SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER (SCR):

Symbol: Block Construction:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1
Ex. No. 1 Date:
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR

AIM :
To determine the characteristics of SCR with different gate current(Ig) and to draw the
characteristics graphically.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link]. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 SCR Module kit 220 V / 5 A 1
2 Thyristor Trainer Module Kit
Firing Circuit Module inbuilt 1
3 Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
4 Ammeter (0-30)mA MC 1
5 Ammeter (0-100)μA MC 1
6 Resistor 1 kΩ 1
7 Patch Chords 10

THEORY:
An SCR is a three terminal, four-layer latching device. The three terminals are anode, cathode and
gate. When the anode is more positive w.r.t the cathode, junctions j1, j3 are forward biased and the
junction j2 is reverse biased. Only a small leakage current flows through the device. The device is
said to be in the forward blocking state or OFF state. When the anode to cathode voltage is
increased to break-over value, the junction j2 breaks down and device starts conducting. The
anode current must be more than a value known as latching current in order to maintain the device
in the ON state. Once SCR starts conducting, it behaves like a conducting diode and gate has no
control over the device

2
TABULAR COLUMN:

IG = IG =
[Link].
VAK (V) IA (mA) VAK (V) IA (mA)

MODEL GRAPH:

3
 PROCEDURE:

1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2) Switch on the supply
3) Set the gate current at a fixed value by varying RPS on the gate-cathode side.
4) Increase the voltage applied to anode-cathode side from zero until breakdown occurs.
5) Note down the breakdown voltage.
6) Draw the graph between anode to cathode voltage (v ak) and anode current (ia)
7) Repeat the experiment for different values of gate current.

RESULT:
Thus the VI Characteristics of SCR is verified.

4
TRIODE AC SWITCH (TRIAC):
Symbol: Block Construction:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MT2 positive with respect to MT1 negative

5
Ex. No. 2 Date:
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAC

AIM:
To verify the characteristics of TRIAC .

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link]. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 TRIAC Module kit 220 V / 5 A 1
2 Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
3 Ammeter (0-30)mA MC 1
4 Ammeter (0-50)mA MC 1
5 Resistor 1 kΩ 1
6 Patch Chords 10

THEORY:
An SCR is a three terminal, four layer latching device. The three terminals are anode,
cathode and gate. When the anode is more positive w.r.t the cathode, junctions j1, j3 are forward
biased and the junction j2 is reverse biased. Only a small leakage current flows through the
device. The device is said to be in the forward blocking state or OFF state. When the anode to
cathode voltage is increased to break-over value, the junction j2 breaks down and device starts
conducting. The anode current must be more than a value known as latching current in order to
maintain the device in the ON state. Once SCR starts conducting, it behaves like a conducting
diode and gate has no control over the device.

6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MT2 negative with respect to MT1 positive:

7
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Set the gate current at a fixed value by varying RPS on the gate- cathode side.
4. Increase the voltage applied across anode and corresponding current is noted.
5. The TRIAC terminal (MT2)is made positive with respect to (MT1) and the gate current is
positive
6. The graph lies in the I quadrant.
7. The gate current is made negative and the graph lies in II quadrant
8. The TRIAC terminal (MT1)is made positive with respect to (MT2) and the gate current is
positive the graph lies in the III quadrant
9. The gate current is made negative and the graph lies in IV quadrant
10. Draw the graph between anode to cathode voltage (V AK) and anode current (I A)

8
TABULAR COLUMN:
MT2 positive with respect to MT1 negative

MODE-1: MODE-2:

IG = IG =
VAK IA VAK IA
(V) (mA) (V) (mA)

MT2 negative with respect to MT1 positive:

MODE - 3: MODE - 4:

IG = IG =
VAK IA VAK IA
(V) (mA) (V) (mA)

9
MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT :
Thus the Characteristics of TRIAC was obtained and drawn graphically.

