TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ORURO

NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING

LEVEL OF
ENGINEER

INTEGRANTES:AGUIRRE AGUIRRE RAFAEL

ALVAREZ FERNANDEZ EFRAIN
BURGOS VELASCO KEVIN ALEJANDRO
Cruz Choqueticlla Ariel
MARZA CRUZ BRANDON HUGO
MOLLO PALACIOS MICHELLE KARINA
PASCUAL FERNANDEZ JHIANG FREDD
SALAZAR MURILLO MOISES
GROUP :G- 9
TEACHER: ENG. CASTO MEDINACELLI ORTIZ
PARALLEL:CIV-2213-'B'
FECHA:16/08/2019

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GROUP-9 ENGINEER LEVEL
 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ORURO
NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING

ENGINEER LEVEL
The engineer's level is a tool that aims to measure.
of differences in elevation between different points that are at different heights and in dis-
dark places.

TYPES OF TOPOGRAPHICAL LEVELING

Geometric leveling

The instrument used for performing a geometric leveling is

the level or equalizer. We can establish the following classification:

Simple geometric leveling

The length of the section to be leveled is short enough for it to be

nivelación is made up of a single axis. It can in turn be resolved by
two different ways, by the midpoint or by the endpoint.

Composite geometric leveling

The length of the section to be leveled is too large to be able to do it with

a single axis, therefore, the slope between two points A and B will be obtained as
result of various simple geometric levelings.

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ORURO
NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering

The resulting difference in elevation between points A and B will be the sum of all the readings.
See from behind, minus the sum of all readings from the front. If
before it is possible, and with the aim of verifying the data, will be carried out
closed itineraries, or in any case an attempt will be made to start from a point of
known quota and reach another point with the same characteristics. The
Closing errors obtained will be compensated later.

Trigonometric leveling

The trigonometrical leveling is carried out with the help of a tachymeter or a

total station, with both instruments we will obtain a value that we call
we will name as "t", which will be the level difference between the point at which it makes-
sighting device (sight or reflection prism) and the optical center of the apparatus.

To calculate the difference in elevation between two points A and B, having placed the instrument-
mention at point A, it will be necessary to know the height at which we have placed
the device fell, as well as the height of the prism (or the sight reading on its
caso).
This method has the advantage that we can calculate the existing elevation difference.
between relatively distant points, since the telescope can tilt and not
We are limited by very steep slopes.

GPS leveling.

GPS leveling techniques do not offer high precision, furthermore, it has the
inconvenience that we are playing with two reference surfaces,
this is, the GPS makes its measurements on the ellipsoid (an approximation
mathematics of the Earth's surface), however, when we talk about co-
geometric tasks, taken by classical methods, we always refer to co-
discourses on the geoid (a equipotential surface).

Expedited leveling

This type of leveling, rarely used, offers worse precisions than the
It is done with barometers or altimeters that are based on the former.
Ultimately, they are instruments that measure atmospheric pressure, logically.
are heavily influenced by the atmospheric conditions that vary with-
continuously in space and time.

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ORURO
NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING

1.- PARTS OF THE INSTRUMENT:

Like other professional level classes used mainly in

the construction, an automatic optical level also has leveling screws
action, a circular bubble level, and a target.

However, the characteristic that distinguishes it from others is a compen-

sador, that is, an optical pendulum that corrects or compensates for variations
of a focused level line. They also integrate the structure of a level.
optical many other parts that play important roles. In the
In the figure below, we see an example of all of these.

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ORURO
NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Fundamental parts:

OBJECTIVE. - Contains the lenses that magnify the focused objects.

FOCUS BUTTON. -Allows you to visualize the objectives clearly and

sharpness.

OCULAR. -Located at the opposite end of the lens, it can be rotated to

focus the reticle cross.

CIRCULAR LEVEL. -Ensure that the instrument is in a

true level point.

LEVELING SCREWS. -Allows adjustments to ensure

the leveling of the instrument.

