAP)
The instant adjustment, just like the TAP, can be
percentage and direct, of the nominal current of the relay With the advancement of technology, it has been possible
or the TAP. assign a dial adjustment for the snapshot in the
applications where it is necessary to 'time' the
snapshot, especially in digital relays and
some digital.

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

EXAMPLE
Electromechanical relays were the most used in the recent past, their curves
received over time, normalizations according to their debts (which were
introduced in different countries), so it is possible to adapt each type of curve to the
relay response, from any manufacturer.
IEC 255-4 and BS 142 Curve (International Electrotechnical Commission)
IEEE/ANSI C37.90 curve Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IAC Curve (General Electric - GE)
I2t Curve

One of the advantages of digital relays, in relation to time curves, is that the
same enable:
Adjust the slopes of your time curves
They have their own performance curves
They have customized performance curves according to needs.
Emulate the normalized performance curves of electromechanical relays (they can mimic
the operation of the electromechanical relay

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY
APPLICATION
In a digital relay, it is not necessary to have the time curves on paper; since it acts associated.
a function that reproduces the normalized curve. The function is given by the following
relationship, which represents the time curves for multiples of electromechanical relays,
established by the IEC, I2t and by C37.112-1996 IEEE.
NORM TYPE K α L β
Inverse curve (Class A) 0.14 0.02 0 1
K
t performanceoftherelay T curve L IEC
Moderately inverse 0.05 0.04 0 1
M Very inverse (Class B) 13.5 1 0 1
Extremely inverse (Class C) 80 2 0 1
I Moderately inverse 0.515 0.02 1.14 1
M Very inverse 196.1 2 4.91 1
Iadjustment Extremely inverse 282 2 1.217 1
It
2 Curve I2t 100 2 0 0
Where: all time defined 0 - any 1

Tcurve Time multiple (DIAL), in the time curves of the electromechanical relay
Relay operation time, in seconds (trigger)
M Relay multiple
I Real current entering the relay
Iajuste Relay adjustment current
K, α, L, β Coefficients of the mathematical relation, according to the following four

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

For the multiple-time curves, defined by IAC, commonly used by GE, we have:
B D E
t performancen dtherelay T A  
curve
 MC   M  C2   M  C3 
The times obtained in the curves
IAC CURVE A B C D E
of protection relay timing,
Short inverse 0.0442 0.0482 0.34 0.0223 0.0697 son
Wide inverse 0.3754 17.8307 0.32 -23.7187 23.8978
Electromechanical 7.5%
Inverse 0.2078 0.863 0.8 -0.418 0.1947
Electronic 5.0%
Very inverse 0.09 0.7955 0.1 -1.2885 7.9586 Digital 5.0%
Extremely inverse 0.004 0.6379 0.62 1.7872 0.2461

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

Time adjustment (DIAL) of the relay

The time curve must be chosen based on the characteristics and conditions of
coordination of the relays present in the protection, where they are interrelated.
A coordination depends on a chain (scale) of different times for the same
short-circuit current, in such a way that a selectivity sequence is guaranteed in the
opening of the protection element, seeking to isolate the failed element and affecting the
fewer number of consumers.
In electromechanical relays, the different time curves represent different
distancing positions of mobile contacts, in relation to fixed contacts.
Manufacturers delineate the attenuation curves of relays with percentage or on a basis
10, they can be:
Curva: 5% – 10%–20%–30%–40%–50%–60%–70%–80%–90%–100%
Curva: 0.5 – 1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9–10

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY
For example, for a short circuit whose
multiple is 3.0, in the timesheet
from the relay, the following times are available
of acting:
M=3.0 curva de tiempo 10 t= 5.4 s
M=3.0 curva de tiempo 5 t= 2.7 s
M=3.0 curva de tiempo 1 t= 0.54 s

Observation
The multiple M=1 corresponds to the
current of your TAP. The relay is in its
operation limit
Between 1 and 5 the electromechanical relay
works with a small torque and not
ensures operational efficiency of
protection (is not reliable)
Starting from 1.5, the relay acts guaranteeing
that the performance time occurs on
the chosen curve

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

Current adjustment (TAP) of the relay

Relays are available in various ranges to meet starting adjustments, in a
range from 0.1 to 16 A.

Sensitivity is determined by means of a discrete plug and a time dial provides.

a continuous and full range time delay adjustment.
The codes of the IAC models end in "8__A" (like IAC51B801A), provide
a wide range of configuration.
Most of the other IAC relays have a ratio of 04:01.
The available TAP settings are listed below for the common relays of
overcurrent

Unit 0.5–4.0 0.5–0.6–0.7–0.8–1–1.2–1.5–2–2.5–3–4 [A]

Unit 1.5–12 1.5–2–2.5–3–4–5–6–7–8–10–12 [A]
Unit 2–16 2–2.5–3–4–5–6–7–8–10–12–16 [A]

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4.- OVERCURRENT RELAY

For this relay, assume that the minimum FMM required for the relay operation is 100 Ae,
so it is important that the same FMM is produced within the nucleus, responsible for
same for the motor on the disk.

Such FMM can be obtained

using different TAPs, how is it
details below:

1A x 100 turns = 100 Ae

1.25 A x 80 espiras = 100 Ae
2 A x 50 espiras = 100 Ae
2.5 A x 40 espiras = 100 Ae
4A x 25 espiras = 100 Ae
5A x 20 espiras = 100 Ae

The secondary of the CT, goes to the relay with

the same load in VA.

The equivalence of power

apparent is given by the relationship

Z1( TAP2) 1Z2( TAP2) 2

Ictocto menemy tofinal del cto pprotected 2

(1.4a1.5)*Inomloading dock Iadjuste del rhe Z2( TAP )2 2 TAP2
Z1 Z2
a ( TAP)12 TAP1
a = 1.5 for electromechanical relay a = 1.1 for digital relay

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THANK YOU
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