10
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
METAL OXIDE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (MOSFET):

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
INSULATED GATE BASE TRANSISTOR (IGBT):

11
Ex. No. 3 Date:
CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET & IGBT

AIM :
To determine the characteristics of MOSFET & IGBT and draw the characteristics
graphically.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link]. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 MOSFET & IGBT Module kit 220 V / 5 A 1
2 Voltmeter (0-5) V MC 1
3 Voltmeter (0-30) V MC 1
4 Ammeter (0-5)mA MC 1
5 Resistor 5 KΩ, 1 kΩ 1
6 Patch Chords 10

THEORY
MOSFET
Output characteristics:
It indicate the variation of drain current ID as a function of drain–source voltage VDS
as a parameter. For low values of VDS, the graph between ID–VDS is almost linear; this indicates
a constant value of on resistance RDS = VDS / ID. For given VGS, if VDS is increased,
output characteristic is relatively flat indicating that drain current is nearly constant.

12
TABULAR COLUMN (MOSFET):

VGS =………(V) VGS =… ........ (V)

VDS VDS
ID (mA) ID (mA)
(mV) (mV)

MODEL GRAPH ( MOSFET ):

13
PROCEDURE:

1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2) Switch on the supply.
3) Set the gate source voltage (VGS) at a fixed value.
4) Vary the voltage applied across Gate and Drain (VDS) and Note the
corresponding drain current ID.
5) The above steps are repeated for different values of VGS
6) Draw the graph between V DS and ID .

14
TABULAR COLUMN (IGBT):
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

VGE =….(V) VGE =….(V)

VCE VCE
IC (mA) IC (mA)
(mV) (mV)

MODEL GRAPH (IGBT):

17
 IGBT:
Output characteristics of an IGBT show the plot of collector current IC versus Collector- Emitter
voltage VCE for various values of Gate-Emitter voltages. In the forward direction, the shape
of the output characteristics is similar to that of BJT. But here the controlling parameter is Gate-
Emitter voltage VGE because IGBT is a voltage controlled device. When the device is OFF,
junction j2 blocks forward voltage and in case reverse voltage appears across collector and
emitter, junction j1 blocks it. VRM is the maximum reverse breakdown voltage.

PROCEDURE:
1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch on the supply.
3) Set the Gate Emitter voltage (VGE) at a fixed value.
4) Vary the voltage applied across Collector and Emitter (VCE) and Note
the corresponding Collector current IC.
5) The above steps are repeated for different values of VGE.
6) Draw the graph between V CE and IC .

RESULT:
Thus the Characteristics of MOSFET & IGBT were obtained and drawn graphically.

16
18
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

TABULAR COLUMN:
Input Voltage (Vin) =

Output Voltage Output Current

[Link]
Firing angle (VO) (IO)
 Measured Calculated Measured Calculated

19
Ex. No. 4 Date:
AC TO DC HALF CONTROLLED CONVERTER

AIM:
To construct a single phase half controlled Converter and plot its output response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link]. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
Half controlled Converter
1 1, 230V,10A - 1
Power circuit kit
3 SCR firing circuit kit 1 ,230V,5A - 1
230V/115-55-0-
4 Isolation Transformer - 1
55-115
230V/0-270V,
5 Auto-transformer - 1
4A
6 Loading Rheostat 100 / 2A - 1

7 CRO 20MHz - 1
8 Patch chords - - 15

FORMULA:

Output Voltage, VO= (Vm / )* (1+Cos α)

Output Current, IO= (Vm / R)* (1+Cos α)

Where
α= Firing Angle
Vm= Peak Value of input voltage

20
MODEL GRAPH:

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

21
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the multiplication factor of the CRO’s probe at the maximum position.
3. Switch on the thyristor kit and firing circuit kit.
4. Keep the firing circuit knob at the 180 position.
5. Vary the firing angle in steps.
6. Note down the voltmeter reading and waveform from the CRO.
7. Switch off the power supply and disconnect.

RESULT :
Thus the single phase half controlled converter was constructed and the output
waveforms were plotted.

