Electrical Machines I

Teacher, REBAHI FARES

2025 - 2026
 The references
• Smarajit Ghosh, Electrical Machines I, Second
Edition
• B.L. THERAJA; A.K. THERAJAA TEXTBOOK OF
ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY, VOLUME I BASIC
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGIN
• Stephen J, Chapman Electric machinery
fundamentals
• DR. P. C. SEN. THIRD EDITION, PRINCIPLES OF
ELECTRIC MACHINES AND POWER ELECTRONICS
 OBJECTIVES
After carefully studying this chapter you should be
able to:
• Explain the function of various parts of a dc
machine.
• Prepare winding schemes for the armature
winding.
• Explain the working of a dc machine for
generating and motoring action.
• Draw the characteristics of different types of dc
machines and indicate their possible fields of
applications.
 Chapitre1 : Machines à courant continu
fonctionnement génératrice et moteur

1. Constitution et principe de fonctionnement

2. Force électromotrice, couple électromagnétique
et Conservation de l’énergie
3. Différents modes d'excitation
4. Bilan des puissances
5. Régimes de démarrage et de freinage
6. Fonctionnement MCC dans les quatre quadrants
de la caractéristique C = f(n)
 Chapter 1: Direct Current Machines -
Generator and Motor Operation

1. Constitution and Operating Principle

2. Electromotive Force, Electromagnetic Torque,
and Conservation of Energy
3. Various Excitation Modes
4. Power flow diagram
5. Starting and Braking Modes
6. Operation of DC Machines in the Four
Quadrants of the Characteristic C = f(n)
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

1. DC machine representation.
A dc machine has two distinct circuits, a field circuit and an
armature circuit. The mmfs produced by these two circuits are at
quadrature—the field mmf is along the direct axis and
thearmature mmf is along the quadrature axis. A simple
schematic representation of the dcmachine is shown
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

2. MAGNETIZATION CURVE OF A DCMACHINE

The magnetic flux Φ that crosses the air gap under each pole
depends on the magnetomotive force Fp (hence the field
current) of the coils on each pole. At low values of flux Φ, the
magneticmaterial may be considered to have infinite
permeability, making the reluctances for magnetic core sections
zero. The magnetic flux in each pole is then
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

2. MAGNETIZATION CURVE OF A DCMACHINE

The relationship between field excitation mmf Fp and flux Φ in
each pole is shown in Fig below. With no field excitation, the flux
in the pole is the residual flux left over from the previous
operation. As the field excitation is increased, the flux increases
linearly, as long as the reluctance of the iron core is negligible
compared with that of the air gap.
Further increase in the field excitation
will result in saturation of the iron core,
and the flux increase will no longer
be linear with the field excitation
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

2. MAGNETIZATION CURVE OF A DCMACHINE

The induced voltage in the armature winding is proportional to
flux times speed, It is more convenient if the magnetization
curve is expressed in terms of armature induced voltage Ea at a
particular speed.
This curve can be obtained by
performing tests on a dc machine
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3. Various Excitation Modes

The dc machine operating as a generator is driven by a prime
mover at a constant speed and the armature terminals are
connected to a load. In many applications of dc generators,
knowledge of the variation of the terminal voltage with load
current, known as the external or (terminal) characteristic, is
essential.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3. Various Excitation Modes

The various connections of the field circuit and armature circuit
are shown in Fig.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.1 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

In the separately excited dc generator, the field winding is
connected to a separate source of dc power. This source may be
another dc generator, a controlled rectifier, or a diode rectifier,
or a battery.
In the steady-state model, the inductances
of the field winding and armature
winding are not
considered.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.1 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

In the steady-state model, the inductances of the field winding
and armature winding are not considered.
𝑽𝒇 = 𝑹𝒇 ∙ 𝑰𝒇
𝑬𝒂 = 𝑽𝒕 + 𝑹𝒂 ∙ 𝑰𝒂
𝑬𝒂 = 𝑲∅Ω