HORIZONTAL CIRCLE. -Marked in degrees, it is used for adjustment and

the reading of horizontal angles.

HORIZONTAL ADJUSTMENT SCREW. -It can be adjusted for

that the instrument moves to the left or right on the plate
base.

BASE PLATE. -Part by which the optical level connects to a tripod.

COMPENSATOR. -It is a system of prisms suspended over wire-

fine braces that operate according to the principle of the pendulum under action of the
gravity or magnetism, depending on the model. The lengths of
the wires and the positions of the suspension points are defined
in such a way that the rays of light that the prism system sends to the
threads of the reticular cross are horizontal rays. Therefore, in the m-
to allow the prism system to rotate freely, the line of
collimation will remain horizontal, even when the telescope is not positioned
fell in a perfectly horizontal position.

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ORURO
NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING

2.- TYPES OF ENGINEER LEVEL:

The engineer's level, as already described, is used to find differences in elevation and...
vactions.

Also called a leveling instrument, it is a device similar to a theodolite.

unless it has no horizontal axis, meaning it does not read vertical angles
Among the types of levels we have:

TILTING LEVEL
AUTOMATIC LEVEL
DIGITAL LEVEL

SWING LEVEL. -which remains a simple level, simplifying

a lot of the use of 4 leveling screws, one of the most precise levels is
a tilting level, but its precision is mainly due to its
drop to a parallel flat plate.
It is a telescope that is mounted on a transverse fulcrum on the vertical axis.
and a micrometric screw at the end where the eyepiece of the te-
the telescope. After the instrument has been approximately leveled
following the usual procedure and using the circular bubble level, the
the telescope is pointed in the desired direction, then slightly turning it
in the vertical plane of its axis making the micrometric screw until the
the sensitive bubble of the telescope level is centered. In this mo-
while the overall instrument is
leveled

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NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING

TILT LEVEL

AUTOMATIC LEVEL. -Its operation is based on a pendulum that,

by gravity, in a steady state it will always be in a vertical position, and
with the help of a prism, this will give us the horizontal reference that is-
we are looking. This level has a circular bubble (bull's eye) that
it may not be fully centered, but the automatic compensator
it does exactly that, to compensate, this advance proved to be so beneficial, that
it was incorporated into the most precise theodolites and total stations, even
when its operation may vary, the principle remains the same.

AUTOMATIC LEVEL

Due to their advantages, automatic levels are the ones that are most easily en-
They are found in the market, within the characteristics that must be observed.
when comparing instruments, it is the number of magnifications of the lens that can
from 20x to 32x, this represents how much the image enlarges when viewing at
through the level, if the distances are short (less than 10 meters) maybe
nothing significant resulted, but when trying to see a graduated state at
millimeter to 100 meters if it is important to have the level with more increase
or if great precision is required even at short distances, it is recommended
It would give the one with 32 magnifications. It can be seen from the specifications that the number of
increases this related to the accuracy of the equipment, which is expressed in millimeters
trips per leveled kilometer round trip, so if for example a level has a
precision of ± 1.5 mm/km, means that in a leveling of one kilometer
Round trip has an error of about one and a half millimeters.

In general terms, it could be said that the range of a level of 20 au-

mentos is 50 mts, 22x.-65mts, 24x.-80mts, 26x.-90mts, 28x.-100mts,

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NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING

30x.-115mts, 32x.-125mts, but if we use a level with many magnifications at

short distances we will have greater ease in taking the readings in the
state and eventually more precision, so if for example one wants to level
a machinery, where distances may not exceed 10 meters, is
I would recommend using the 32x magnification level for maximum precision.
possible.

Although the level is only used to measure elevation, lately they have been incorporated...
providing a graduation in the horizontal turn, allowing for measurements to be made
of angles with a precision of half a degree, being practical on-site for
to measure or trace horizontal angles that do not require great precision.

There is an accessory called a parallel flat plate or micrometer this access-

river allows measurements to the tenth of a millimeter, although it can be
place at any level, it is recommended only for levels with 32 increase
This accessory is very helpful for tasks that require a lot of
precision.