22
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

TABULAR COLUMN:
Input Voltage (Vin) =

Output Voltage Output Current

[Link]
Firing angle (VO) (IO)
 Measured Calculated Measured Calculated

17
Ex. No. 5 Date:
AC TO DC FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER
AIM:
To construct a single phase fully controlled Converter and plot its response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] ITEM RANGE TYPE QUANTIT
Y
1 Fully controlled 1, 230V,10A - 1
Converter Power
circuit kit
3 SCR firing circuit kit 1 ,230V,5A - 1
4 Isolation Transformer 230V/115-55-0-55-115 - 1
5 Auto-transformer 230V/0-270V, 4A - 1
6 Loading Rheostat 100 / 2A - 1
7 CRO 20MHz - 1
8 Patch chords - - 15

FORMULA:

Output Voltage, VO= (2Vm / )* (1+Cos α)

Output Current, IO= (2Vm / R)* (1+Cos α)

Where
α= Firing Angle
Vm= Peak Value of input voltage

18
MODEL GRAPH :

19
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram..
2. Keep the multiplication factor of the CRO’s probe at the maximum position.
3. Switch on the thyristor kit and firing circuit kit.
4. Keep the firing circuit knob at the 180  position.
5. Vary the firing angle in steps.
6. Note down the voltmeter reading and waveform from the CRO.
7. Switch off the power supply and disconnect.

20
MODEL CALCULATION :

21
RESULT:
Thus the single phase full controlled converter was constructed and the output
waveforms were plotted.

22
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
STEP UP CHOPPER:

TABULAR COLUMN (STEP UP CHOPPER):

Vs = V
[Link] T ON TOFF T (sec) Duty Ratio, Measured Calculated
k = TON / T Voltage(V)
(sec) (sec) Voltage (V)
Vo = Vs/(1-k)

MODEL GRAPH (STEP UP CHOPPER) :

23
Ex. No. 6 Date:
STEP UP AND STEP DOWN MOSFET BASED CHOPPERS

AIM:
To construct Step down & Step up MOSFET based choppers and to draw its output
response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
QUANTIT
[Link] ITEM RANGE Y

Step up & Step down MOSFET

1 1
based chopper kit

2 CRO 20 MHZ 1

3 Patch chords 15

THEORY:
This experiment is intended to study the closed loop operation of Buck-Boost converter. The set
voltage to the PWM generator is set at 1V. Feedback voltage from Buck-Boost converter power
circuit is connected to the PWM generator circuit. On varying the DC input voltage slowly
from 0 to 15V, the output voltage is measured as constant

PROCEDURE (STEP UP CHOPPER & STEP DOWN CHOPPER) :

1. Connections are given as per the diagram.
2. Switch on the main supply
3. Vary the duty cycle and tabulate the Ton, Toff & output voltage
4. Draw the graph for Vo Vs Duty cycle, K

24
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
STEP DOWN CHOPPER :

TABULAR COLUMN (STEP DOWN CHOPPER):

Vs = V
[Link] T ON TOFF T (sec) Duty Ratio, Measured Calculated
k = TON / T
(sec) (sec) Voltage (V) Vo = kVs (V)

MODEL GRAPH (STEP DOWN CHOPPER) :

25
RESULT:
Thus the output response of Step down & Step up MOSFET based choppers were verified.

26
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

+
C
T1
T3

50/5
24V,D A
.
Vo
C
T2 T4

TABULAR COLUMN:

[Link] Input DC Output Time

voltage (v) voltage (v) (ms)

MODEL GRAPH:

27
Ex. No. 7 Date:
IGBT BASED SINGLE PHASE PWM INVERTER
AIM :
To obtain Single phase output wave forms for IGBT based PWM inverter

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link]. ITEM RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 IGBT Based PWM inverter Kit 220/10A 1

2 CRO 20MHZ 1

3 Patch Chord 10

4 Load rheostat 50/5A 1

PROCEDURE :
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the gating signal from the inverter module.
3. Switch ON D.C 24 V.
4. Keep the frequency knob to particulars frequency.
5. Observe the rectangular and triangular carrier waveforms on the CRO.
6. Obtain the output waveform across the load Rheostat.

RESULT :

Thus the output waveform for IGBT inverter (PWM) was obtained.

28
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:
Input Voltage :

[Link]. Conduction Output Voltage (V) Time (ms)

mode

MODEL GRAPH :

29
Ex. No. 8 Date:
IGBT BASED THREE PHASE PWM INVERTER

AIM:
To obtain Three phase output wave forms for IGBT based PWM inverter

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link]. ITEM RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 IGBT Based PWM inverter Kit 220/10A 1

2 CRO 20MHZ 1

3 Patch Chord 10

4 Load rheostat 50/5A 1

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the gating signal from the inverter module.
3. Switch ON D.C 24 V.
4. Keep the frequency knob to particulars frequency.
5. Observe the input and output waveforms for 180° conduction mode and 120°
conduction mode in the CRO.
6. Obtain the output waveform across the load Rheostat.

