* Development

- Sum total of growth +

differentiation
> sequential
-
changes that organism . undergo

Developmental stages of plant

Seed seedling
↓
Germination
↓

Seedling
↓
Pre-reproductive/Juvenile
↓
Stage/vegetative Stage
Maturation
↓
Reproductive
↓
stage/flowering Phase
Seed
formation
↓

Senescence/Post-reproductive Phase
①
I
last y :
Heterophyly
Environment
-
of life
Phases -
Developmental
eg Buttercup
: g: Larkspur Heterophylly
Cotton

Environmental Coriander

shylly
.

↓ Terrestrial
hetero
water
 m S
Intracellular

Genti Development
- Nutrients

Intercela
↓
cell chemicals
* plant
growth hormones/Regulators/Phytohormones/
Plant
growth substances
(PGRs/PGUS)
- small
> small
- quantity
molecule with diverse chemical
-
simple
composition .

Chemical
Composition Phytohormones
1) Indole
compounds IAA- > Indole-3-acetic acid

Indole acd
IBA -
Butyric
(Auxin)

2) Terpenes Gibberellic acid (GA) /

Gibberellin
derivative
3) Adenine No -

Furfurylaminopurine,
Kinetin
(Cytokinin)
4) Gaseous
Ethylene (CH2 (H) =

5) Carotenoid derivative Absicisic acid (ABA)

*
classification of PGRs

-- Plant
Plant Growth Promoters growth
Inhibitors
① cell growtha cell division
③ Flowering
a seed formation ① Abscission

③ Morphogenesis Fruiting >

-
shedding of flower ,

fruit ,
need, leaves
g : Auxin
② Gibberellin ② Dormancy
③ Cytokinin >
-
period sursended
of
growth
or

inactive state

eg : ABA
#
Ethylene (Gaseous hormone)
>
- Both Promoter + Inhibitor

-
largely inhibites
widely used
in
agriculture
I
. AUXIN
1

Greek word ? Auxein to

grow
·

- means

Charles Darwin+ Francis Darwin

Experiments :
·

(Father) Cron)

obtropism
> it
- was based on

Growth movement towards

light
>
- worked with coleoptile
↓ of canary grass
.

shoot
apex)

Lightunidirectional

Shotape Bendingofchooa
-r
Polar
Synthesis :

Transport :
Basipetal
Conclusion :
tip of coleoptile is
important for
.
Synthesis
auxin

light
↓

tip of coleoptile
auxin
synthesis
↓
Auxin
transport
↓

Growth (Differential)
d

Bending
Lin
Auxi
Fe
removal of cap
-decay
&
sitated (Shoot
coleptile
no
bending
No tip
Y
J
No auxin
synthesis X
d
Transport X

↓
Growth differential X
L

Bending X
 Li
①
② ④
Bending X
-

-
is Y

# Gelatinenable

Bending
conclusion
of coleoptile
is
necessary for
:
Tip
auxin
synthesis
If tip gets removed/covered by opaque material)
impermeable↓
barrier

no
bending
* F W
. went

&coveryofauxi
a
- term

(Ana)
out

Avena curvature test

light Auxin

i# M
Mi
I
-
-

decapitated
① Auxin
in
Agar
Block
To coleoptile
Avena
Coleoptile
② ③ Auxin
④ Agas block
coleoptile placed on
transported
placed
&

O is on

block
Agar Agar
u

block
decapitated
coleoptile

⑤ Bending Conclusion : Quantitative

cle
of auxin
L

Fit no
#
Curvature/Growth &Amt .

bending of
auxin
 T the
method to determine effect
substance
of
a
 ·
Isolation
-

isolation ? human urine

① 1st
F W Went
② isolated from coleoptile of
out
= .

precursor :
1) Tryptophan
·

2) Zine

·
curence : ① Shoot apex ② Root
apex

Iypes
·

-②
① Natural Synthetic
>
-
produced by plants >
- produced
Indole-3-acetic acid
artificially
: IAA :
eg ①
: 2 4, D
acid eg ,
IBA :
Indole-3-butyric 2 4
,
Dichlorophyi
②2 4 5 T

NAA-Napthalene Acetica
, , ,

③
Physiological Effects/functions of Auxin
① Abscission

a
- prevents abscission
of younger flowers,
fruits
leaves.
"

"mature'
promotes
1
>
-

② Apical Dominance

Apical
bud Plant
height the
-

of apical
-

Dominance bud
· o Lateral
⑧
bud

③
Cell
↓
Division &
Xylem differentiation
Cell
Enlargement
 ·

uses/Applications
I
pooting : initiate
rooting
in stem
cutting
L

g
: Rose vegetative
propagation

Flower
2) Flowering : ↑se

e :
Pineapple

3) parthenocarpy : Seedless fruit formation

without
fertilisation .

: Tomato
e
"dicot weeds"
4) Weedicide
g
: 2 , 4-D-
Agent↓ Orange/Dioxin

patio
used in vietnama