Automatic level with flat parallel plate or micrometer

DIGITAL LEVEL. -Thedigital levelsthey are instruments for the measurement of-
angle line with high precision.
These are electronic levels whose positioning index is a pendulum.
the disc, connected to the support base, that acts on an electronic system
inductive or capacitive, generally in a differential form, resulting in a
signal that, properly processed, indicates the angular position of the level
Thedigital levelsthey usually have two sensor elements linked to
a common scale of measurement to work with the difference between its indicators
actions, thus eliminating errors arising from vibrations or disturbances
of another kind.

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ORURO
NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Regarding its accuracy and precision, it is [Link] digital levelfor

work according to a quality system. It is advisable that thecalibrate-
digital level managementcarried out by accredited calibration laboratories
by ENAC. These two parameters are fundamental for good control of
the quality of the products. In the measurement process, it is not that important
the accuracy of the measurement but the reliability of the result and that the technician co-
know well the different statistical and metrological concepts.

DIGITAL LEVEL

3. WHAT DOES THE INSTRUMENT MEASURE:

The engineer's level is a tool intended for measurement.

of the differences in height from one point to another that are at different elevations and in different
these places or also for the transfer of coordinates from one known point to another
unknown regarding the soil.

Desnivel:
The elevation difference between two points

(∆ABis the vertical distance

among the surfaces that pass
for these points.
The unevenness can also be
define as the difference of
elevation or height between the two
points.

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ORURO
NATIONAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL
CIVIL ENGINEERING

In the figure, a simple geometric leveling can be observed, the difference in height
between the two points can be estimated with a single station, that is, without
displace the optical level from its place, through a difference in heights, ∆AB=
La–Lb= Ha–Hb

But when the points are separated by a distance greater than the limit
of the topographic field, or that the scope of the visual, it is necessary to place the
intermediate station construction and it is said to be a composite leveling,
as can be seen in the following figure.

The composite leveling consists of the successive application of leveling.

simple. In the figure, points 1, 2, and 3 represent the inflection points.
(PC). Point A is a Measurement Base (MB) or known altitude point.
E1, E2, E3... represent station points located at equidistant points.
so much for the state and the values (l) represent the readings in the state.

4.- APPLICATION OF THE INSTRUMENT:

Longitudinal Profiles:

To the operation of leveling points situated at a short distance from each other, to the
The length of a given alignment is called the leveling of a profile.

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NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING

the projects and topographical surveys for roads, railways,

stakes or other markers are placed at regular intervals
along a fixed alignment, usually on the axis of the work. The
the interval between the stakes is usually 100 m, and sometimes less, 50 m and
up to 25 or 10 m. The points located every 100 m, counted and nu-
merados since the start of the profile, they are called main points (or this-
whole actions), and all the others are highlights (or stations of-
cimales).
Profiles or Cross Sections:

It is common to have to determine the true shape of the terrain.

to a certain extent as preliminary and auxiliary work for irrigation projects,
drainage, earthworks, constructions, etc. For this purpose, it is divided
the surface in question in squares, whose vertices are marked with
stakes, and the elevations of these vertices and all points are determined
where there is a change in gradient. The usual length of the sides of these
squares are 100, 50, 25, or 10 m. The direction of the alignments is
you can obtain with the theodolite or with tape, and the distances, with tape or with
stay; the elevations are found with an Engineer's Level or with a level of
man, all of this depends on the proposed degree of precision. The data from
a lift of this kind can be used for the making of a
plan with contour lines.
The cross sections are used in leveling for movement of
lands can be classified into 4 groups:
1. Excavation or filling over a given surface. -Let's suppose
that you have to excavate or fill a given surface to a certain
depth or height, as in the case of digging the foundations for
a building or filling in a given lot to make it level. They are taken.
transversal profiles of the indicated mode, although ordinarily the
sides of the squares at whose vertices the stakes are driven in
they are less than 100 m, sometimes reaching up to 3 m. A
Once the slope of the given surface is determined, and knowing the
the depth of the cut or fill can be easily calculated
mind the corresponding volume of earth.
2. Excavation of a trench or ditch. -When it comes to excavating
a more or less large trench (drainage, burial of pipes,
etc.) se levanta un itinerario de nivelación a lo largo de la línea pro-
setting. Once the slope of the bottom is known, it can be calculated the
section at each station. Given the width of the trench at the bottom and
on the surface of the ground, as well as the depth in each season,
The volume of earth to be excavated can be calculated.