RESULT :
Thus the output waveform for IGBT inverter (PWM) was obtained.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MT1

MT2
BT136
100Ω/1W

(Or)Lamp
load
Ex. No. 9 Date:

AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

AIM:
To study the Single-phase AC voltage control using TRIAC with DIAC or UJT Firing Circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link]. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 AC voltage control trainer kit
2 Lamp 60w 1
3 Resistor 100 ohm/1W 1
1Kohm
4 DIAC DB3 1
5 TRIAC BT 136 1
6 CRO 1
7 Patch Chords 15

CIRCUIT OPERATION:
1. When potentiometer is in minimum position drop across potentiometer is zero and hence
maximum voltage is available across capacitor. This Vc shorts the diac (Vc > Vbo) and
triggers the triac turning triac to ON – state there lamp glows with maximum intensity.

2. When the potentiometer is in maximum position voltage drop across potentiometeris

maximum. Hence minimum voltage is available across capacitor (Vc M Vbo) hence triac
to is not triggered hence lamp does not glow.

3. When potentiometer is in medium position a small voltage is available across capacitor

hence lamp glows with minimum intensity.
TABULAR COLUMN: (DIAC or UJT Firing Circuit)
Vo Vin Ton Toff Firing Angle
[Link]
(Volts) (Volts) (ms) (ms) (Degree)

MODAL GRAPH:
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram

2. Initially potentiometer kept at minimum position so lap does not glow at this instant.
3. Note the voltage across the diac and triac.
4. Capacitor and potentiometer using multimeter and CRO.
5. Potentiometer is now placed at medium and then to minimum position and their voltages
were noted.

RESULT:

Thus the performance of the single phase AC voltage control using TRIAC was verified.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
BUCK CONVERTER:

TABULAR COLUMN (Buck converter):

Vs = V
VS T ON TOFF T (sec) Duty Ratio, k=TON / T Measured Calculated
(sec) (sec) Voltage (V) Vo=kVs(V)

WAVEFORMS:
Ex. No. 10 Date :

SWITCHED MODE POWER CONVERTER

AIM:

To construct a switched mode power Converter (buck and boost converter) and verify its output
response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] ITEM RANGE QUANTITY

Buck-boost kit
1 1

2 CRO 20 MHZ 1

3 Patch chords 15

PROCEDURE (buck and boost converter) :

1. Initially keep all the switches in the OFF position
2. Initially keep duty cycle POT in minimum position
3. Connect banana connector 24V DC source to 24V DC imput.
4. Connect the driver pulse [output to MOSFET input
5. Switch on the main supply
6. Check the test point waveforms with respect to ground.
7. Vary the duty cycle POT and tabulate the Ton, Toff & output voltage
8. Trace the waveforms of Vo Vs & Io
9. Draw the graph for Vo Vs Duty cycle, K
BOOST CONVERTER:

TABULAR COLUMN (Boost converter):

Vs = V
[Link] T ON TOFF T (sec) Duty Ratio, k=TON / T Measured Calculated
(sec) (sec) Voltage (V) Vo=1/1-KVs(V)

WAVEFORMS :
RESULT:
Thus the switched mode power converters (Buck and Boost converter) were
constructed and their output response were verified.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR R LOAD: -

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

39
 Expt. No.: 11.a Date:

SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED CONVERTER

WITH R LOAD

AIM: -
To simulate and study the Single Phase Half Controlled Converter with R load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

A PC with MATLAB package.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOAD: -

1. In MATLAB software open a new model in File->New->model.

2. Start SIMULINK library browser.
3. And open the libraries that contain the blocks you will need. These usually will include the
sources, sinks, math and continuous function block and possibly other.
4. Drag the needed blocks from the library folders to that new untitled simulink window. You
must give it a name using the Save As menu command under the File menu heading. The
assigned filename is automatically appended with a .mdl extension.
5. Arrange these blocks in orderly way corresponding by Matlab Model Shown below.
6. Interconnect the blocks by dragging the cursor from the output of one block to the input of
another block.
7. Double click on any block having parameters that must be established and set these
parameters.
8. It is necessary to specify a stop time for the simulation; this is done by clicking on the
simulation parameters entry on the simulation-> parameters entry on the simulation toolbar.
9. Now we are ready to simulate our block diagram. Press start icon to start the simulation.
After simulation is done, double click the scope block to display the output. Click the auto
scale icon in the display window to scale the axis as per variable range.
10. Finally Save the Output.

