GABRIEL RENE MORENO AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

OPERATION OF
TRUNCATED
1.-INTRODUCTION
Eltronzado is the operation ofwornby which part of the is cut or separated
piece.
This operation is usually performed when machining small parts.
from a long bar of material, in this case a bar of material is placed
in the lathe's chuck machining the part that protrudes from the chuck, once
the finished part is cut, separating it, then advancing the bar to machine another one
piece.
A set of is referred to as a [Link] and tools that allow
mechanize, cut, crack, trapeze, and groove pieces of geometric shape
[Link] machine tools operate by rotating the workpiece to
mechanize (held in the headstock or fixed between the centering points) while a
several cutting tools are pushed in a controlled movement
ofadvanceagainst the surface of the piece.
 GABRIEL RENE MORENO AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

Machine Lathe
The parallel mechanical lathe is the type of lathe that evolved from the
old lathes when new equipment was incorporated into them that
they managed to turn it into one of the most important machine tools that have
existed. However, today this type of lathe is being relegated
to perform unimportant tasks, to be used in apprentice workshops and in
the workshops ofmaintenanceto carry out specific or special tasks.
The lathe has five main components:

Bench: serves as support for the other units of the lathe. In its part
superior carries guides through which the movable head or
counterpoint and the main cart.
Fixed head: contains thegearsopulleysthat drive the piece of
work and the units of progress. Includes themotorthe spindle, the selector of
speed, the feed unit selector and the feed direction selector.
It also serves for supporting and rotating the workpiece that rests on the
shaft.
Counterpoint: the counterpoint is the element used to provide support.
and be able to place the turned pieces between points, as well as others
elements such as drill chuck or drill to make holes in the center of
the axes. This counterpoint can move and be fixed in various positions at
length of the bench.

Portable cart: it consists of the main cart, which produces the movements of the
tool in axial direction; and the cross carriage, which slides
transversely across the main carriage in a radial direction. In the lathes
In addition, there is an upper adjustable carriage, which is composed of three
parts: the base, the chariot, and the tool holder turret. Its base is
supported on a rotating platform to orient it in any direction.

Rotary head or chuck: its function is to hold the workpiece

to mechanize. There are several types, such as the four-jaw independent chuck.
or the universal, mostly used in the mechanic shop, just like
There are magnetic chucks and six-jaw chucks.

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 GABRIEL RENE MORENO AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

2. BACKGROUND

Ancient lathes

The existence of the TURNSTILES is attested since 850 B.C.

the PEDAL LATHE was invented in the 13th century

In the 15th century, two more improvements emerged:

Belt Transmission.
Crank-Piston Mechanism.

3.- LOCATION
The workshop we were able to visit was the 'Marconi Workshop' which is located
located between the third and fourth ring on 'Escuadrón Velazco' avenue.
Whose coordinates are:
X: -17.810432
-63.202416

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 GABRIEL RENE MORENO AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

4.-OBJETIVOS
General objective
Understand the operation of the cutting.

Specific objective
Identify the type of machine tool that is used for this process.
Learn the procedure for carrying out the trimming operation.
Know the type of blades to be used.

5.-DEVELOPMENT
Specific cutting force

The cutting force is a necessary parameter to be able to calculate the power.

necessary to carry out a certain machining. This parameter is in
function of the tool advancement, of the depth of cut, of the
cutting speed, machinability of the material, hardness of the material, of
the characteristics of the tool and the average thickness of the chip. All these
factors are encompassed in a coefficient called Kx. The specific strength of
shear is expressed in N/mm2.

Cutting power
The cutting power Pcnecessary to carry out a certain machining is
calculate from the value of the initial chip volume, the specific force of
cut and the performance of the machine. It is expressed in kilowatts (kW).

This specific shear force Fcit is a constant determined by the type

of the material being machined, tool geometry, thickness of
shavings, etc.