𝑽𝒕 = 𝑬𝒂 − 𝑹𝒂 ∙ 𝑰𝒂
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.1 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

the terminal or external characteristic of the separately excited
dc generator
𝑽𝒕 = 𝑬𝒂 − 𝑹𝒂 ∙ 𝑰𝒂
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.1 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

the terminal voltage Vt decreases linearly (assuming Ea remains
constant) because of the voltage drop across Ra. This voltage
drop 𝑅𝑎 ∙ 𝐼𝑎 is small, because the resistance of the armature
circuit Ra is small.
At high values of the armature current a further voltage drop
(Δ𝑉AR ) occurs in the terminal voltage; that is known as armature
reaction (or the demagnetization effect) and causes a divergence
from the linear relationship. This effect can be neglected for
armature currents below the rated current.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.1 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

The point of intersection between the generator external
characteristic and the load characteristic determines the
operating point—that is, the operating values of the terminal
voltage Vt and the terminal current It.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Armature Reaction (AR)

𝐼𝑎 = 0 𝐴
𝐸𝑎0 = 𝑉𝑎

𝐼𝑎 ≠ 0 𝐴
𝐸𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎 + 𝑅𝑎 ∙ 𝑅𝑎 ∙ 𝐼𝑎
𝐸𝑎 < 𝐸𝑎0
𝐼𝑓(𝑒𝑓) = 𝐼𝑓(𝑎𝑐𝑡) − 𝐼𝑓(𝐴𝑅)
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

Armature Reaction (AR)

𝐼𝑎 = 0 𝐴
𝐸𝑎0 = 𝑉𝑎

𝐼𝑎 ≠ 0 𝐴
𝐸𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎 + 𝑅𝑎 ∙ 𝐼𝑎
𝐸𝑎 < 𝐸𝑎0
𝐼𝑓(𝑒𝑓) = 𝐼𝑓(𝑎𝑐𝑡) − 𝐼𝑓(𝐴𝑅)
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.2 SHUNT (SELF-EXCITED) GENERATOR

In the shunt or self-excited generator the field is connected
across the armature so that the armature voltage can supply the
field current. Under certain conditions, to be discussed here,
this generator will build up a desired terminal voltage. The circuit
for the shunt generator under no-load conditions is shown in Fig.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.2 SHUNT (SELF-EXCITED) GENERATOR

The machine is to operate as a self-excited generator, some
residual magnetism must exist in the magnetic circuit of the
generator.
Voltage buildup in a self-excited dc generator.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.2 SHUNT (SELF-EXCITED) GENERATOR

the critical field circuit resistance.
If the resistance is greater than
this value, such as Rf4,
buildup (Vt4)
will be insignificant.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.2 SHUNT (SELF-EXCITED) GENERATOR

To sum up, three conditions are to be satisfied for voltage
buildup in a self excited dc generator:
1. Residual magnetism must be present in the magnetic system.
2. Field winding mmf should aid the residual magnetism.
3. Field circuit resistance should be less than the critical field
circuit resistance
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.2 SHUNT (SELF-EXCITED) GENERATOR

EXAMPLE
A 12 kW, 100 V, 1000 rpm dc shunt generator has
armature resistance Ra =0.1 Ω, shunt field. This
machine in is operated as a self-excited (shunt)
generator at no load.
winding resistance Rfw =80 Ω, and Nf =1200 turns per
pole. The rated field current is 1 ampere. The
magnetization characteristic at 1000 rpm is shown in
Fig below
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.2 SHUNT (SELF-EXCITED) GENERATOR

EXAMPLE
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.2 SHUNT (SELF-EXCITED) GENERATOR

EXAMPLE
1. Determine the maximum value of the generated
voltage.
2. Determine the value of the field circuit control
resistance (Rfc) required to generate rated terminal
voltage.
3. Determine the value of the critical field circuit
resistance.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.2 SHUNT (SELF-EXCITED) GENERATOR

EXAMPLE
3. CLASSIFICATION OF DC MACHINES

3.2 SHUNT (SELF-EXCITED) GENERATOR

Voltage–Current Characteristics