40
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

MODEL WAVEFORMS: -

41
 FORMULA USED FOR DESIGN OF PHASE DELAY: -
0  * 0.02
1. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 = sec
360

2. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 =

180  * 0.02 sec
360
Where,  = firing angle delay in degrees.

Frequency = 50 Hz, i.e. time period = 0.02 sec.

PHASE DELAY CALCULATIONS: -

Let the firing angle be 30.
i.e.,  = 30

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 =
0  30* 0.02 sec
360

= 0.001667 sec.
180  30* 0.02
Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 = sec
360
= 0.011667 sec.
Firing angle delays in sec for pulse generators 1 & 2 for various firing angles can be calculated and
tabulated.

42
TABULATION OF PHASE ANGLE DELAY :

Phase angle delay for

FIRING
(in sec.)
ANGLE ()
Pulse Generator 1
in deg Pulse Generator 2

0 0 0.01
30 0.001667 0.011667

60 0.00333 0.01333
90 0.005 0.015

120 0.00667 0.01667

150 0.00833 0.01833
180 0.01 0.02

43
RESULT: -
Thus the simulation of single phase half controlled converter with R load model is done and the
output is verified using MATLAB Simulink.

44
 SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER WITH R LOAD

SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR R LOAD: -

MODEL OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

45
 Expt. No.: 11.b Date:

SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED

CONVERTER WITH R LOAD

AIM: -
To simulate and study the Single Phase Fully Controlled Converter with R Load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

A PC with MATLAB package.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOAD: -

1. In MATLAB software open a new model in File->New->model.

2. Start SIMULINK library browser.
3. And open the libraries that contain the blocks you will need. These usually will include the
sources, sinks, math and continuous function block and possibly other.
4. Drag the needed blocks from the library folders to that new untitled simulink window. You
must give it a name using the Save As menu command under the File menu heading. The
assigned filename is automatically appended with a .mdl extension.
5. Arrange these blocks in orderly way corresponding by Matlab Model Shown below.
6. Interconnect the blocks by dragging the cursor from the output of one block to the input of
another block.
7. Double click on any block having parameters that must be established and set these
parameters.
8. It is necessary to specify a stop time for the simulation; this is done by clicking on the
simulation parameters entry on the simulation-> parameters entry on the simulation toolbar.
9. Now we are ready to simulate our block diagram. Press start icon to start the simulation.
After simulation is done, double click the scope block to display the output. Click the auto
scale icon in the display window to scale the axis as per variable range.
10. Finally Save the Output.

46
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

MODEL WAVEFORMS: -

47
 FORMULA USED FOR DESIGN OF PHASE DELAY: -
0  * 0.02
1. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 for T1 & T2 = sec
360

180  * 0.02 sec

2. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T3 & T4 = 360

Where,  = firing angle delay in degrees.

Frequency = 50 Hz, i.e. time period = 0.02 sec.

PHASE DELAY MODEL CALCULATIONS: -

Let the firing angle be 30.i.e.,  = 30

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 for T1 & T2 =
0  30* 0.02
360
sec

= 0.001667 sec.
180  30* 0.02
Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T3 & T4 = sec
360

= 0.011667 sec.
Firing angle delays in sec for pulse generators 1 & 2 for various firing angles can be calculated and
tabulated.

48
TABULATION OF PHASE ANGLE DELAY :
Phase angle delay for
FIRING
(in sec.)
ANGLE ()
Pulse Generator
in deg Pulse Generator 2
1
0 0 0.01

30 0.001667 0.011667

60 0.00333 0.01333

90 0.005 0.015
120 0.00667 0.01667
150 0.00833 0.01833

180 0.01 0.02

49
RESULT: -
Thus the simulation of single phase full controlled converter with R load model was done and the
outputs were verified using MATLAB Simulink.

