Collection,
Organization and
Presentation of
Data
2
Terms
▸ Sampling – process of selecting a part
of the universe or the population
▸ Sample – the selected part of the
universe or population
▸ Sample Size – number of sample units
taken form the universe or population
3
Terms
▸ Sampling Design – set of rules or
procedures employed in selecting the
sample.
▸ Ungrouped Data – data which have
been arranged in a systematic order.
▸ Grouped Data – data presented in the
form of frequency distribution
SAMPLING
5
Two Methods of Sampling
▸ Probability Sampling – used when the
selection of the sample is purely based
on chance.
▸ Non-probability Sampling – sample is
not based on chance, rather it is
determined by some person.
6
Simple Random Sampling
▸ A random sample refers to a limited
number of individuals chosen from the
population.
▸ Every individual has an equal chance of
being selected in the sample before the
selection is done
7
8
Stratified Random Sampling
▸ The sampling technique is done through
dividing the population into categories or
strata and getting the members at
random proportionate to each stratum or
sub-group.
▸ Population is extremely heterogeneous.
9
Stratified Random Sampling
▸ Proportional Allocation – the number
of units to be taken from each stratum is
proportional to the size of the
subpopulations; that is, bigger sample
will be taken from big strata.
10
Example
▸ A college has 5,000 students of
which 2,000 are males and 3,000
are females. A sample of 300
students is required.
11
Systematic Random Sampling
▸ It refers to a process of selecting every
kth element in the population until the
desired sample size is acquired.
▹ Arrange the elements in any systematic fashion
▹ Determine the sampling interval, k
k = N/n, where N = population size, n = sample size
▹ Select a random start, 1 ≤ ≤
𝑟
𝑘
12
▸ If the population size is 200 and the
sample size needed is 40, k = 5.
▸ This means that every 5th element of the
given population is selected to make the
sample size.
13
Cluster Sampling
▸ It is the advantageous procedure when
the population is spread out over a wide
geographical area.
▸ It also means as a practical sampling
techniques used if the complete list of
the members of the population is not
available.
14
Example
▸ A population consisting of all the 800
nurses in 20 hospitals in a large city.
(Sample size is 200 nurses)
15
▸ Prepare a list of the cluster comprising the
population and determine the sample size.
▸ Estimate the average number of members
per cluster in the population.
▸ Divide the required sample size by the
average number of members per cluster to
obtain the number of clusters to be selected.
16
▸ Select the needed number of clusters.
Through the use of the Table of Random
Numbers, select the 5 hospitals from the
population of 20 hospitals.
17
Other Sampling Technique
▸ Finding the number of the value size n
with respect to the population size N by
applying the formula.
=
1+ 2
𝑁
𝑒
𝑛
𝑁
18
Example
▸ Find the sample size the researcher
wants to include in her study if the
population size of her respondents is
475 at 95% accuracy.
19
Example
▸ A researcher is conducting an investigation
with regards to the organizational climate of
375 faculty members of a certain universities
at the National Capital Region (NCR). How
many of the faculty members will be taken
as respondents if the researcher wanted to
have a margin of error of 1%?
20
Non-Probability Sampling
▸ Quota Sampling
▸ Judgment Sampling
▸ Accidental Sampling (Convenience)
Collection of Data
22
Types of Data
▸ Primary Data – Data are collected from
the respondents, of from the subjects
under investigation.
▸ Secondary Data – taken from published
or unpublished references, books,
periodicals data, etc.
23
Data Collection Method
▸ Observation – collected by actual
measurement
▸ Interview – researcher prepares a set of
questions which are usually answered by
the respondents verbally and recorded
by the researcher
24
Data Collection Method
▸ Questionnaire/Self-enumeration – a
well-planned, written question in a
questionnaire which are given to the
target respondents to complete.
▸ Experimentation – approach of
discovering what facts really are with the
use of experimental design.
25
Advantages of Observation
▸ Appropriate in obtaining data pertaining to
behaviors of an individual or a group of
individuals at the time of occurrence of a
given situation
▸ Subject may be observed individually or
collecting depending on the objectives of the
investigator
26
Advantages of the Interview Method
▸ It can give complete information needed in the study.
▸ Questions can be repeated, rephrased, or modified
for better understanding.
▸ Answers may be clarified, thus ensuring more
precise information.
▸ Information can be evaluated since the interviewer
can observe the reactions interviewee.
27
Disadvantages of the Interview Method
▸ Too costly
▸ Can cover only a limited number of
individuals.
▸ Interviewees may feel pressured for on-
the-spot responses.
28
Advantages of Questionnaire
▸ Less expensive
▸ Less time consuming
▸ Can give confidential responses
▸ Free from any influence from the interviewer
▸ Has a greater scope
▸ Respondents have enough time to formulate
appropriate responses.
29
Disadvantages of the Questionnaire
▸ Cannot be accomplished by illiterates
▸ Low return rates
▸ Tends to give incomplete or wrong
information
30
Types of Classification
▸ Qualitative
▸ Quantitative
▸ Geographical Data
▸ Chronological or Temporal
31
Types of Classification
▸ One-Way Classification
▸ Two-Way Classification
▸ Multi-Way Classification
Presentation of Data
33
Methods of Presenting Data
▸ Textural Form
▸ Tabular Form
▸ Graphical Form
34
Graphical Form
▸ Bar Graph
▸ Line Graph
▸ Pie Graph
▸ Pictograph
▸ Statistical Map
35
Types of Tabulation
▸ Simple Tabulation or One-Way
Tabulation
▸ Double Tabulation or Two-Way
Tabulation
▸ Complex Tabulation
36
Construction of Statistical Table
▸ Title
▸ Box Head (column captions)
▸ Stub (row captions)
▸ Body
▸ Prefatory Notes
▸ Foot Notes
▸ Source Notes
37
Frequency Distribution Table (FDT)
▸ A frequency distribution is a tabular
presentation of qualitative or quantitative
data grouped into categorical or non-
overlapping numerical intervals or called
classes together with the number of
observations in each class.
38
▸ Qualitative Frequency – grouped
accdg. to some categorical or non-
numerical value
▸ Quantitative Frequency – grouped
accdg. to numerical intervals
39
Construction of FDT
▸ Determine the Range for the set of observations
▸ Determine the approximate number of class
intervals k ( 1 + 3.322 )
▸ Obtain the class width c
▸ For the CI, the lowest value will be the first
lower limit and the class size c is added
successively.
𝒍
𝒐
𝒈
𝑵
Other Related Information
41
True Class Boundaries
▸ “real” limits of each CI
42
Class Mark (CM)
▸ Midpoint of each CI
43
Relative Frequency (RF)
▸ Proportion of observation in each CI
44
Cumulative Frequency (CF)
▸ <CF – summing up the frequencies
starting with the frequency of the lowest
values CI (less than)
▸ >CF – summing up the frequencies
starting with frequency of the highest
valued CI (greater than)
45
Graphic Presentation of FDT
▸ Histogram – true class boundary vs.
frequency
▸ Frequency Polygon – CM vs.
Frequency
▸ Ogive – lower true class boundary vs.
cumulative frequency
46
THANKS!
Some months
has 30 days,
other have 31.
All months have 28
How many
days
47
Which is
correct to say.
“The yolk of the
egg is white” or
“The
Both yolk of the
are wrong
48