In order to obtain the correct power value, the obtained value has to
divide by a specific value (ρ) that takes into account the efficiency of the
machine. This value is the percentage of the engine power that is available
in the tool mounted on the spindle. Where:

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 GABRIEL RENE MORENO AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

Pcit is the cutting power (kW)

Ac it is the diameter of the piece (mm)

feed rate (mm/min)

Fcit is the specific shear force (N/mm2)

it is the performance or efficiency of the machine

Cutting speed

Cutting speed is defined as the linear speed of the periphery of the workpiece.
that is in contact with the tool. The cutting speed, which is expressed in
meters per minute (m/min), must be chosen before starting the machining and
its appropriate value depends on many factors, especially on quality and
type of tool used, the depth of cut, the hardness and the
machinability of the material being machined and the feed rate
employee. The main limitations of the machine are its range of
speeds, the power of the engines and the rigidity of the fixture of the part and
from the tool.

From the determination of the cutting speed, the can be determined

revolutions per minute that the lathe head will have, according to the following
formula:

Vc=Dn c *

Where:

Vcvc is the cutting speed, n is the rotational speed of the tool, and Dc it
the diameter of the piece.

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 GABRIEL RENE MORENO AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

Cutting speed is the main factor that determines the duration of the
tool. A high cutting speed allows machining to be done in less
time but accelerates the wear of the tool. Manufacturers of
tools and machining manuals provide guiding data on the
appropriate cutting speed of the tools for a certain duration
from the tool, for example, 15 minutes. Sometimes, it is desirable to adjust the
cutting speed for a different tool duration, for which the
cutting speed values are multiplied by a correction factor. The
relationship between this correction factor and the tool's duration
the cutting operation is not linear.

Excessive cutting speed can lead to:

Rapid wear of the cutting edge of the tool.

Plastic deformation of the cutting edge with loss of tolerance of the

machining.

Poor machining quality.

A cutting speed that is too low can lead to:

Formation of the cutting edge on the tool.

Negative effect on chip evacuation.

Low productivity.

High machining cost.

Rotation speed of the piece

Therotation speedthe spindle of the lathe is usually expressed in

revolutions per minute(rpm). In conventional lathes there is a range
speed limits, which depend on the rotation speed of the main motor
and the number of speeds ofthe gearboxfrom the machine. In the lathes
of numerical control, this speed is controlled with a system of
feedbackthat usually uses afrequency converterand can
select any speed within a range of speeds, up to
a maximum speed.

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 GABRIEL RENE MORENO AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

The rotation speed of the tool is directly proportional to the

Cutting speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the piece.

Advance speed

The feed rate or advancing speed in turning is the relative speed between the
piece and the tool, that is, the speed at which the cut progresses. The
The advance of the cutting tool is a very important factor in the process of
tornadoed.

Each tool can cut properly in a range of speeds of

advance per revolution of the piece, called advance per revolution (f)z).
This range fundamentally depends on the diameter of the piece, on the depth
on the fly, and the quality of the tool. This range of speeds is
determined experimentally and is found in the manufacturers' catalogs
of tools. Furthermore, this speed is limited by the stiffness of the
attachments of the part and the tool and by the power of the feed motor
from the machine. The maximum chip thickness in mm is the limiting indicator.
important for a tool. The cutting edge of the tools is tested
so that it has a certain value between a minimum and a maximum thickness of the
shavings.

The feed rate is the product of the feed per revolution and the speed.
of the rotation of the piece.

Effects of feed speed

Decisive for chip formation

Affects power consumption

It contributes to mechanical and thermal stress.

The high advancement speed leads to:

Good chip control

Shorter cutting time

Less tool wear

Higher risk of tool breakage

High surface roughness of machining.

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 GABRIEL RENE MORENO AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

The low advancement speed leads to:

Longer shaving

Improvement of machining quality

Accelerated wear of the tool

Longer machining time

Higher cost of machining

Preparation of the lathe:

To determine the speed, it is necessary to know the type of material that will be used.
mechanize that in our case would be cast iron in which a was used
speed of 180 rpm and another lever for the direction since the lathe was
semiautomatic.