50
 SIMULATION DIAGRAM: -

MODEL OUTPUT WAVEFORMS :

51
Expt. No.: 11.c Date:

THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED CONVERTER

WITH R LOAD

AIM: -
To simulate and study the Three Phase Half Controlled Converter with R Load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

A PC with MATLAB package.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOAD: -

1. In MATLAB software open a new model in File->New->model.

2. Start SIMULINK library browser.
3. And open the libraries that contain the blocks you will need. These usually will include the
sources, sinks, math and continuous function block and possibly other.
4. Drag the needed blocks from the library folders to that new untitled simulink window. You
must give it a name using the Save As menu command under the File menu heading. The
assigned filename is automatically appended with a .mdl extension.
5. Arrange these blocks in orderly way corresponding by Matlab Model Shown below.
6. Interconnect the blocks by dragging the cursor from the output of one block to the input of
another block.
7. Double click on any block having parameters that must be established and set these
parameters.
8. It is necessary to specify a stop time for the simulation; this is done by clicking on the
simulation parameters entry on the simulation-> parameters entry on the simulation toolbar.
9. Now we are ready to simulate our block diagram. Press start icon to start the simulation.
After simulation is done, double click the scope block to display the output. Click the auto
scale icon in the display window to scale the axis as per variable range.
10. Finally Save the Output.

52
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

MODEL WAVEFORMS: -

53
FORMULA USED FOR DESIGN OF PHASE DELAY: -
30  * 0.02
1. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 for T1 = sec
360

2. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T2 =

30 120  * 0.02 sec
360

3. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T3 =

30  240  * 0.02 sec
Where,  = firing angle delay in degrees. 360

Frequency = 50 Hz, i.e. time period =

0.02 sec.
PHASE DELAY MODEL CALCULATIONS: -
Let the firing angle be 30.
i.e.,  = 30
Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 for T1 = 30  30* 0.02
sec
360

= 0.00333 sec.


Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T2 = 30 120  30* 0.02
360
= 0.01 sec.

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T2 = 30  240  30* 0.02
360
= 0.01667 sec.

Firing angle delays in sec for pulse generators 1, 2 & 3 for various firing angles can be
calculated and tabulated.

54
TABULATION OF PHASE ANGLE DELAY :

Phase angle delay for

FIRING
(in sec.)
ANGLE ()
Pulse Pulse Generator 3
in deg Pulse Generator 2
Generator 1
0 0.001667 0.00833 0.015
30 0.00333 0.01 0.01667
60 0.005 0.011667 0.01833

90 0.00667 0.01333 0.02

120 0.00833 0.015 0.021667

150 0.01 0.01667 0.02333

180 0.011667 0.018333 0.025

55
RESULT: -
Thus the simulation of three phase half controlled converter with R load model is done and the
output is verified using MATLAB Simulink.

56
THREE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER WITH R LOAD

SIMULATION DIAGRAM: -

57
Expt. No.: 11.d Date:

THREE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER

WITH R LOAD

AIM: -
To simulate and study the Three Phase Fully Controlled Converter with R Load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

A PC with MATLAB package.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOAD: -

1. In MATLAB software open a new model in File->New->model.

2. Start SIMULINK library browser.
3. And open the libraries that contain the blocks you will need. These usually will include the
sources, sinks, math and continuous function block and possibly other.
4. Drag the needed blocks from the library folders to that new untitled simulink window. You
must give it a name using the Save As menu command under the File menu heading. The
assigned filename is automatically appended with a .mdl extension.
5. Arrange these blocks in orderly way corresponding by Matlab Model Shown below.
6. Interconnect the blocks by dragging the cursor from the output of one block to the input of
another block.
7. Double click on any block having parameters that must be established and set these
parameters.
8. It is necessary to specify a stop time for the simulation; this is done by clicking on the
simulation parameters entry on the simulation-> parameters entry on the simulation toolbar.
9. Now we are ready to simulate our block diagram. Press start icon to start the simulation.
After simulation is done, double click the scope block to display the output. Click the auto
scale icon in the display window to scale the axis as per variable range.
10. Finally Save the Output.

58
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS :

TABULATION OF PHASE ANGLE DELAY :

FIRING Phase angle delay for (in sec.)