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NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING

3. Excavation for soil or gravel collection. -In a certain place there is

to excavate an irregular mass of unknown volume, such as
gives way when it's time to gather materials for road construction
ground. Sufficient data is obtained to calculate the volume of the tie-
rra or the extracted gravel taking cross sections of the area to
excavate before and after removing the earth. Usually, a
alignment along this area and on one side of it, which serves
base upon which stakes are driven at equal distances,
...making a cross-sectional profile from each of them. These are leveled.
profiles are recorded along with their length from the base. Once extracted the
land, the cross-sections are leveled again. The difference
between the initial and final sections gives the cutting surface in
each of them, with which the volume can be calculated.
4. Cuts and embankments in roads and channels. -In the construction-
For the construction of roads, railways, and canals, embankments must be formed.
and excavate embankments, and furthermore the cross sections must be
to have a predetermined shape.

In Buildings:

Reconsideration of the building. -Starting from the reference points protecting-

two and verified. A starting base that is easy to locate is found and that
it can match the basis of earthmoving. The facades are aligned
the con with stakes placed in the extension of the alignments outside of
the work, which allows them to be replaced in case they are damaged. The reference
The graph is used to extract and plot the layout axes in order to define the
contour of the building and at the same time it serves as a base for the re-
layout of the foundation. The initial layout of the building is reflected
leaving threads in safe places that show all the main axes
from the work. If the land permits, the spinners should be built at the
same height, or at least those that define the same axis, in such a way
that the thread stretched between them shows a level axis. Usually re-
It is advantageous to trace a baseline for the work, which should follow the axis.
main part of the work, and is marked by a series of firm markers
established goals that must last and serve as a reference throughout the
construction period. When there are two axis directions in the work
equally important, baseline lines are drawn for each of them.
Reassessment of the foundations. -The initial task consists of leveling:
Leave marked some specific levels that serve as a guide to the opera-
rivers. Based on the alignment of the building, alignments are established.
corresponding sections to the axes of the foundation wells. The
dimensions of the wells using markers. It is drawn on the ground the

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NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING

perimeter of the well. Simultaneously, the threads are removed so that they do not grind
be in the execution of the tasks. The threads or the basic points of
each axis should not be removed in order to verify if the excavation works
actions have been carried out according to the layout. Once all the
replanning activities begin with the construction of the work or the ac-
specific activity that has been replanned.
Reconstruction of parts of the building. -Each part of the building before
if it is to be built, it must be replanned based on the general references
from the hour, or from other already built parts, depending on the importance
of the element. In general terms, the main axes, and all the par-
The elements of the work that are located above them are of primary importance.
These are the elements that make up the structure and facades of the
work. The internal partition walls remain important, which can be
rethink based on the elements of the structure or the main walls
and facades. The internal elements of an environment will be located from
from the dividing walls, and so on. When parts are located of
the work on hard floors, tiles, or concrete floors shows the lines
and the points by means of lines with chalk or crayon. Once the for- is assembled
the suitcase of a wall or a column, or stick the first row of a wall
In masonry, the location should be checked, and corrections should be made.
that are necessary before pouring the concrete or continuing with
the wall job. The levels of the main parts of the work or areas
very extensive works must be done with optical precision level. The leveling of
secondary parts and those located in a relatively small environment,
they can be moved with the leveling hose.