The piece is placed in the rotating head and is tightened with its key.
then the piece is centered where the tip of the tool has to match with the
punctuation of the counterpoint giving the 90°

The blade should be placed in the tool holder, tightening it well so that there is no
vibrations, where it moves transversely and longitudinally. Then it
proceed with the turning on of the lathe and the piece is cut. In the workshop, they had 3
blades, for wear, cutting, and radial.

Se requiere de aceite soluble para el enfriamiento de la pieza que se da como

consequence of heating due to revolutions, also prevents the
oxidation of the piece, of the spindle and as a chip disperser.

The main angles of a cutting tool are:

Angle of incidence: between the incident surface and the worked surface
It helps to avoid or reduce the friction between the tool and the material of the piece.
thus improving the performance of the operation.

Wedge angle: that is used to remove the material, and is located between the
incidence and detachment surfaces of the tool

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 GABRIEL RENE MORENO AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

Separation angle: it is the angle at which the chip detaches.

once the cut has been made. It is located between the detachment surface and the
perpendicular to the worked surface.

6.-OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

It is necessary to take into account the safety measures due to the machine.
tool that is worked with, must use boots, thick fabric pants and
mangalarga shirt, accompanied by glasses and gloves.

We could observe in the visited workshop that the users did not use the
most Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) only used the shirt and
glasses due to the experience that users had did not use the rest of the
EPP uniform.

7.-CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the operation performed on the lathe was known, that is, the
broken.

Different types of blades for the required diameters were also observed.
Likewise, the precautions that should be taken into account before and during work.

It was also observed that the workshop did not have basic safety measures.
during machining.

8.-RECOMENDACIÓN
Safety regulations

Use safety equipment: safety glasses, masks, etc...

Do not wear loose or very baggy clothing. Short sleeves are recommended.

Use cotton clothing.

Use safety footwear.

Keep the place always clean.

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 GABRIEL RENE MORENO AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Mechanical Technology

If heavy parts are machined, usehoistssuitable for loading and

download the machine parts.

It is preferable to have short hair. If it is long, it should not be loose but tied up.

Do not wear jewelry, such as necklaces, bracelets, or rings.

One must always know the controls and operation of the lathe. One must
know how to stop its operation.

It is highly recommended to work in a well-lit area that helps the operator.

but the lighting should not be excessive so that it does not cause too much
glow.

Recommendations before work

Workers must use impact-resistant safety glasses, especially
when hard, brittle, or fragile metals are machined, due to the danger that
it represents for the eyes the shavings and fragments of the machine that could come out
projected.

Operate the machine without getting distracted. The chips produced during machining.
They should never be removed by hand, as cuts and pricks may occur.
The dry shavings should be removed with an appropriate brush or broom.
machine stopped.

For wet or oily shavings, it is better to use a rubber brush.

work clothes must be well-fitted. Sleeves should be worn tight to
the doll. Safety footwear that protects against cuts must be worn.
punctures, as well as against falls of heavy parts. It is very dangerous to work
wearing rings, watches, bracelets, chains around the neck, scarves, ties or
any garment that hangs. It is also dangerous to have long hair and
loose items that must be collected under a cap or similar garment. The same goes for the beard.
long.

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 GABRIEL RENE MORENO AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

Recommendations during work

That the piece to be worked on is correctly and securely attached to the holding device.
and that in its movement it finds no obstacles. That it has been removed from the plate the
Torque key. That the locking lever of the tool holder is properly secured.
apretada. Que están apretados los tornillos de fijación del carro superior. Si se usa
counterpoint, check that it is properly anchored to the bench and that the lever of the
The tailstock spindle lock is tight.

During machining, hands should be kept away from the tool.

that rotated moves. The verification, adjustment, etc. operations must
to be done with the machine stopped. It is dangerous to introduce the grinding cloth with the
finger, to polish the inside part of a piece it is safe to do it with sandpaper
wrapped around a cylindrical pole

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GABRIEL RENE MORENO AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

9. ANNEXES

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GABRIEL RENE MORENO AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF EXACT SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

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