ANGLE () in
deg PG 1 PG 2 PG 3 PG 4 PG 5 PG 6
0 0.00167 0.005 0.00833 0.01167 0.015 0.01833
30 0.00333 0.00667 0.01 0.01333 0.01667 0.02
60 0.005 0.00833 0.01167 0.015 0.01833 0.02167
90 0.00667 0.01 0.01333 0.01667 0.02 0.02333
120 0.00833 0.01167 0.015 0.01833 0.02167 0.025
150 0.01 0.01333 0.01667 0.02 0.02333 0.02667
180 0.01167 0.015 0.01833 0.02167 0.025 0.02833

59
FORMULA USED FOR DESIGN OF PHASE DELAY: -
30  * 0.02
1. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 for T1 = sec
360

2. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T2 =

30  60  * 0.02 sec
360

3. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T3 =

30 120  * 0.02 sec
360

4. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T4 =

30 180  * 0.02 sec
360 sec

5. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T5 =

30  240  *0.02
360

30  300  * 0.02

6. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 for T3 = sec
360
Where,  = firing angle delay in degrees.

Frequency = 50 Hz, i.e. time period = 0.02 sec.

RESULT: -
Thus the simulation of three phase full controlled converter with R load model was done and the

outputs were verified using MATLAB Simulink.

60
 SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONVERTER WITH R LOAD

SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR R LOAD: -

MODEL OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

61
 Expt. No.:11.e Date:

SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONVERTER WITH

R LOAD
AIM: -
To simulate and study the Single Phase AC Voltage Converter with R Load.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

A PC with MATLAB package.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOAD: -

1. In MATLAB software open a new model in File->New->model.

2. Start SIMULINK library browser.
3. And open the libraries that contain the blocks you will need. These usually will include the
sources, sinks, math and continuous function block and possibly other.
4. Drag the needed blocks from the library folders to that new untitled simulink window. You
must give it a name using the Save As menu command under the File menu heading. The
assigned filename is automatically appended with a .mdl extension.
5. Arrange these blocks in orderly way corresponding by Matlab Model Shown below.
6. Interconnect the blocks by dragging the cursor from the output of one block to the input of
another block.
7. Double click on any block having parameters that must be established and set these
parameters.
8. It is necessary to specify a stop time for the simulation; this is done by clicking on the
simulation parameters entry on the simulation-> parameters entry on the simulation toolbar.
9. Now we are ready to simulate our block diagram. Press start icon to start the simulation.
After simulation is done, double click the scope block to display the output. Click the auto
scale icon in the display window to scale the axis as per variable range.
10. Finally Save the Output.

62
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

TABULATION OF PHASE ANGLE DELAY :

Phase angle delay for

FIRING
(in sec.)
ANGLE ()
Pulse Generator
in deg Pulse Generator 2
1
0 0 0.01

30 0.001667 0.011667

60 0.00333 0.01333
90 0.005 0.015

120 0.00667 0.01667

150 0.00833 0.01833

180 0.01 0.02

63
 FORMULA USED FOR DESIGN OF PHASE DELAY: -

0  * 0.02
1. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 = sec
360

2. Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 =

180  * 0.02 sec
360
Where,  = firing angle delay in degrees.

Frequency = 50 Hz, i.e. time period = 0.02 sec.

PHASE DELAY CALCULATIONS: -

Let the firing angle be 30.
i.e.,  = 30

Firing angle delay for pulse generator 1 =
0  30* 0.02 sec
360

= 0.001667 sec.
180  30* 0.02
Firing angle delay for pulse generator 2 = sec
360
= 0.011667 sec.
Firing angle delays in sec for pulse generators 1 & 2 for various firing angles can be calculated and
tabulated.

RESULT: -
Thus the single phase AC Voltage converter was simulated with R load and the related waveforms
were obtained.