In Mining:

It is used in cases where the requirements for altitude precision

Large scale. Altimetric itineraries are carried out with a level, independent.
from the planimetric surveys, just as it is done in external surveying. The sights em-
beams are usually shorter (2 or 3 m) to be able to place them indoors
from the mines. The midpoint method is applied (parking the level at
a point approximately equidistant from those whose elevation difference is desired
determine)
Leveling by the floor of the work. -It is parked at an intermediate point.
And, successively aiming at a target located at points A and B whose...
level we intend to determine:
hA = Height or elevation at A
B = mA–mB
And the altitude of B is calculated from that of A by:
hB = hA + hAB

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CIVIL ENGINEERING

Using the midpoint method, each point that is leveled refers to

to the previous one, not to the station point. Therefore, it is not necessary to point out
permanently the used station points.

NECESSARY INSTRUMENTS FOR THE USE OF THE LEVEL OF INGE-

NERO
ALUMINUM TELESCOPE MIRROR:
Every time a reading is to be taken on the sight, it must be total-
vertical mind.
Verticality is achieved through estimation or by means of a vane or level.
spherical (in this case not used), otherwise the person who is
with the sight (alarife) it can be vascular in such a way that the lowest reading is co-
correct.

TRIPOD
The tripod is an instrument used to support a measuring device.
like a theodolite, a level, its handling is simple, as it consists of three pa-
tasks that can be made of wood or aluminum

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 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ORURO
NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING

ENGINEER LEVEL INSTALLATION.

The level must be positioned in the desired location, allowing visualization of the ma-
your amount of points to measure, with the legs of the tripod well spread and firm
buried mementos in the ground in such a way that the platform is
keep it as horizontal as possible. The craving is oriented in the direction of
two thyme sprigs and the bubble is centered; then the 90° eyepiece is turned and is
repeat the same operation with the third screw.

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NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Once the bubble is well centered, if the instrument is corrected the view
it will be horizontal.

GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS OF THE LEVEL

Vertical axis of rotation (VAR): Imaginary axis around which the ins- rotates.
instrument.

Faith line of the tubular level: it is the tangent of the upper midpoint of
tubular level; in the case that the bubble is centered the plumb line will be
horizontal, that is, it is the tangent at the center of the graduations of the level
tubular.

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Optical axis or collimation axis: imaginary axis that results from the union of
center of the objective lens with the intersection of the main threads of the reticle.

Horizontal thread of the lattice: corresponds to the middle thread.

GEOMETRIC CONDITIONS OF THE LEVEL

1. Perpendicular line of faith to the vertical axis of rotation: it centers the
bubble of the level towards 2 leveling screws and then with

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NATIONAL FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING

the third screw perpendicular to the previous direction is centered again

bring the bubble. The bubble must remain centered regardless of the
address of the glasses

2. Horizontal thread of the reticle perpendicular to the vertical rotation axis:

it means achieving horizontality when the instrument is level,
to do this, a point is clearly visualized that projects onto the
H.H.R. as A in the figure and the instrument is slowly rotated.
around the vertical axis, if the point remains on the H.H.R. the ins-
this instrument is corrected.

3. Optical axis parallel to the line of sight: there are two methods to verify
that condition and one of them is:
a. Conjugated stations: 2 stations are placed approximately 50 m apart.
100 m. apart from each other, on the most horizontal ground possible, a

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instrument in a position such that the eyepiece is a few centi-

meters (between 3-10) from the sight located at the 'A' for later processing
to carry out the respective readings at both stations 'A' and 'B'
B”, in an analogous way, the operation is repeated from “B” to “A”.

The level is a tool designed for measuring unevenness.

between points that are at different heights or the transfer of levels from a
known point, it is widely used for construction work.

PRECISION

The precision of a leveling instrument will depend on the type of leveling that is performed.
that you have to carry out the work you want to do. The most normal thing is
a level that has between 20 and 25 increments and centimeter or metric sights
double millimeter. With this instrument and of course the methodology and
proper adjustments could be made with an approximate error
1.5 centimeters per kilometer of leveling.

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