64
SIMULATION DIAGRAM :

MODEL OUTPUT WAVEFORMS :

65
 Expt. No.:11.f Date:

DC-DC CONVERTER

AIM: -
To simulate and study the DC-DC Converter with R Load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: -

A PC with MATLAB package.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOAD: -

1. In MATLAB software open a new model in File->New->model.

2. Start SIMULINK library browser.
3. And open the libraries that contain the blocks you will need. These usually will include the
sources, sinks, math and continuous function block and possibly other.
4. Drag the needed blocks from the library folders to that new untitled simulink window. You
must give it a name using the Save As menu command under the File menu heading. The
assigned filename is automatically appended with a .mdl extension.
5. Arrange these blocks in orderly way corresponding by Matlab Model Shown below.
6. Interconnect the blocks by dragging the cursor from the output of one block to the input of
another block.
7. Double click on any block having parameters that must be established and set these
parameters.
8. It is necessary to specify a stop time for the simulation; this is done by clicking on the
simulation parameters entry on the simulation-> parameters entry on the simulation toolbar.
9. Now we are ready to simulate our block diagram. Press start icon to start the simulation.
After simulation is done, double click the scope block to display the output. Click the auto
scale icon in the display window to scale the axis as per variable range.
10. Finally Save the Output.

RESULT: -
Thus the single phase DC-DC Voltage converter was simulated with R load and the related
waveforms were obtained.

66
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF SINGLE PHASE CYCLO CONVERTER:

67
 Expt. No.:12 Date:

SINGLE PHASE CYCLO - CONVERTER WITH R LOADS

AIM

To study the single - phase Cyclo Converter with R Load.

APPARATUS:

S. No Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Single phase Cycloconverter power circuit

and firing circuit
2 CRO with deferential MODEL
3 Patch chords and probes

4 Isolation Transformer (Centre - Tapped )

5 Variable Rheostat
6 Inductor

7 AC Voltmeter
8 AC Ammeter

PROCEDURE:

1. Make all connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect firstly (30V-0-30V) AC supply from Isolation Transformer to circuit.
3. Connect firing pulses from firing circuit to Thyristors as indication in circuit.
4. Connect resistive load 200Ω / 5A to load terminals.
5. Set the frequency division switch to (2, 3, 4,…, 9) your required output frequency.
6. Switch ON the MCB and IRS switch and trigger output ON switch.
7. Observe waveforms in CRO, across load by varying firing angle gradually up to1800
and also for various frequency divisions (2, 3, 4…9).
8. Measure output voltage and current by connecting AC voltmeter & Ammeter.
9. Tabulate all readings for various firing angles.
10. Observe the various waveforms at different points in circuit by varying the Resistive Load
11. Calculate the output voltage and current by theoretically and compare with practically
obtained values.

68
 TABULAR COLUMN:

Input Firing Input

S. Frequency Vo Io Output fo/fs
Voltage angle in frequen
No Division (V) (A) frequency
(V in) Degrees cy fs fo

MODEL CALCULATIONS:
V0r =
I0r= V0r /R
θ= Firing Angle
V= RMS Value across transformer output

MODEL GRAPH:

69
RESULT: -
Thus, the single - phase Cyclo Converter was implemented with R load of resistance of 200 ohms
the related waveforms were obtained.

70
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

IRFP250
(0-24V)
DC supply 0.16mH
0.22µF
IN4002

50Ω/5W

1200µF

TABULAR COLUMN
[Link]. voltage Ton Toff Frequency
(vi) V KHz

71
 Expt. No.:13 Date:

RESONANT DC TO DC CONVERTER

AIM:
To study Zero Voltage Switching Resonant converter and Zero Current Switching Resonant
Converter and plot its output waveforms.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link]. ITEM RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 Resonant Converter Module 1
2 Loading rheostat 100 / 2A 1
3 CRO 20 MHZ 1
4 Patch chords 15

PROCEDURE

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the resonant converter module.
3. Keep the frequency knob of the firing circuit kit below the resonance Frequency of power
circuit kit
4. Switch on the DC power supply connected to the power circuit kit and Switch on the firing
circuit kit
5. Vary the frequency knob of the firing circuit kit
6. Observe the waveform from the CRO.
7. Repeat the same procedure for different values of switching frequency.
8. Switch of the power supply and disconnect the connection.

72
MODEL GRAPH ( ZVS RESONANT CONVERTER ) :

MODEL GRAPH ( ZCS RESONANT CONVERTER ) :

73
RESULT :
Thus ZVS and ZCS Resonant Converter operation were studied and their output
waveforms were plotted.

74
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